柑橘大实蝇羽化出土及橘园成虫诱集动态研究

【背景】柑橘大实蝇是柑橘类果树上的重要害虫。预测该虫的羽化出土进度、掌握成虫发生动态是指导橘同成虫期防治的重要依据。【方法】本研究通过在25℃恒温、室内常温和室外网室3种条件下饲养柑橘大实蝇的蛹,以逐日观察成虫羽化出土数量;在重庆武隆、四川江油等5个地区共设置240个麦克菲尔（MePhail）诱集器,以糖酒醋液和水解蛋白为诱饵诱集成虫,得到柑橘大实蝇成虫羽化出土的逐日数量和橘园成虫诱集的逐期数量。【结果】用逻辑斯带模型拟合成虫羽化出土和橘园成虫诱集动态,结果表明,成虫的始盛期、高峰期和盛末期在25℃恒温条件下分别为4月25日、28日和30日,盛期的持续时间为6d;在室内常温条件下分别为5月3日、7日和10日,盛期的持续时间为8d;在室外网室条件下分别为5月8日、14日和18日,盛期的持续时间为11d;橘园诱集成虫分别为6月2日、14日和26日,盛期的持续时间为25d。【结论与意义】随着羽化期温度的提高,柑橘大实蝇羽化出土期提前,历期缩短,羽化整齐。虽然网室成虫羽化和橘园成虫诱集都处于室外条件,但后者的始盛期、盛期和盛末期比前者分别迟了36、30和22d。因此,建议采用室外网室饲养蛹的方法监测柑橘大实蝇成虫的发生期,若仅凭橘园诱集成虫的数据,因其滞后性十分明显,对指导柑橘大实蝇成虫防治的意义不大。     

柑橘大实蝇的产卵特性

通过田间调查,明确柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera (Tetradacus) minax (Enderlein)的产卵特性和在3种寄主植物上产卵的时间动态。柑橘大实蝇对杂柑为害率最高,3个寄主品种均以中层北面果实受害严重。柑橘大实蝇最喜在直径为(3.3±0.2)cm的果实上产卵。     

柑橘大实蝇成虫复眼的感光作用

【目的】分析柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)成虫复眼的感光作用,为灯光诱杀柑橘大实蝇的绿色防控措施的开发和应用提供理论依据。【方法】本研究利用室内视觉行为实验方法测定遮蔽单眼、遮蔽复眼和同时遮蔽单复眼处理后不同日龄的柑橘大实蝇成虫在不同光强刺激下的趋光行为反应。【结果】与CK(未作任何遮蔽处理)相比,遮蔽复眼处理的成虫的趋光率显著降低,而遮蔽单眼处理的成虫的趋光率则基本不变。遮蔽复眼处理后的1日龄、5日龄和同时遮蔽单复眼处理后的3日龄的雌、雄成虫之间对于1 000 lx光照度的趋光率存在显著差异。不同日龄(1、3和5日龄)的成虫之间对于1 000 lx和2 000 lx光照度的趋光率均存在一定的差异。不同光强(500、1 000和2 000 lx)刺激对成虫的趋光率均有一定影响。【结论】成虫的趋光率与复眼、日龄、性别和光照强度均有关系,其中复眼的作用最明显。     

柑橘大实蝇物候对气候变暖的响应

[目的]明确实蝇对气候变暖的响应特征,研究未来气候变化背景下柑橘大实蝇的灾变规律及防控措施的优化。[方法]以湖北省宜昌市为例,收集该地区柑橘大实蝇历年的物候数据与同期温度数据,通过线性回归模型分析成虫羽化始期、羽化高峰期、羽化结束期、产卵始期、产卵高峰期和产卵结束期的年际变化情况和与温度升高的关系。[结果]1981—2020年,宜昌市年均温和四季均温均有不同程度的上升,春季均温升温最为显著。近20年间,柑橘大实蝇在宜昌市呈羽化发生提前且产卵为害延迟的态势,且羽化和产卵历期呈缩短的态势。若宜昌市年均温提升1 ℃,柑橘大实蝇羽化始期和高峰期分别延迟0.4746和1.026 d,羽化结束期提前0.0227 d,总体呈羽化延迟且缩短趋势;产卵始期提前4.286 d,高峰期和结束期分别延迟1.173和1.081 d,总体呈产卵提前且延长趋势。[结论]气候变暖对宜昌市柑橘大实蝇的羽化和产卵产生一定的影响,对未来气候变化背景下柑橘大实蝇的灾变规律及防控措施的优化具有重要意义。     

柑橘大实蝇成虫超微感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察了柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax成虫触角、下颚须、平衡棒、前足跗节和产卵器的感器。共发现5种感受器,包括毛形感受器、微毛感受器、刺形感受器、锥形感受器和腔锥形感受器,其中,柑橘大实蝇的触角分布有毛形感受器、微毛感受器、刺形感受器和锥形感受器,下颚须有微毛感受器、刺形感受器和锥形感受器分布,平衡棒分布有微毛感受器和刺形感受器,足跗节有毛形感受器和刺形感受器分布。产卵管针突缩入产卵器基节中,其上有毛形感受器和腔锥形感受器分布,产卵管基节有较多毛形感受器。     

三峡河谷地区柑橘大实蝇羽化、交配及产卵习性

对柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera(Tetracus) minax(Enderlein)的羽化、交配与产卵习性进行初步观察。结果表明,柑橘大实蝇的出土始期为每年的5月8日~5月14日,高峰为5月12日~5月18日,末期为5月30日~6月4日,近几年出土时间有所提前。在早熟蜜柑上主要产卵于果腰部,深度约为4.5mm;在中晚熟蜜柑上主要产卵于果蒂部,深度约为4.1mm;在脐橙上主要产卵于果脐部,深度约为9.7mm;在柚上主要产卵于果蒂和果腰部,深度约为13.0mm。观察结果也与以往记载有所不同。     

柑橘大实蝇对不同柑橘品种的产卵偏好和幼虫取食选择

【目的】掌握柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax对不同品种柑橘的产卵偏好,以及与幼虫取食喜嗜性的关系。【方法】我们用五点取样法分别调查了自然条件下不同品种柑橘果园的虫果率,统计了各品种柑橘虫果基半部和端半部产卵痕量和卵量,并在实验室内采用培养皿桔瓣选择法研究了其幼虫对不同柑橘品种果实的取食选择。【结果】在未采取防控措施的情况下,果树面朝杂树林的方位虫果率显著高于其他方位;同一片受害柑橘园内,不同柑橘品种的虫果率为脐橙Citrus sinensis cv. Navel、酸橙C. aurantium＞冰糖橙C. sinensis cv. Bingtang、天草(Amakusa)、蜜橘C. reticulata cv. Satsuma＞沙田柚C. maxima cv. Shatian＞椪柑C. reticulata cv. Ponkan;柑橘大实蝇产卵痕数和卵量均为橙类（脐橙、酸橙和冰糖橙）大于橘类（天草、蜜橘和椪柑）和沙田柚（P＜0.05）;除蜜橘外,所调查的其他柑橘品种端半部的产卵痕数显著多于基半部（P＜0.05）;幼虫对不同品种柑橘橘瓣肉的取食选择顺序依次为：脐橙、酸橙＞冰糖橙＞天草、南橘C. reticulata cv. Nanju＞蜜橘＞椪柑＞沙田柚。【结论】结果提示,柑橘大实蝇成虫偏向于选择幼虫所喜嗜的橙类品种产卵,且产卵量更多。     

12种杀虫剂对柑橘大实蝇选择行为的影响及击倒作用

柑橘大实蝇是柑橘上的重要害虫。本文分别利用Y型嗅觉仪和饲喂法测定了柑橘大实蝇成虫对12种杀虫剂的选择行为和击倒作用,以期筛选出田间防治柑橘大实蝇的高效农药,并为研发其诱杀剂提供理论依据。结果表明:12种杀虫剂中,吡虫啉、阿维菌素对雌成虫具有极显著的驱避作用;多杀霉素、丁硫克百威、阿维菌素、氟铃脲对雄成虫具有极显著的驱避作用;多杀霉素、毒死蜱、噻嗪酮对雌成虫具有显著的驱避作用;啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、乙酰甲胺磷、高效氯氟氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯对柑橘大实蝇雌雄成虫既无驱避作用也无引诱作用。同种药剂对柑橘大实蝇雌雄成虫的击倒时间无显著差异,不同药剂间对柑橘大实蝇成虫的击倒时间有显著差异,其中啶虫脒的击倒时间(KD₅₀<1 min)最短。综合考虑杀虫剂对柑橘大实蝇选择行为的影响及击倒作用,认为啶虫脒更适宜作为柑橘大实蝇诱杀剂中的杀虫剂。     

柑橘大实蝇对不同颜色和糖类的偏好及对糖类的嗅觉反应

为探明影响柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)成虫取食偏好的因素,本文研究了其对不同颜色和糖类物质的选择及其嗅觉反应。结果表明:柑橘大实蝇成虫明显偏好黄色和橙色基质的食物,对绿、白、蓝、黑、红色食物趋性较弱;对不同糖类的选择顺序是:红糖蜂蜜蔗糖和白糖;不同采集地间和不同性别间的柑橘大实蝇对颜色、糖类物质的选择差异不显著。嗅觉行为测试结果,柑橘大实蝇雌雄虫对所测试几种糖的气味均表现明显趋性,其中,雌虫对红糖和蜂蜜气味的嗅觉反应比雄虫更敏感。研究结果可以为柑橘大实蝇成虫食诱剂的研制和诱捕器的设计提供重要参考依据。     

Three Heat Shock Protein Genes from Bactrocera (Tetradacus) minax Enderlein: Gene Cloning,Characterization, and Association with Diapause

Bactrocera (Tetradacus) minax Enderlein is a major pest to wild and cultivated species of citrus. Bactrocera minax produces one generation per year with a long pupal diapause period of over 6 months, which hinders efforts to obtain vast numbers of insects under standard room conditions. Determining the mechanisms of diapause is significantly important for obtaining large quantities of these insects. To characterize the heat shock protein (Hsp) genes of B. minax and to unravel their potential contribution to diapause, we performed 3′ and 5′ RACE to isolate the complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences, bioinformatics to examine the phylogenetic relationships, and real-time quantitative PCR to detect the expression patterns of three Hsp genes during various developmental stages. These results represent the first characterization of the three Hsp genes of B. minax; the open reading frames of Bmhsp23, Bmhsp70, and Bmhsp90 were 510, 1,911, and 1,089 bp, encoding 170, 636, and 363 amino acids, respectively. BmHsp70 and BmHsp90 displayed high identity to previously identified Hsp70 and Hsp90 genes, respectively. BmHsp23 displayed varying similarity, from 28 to 83%, to previously identified small Hsps. Bmhsp23 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was found to be upregulated during diapause initiation, maintenance, and termination. Bmhsp70 mRNA expression peaked during diapause initiation. Bmhsp90 mRNA expression remained at a relatively low level during deep diapause. Our present results suggest that Bmhsp70 might play an important role in diapause initiation, while Bmhsp23 in diapause initiation and maintenance and Bmhsp90 in diapause regulation. These results improve our understanding of the mechanism of diapause in B. minax at the molecular level.     

橘大实蝇对三种寄主植物的偏好比较

比较取食3种不同寄主植物脐橙、杂柑、蜜橘对橘大实蝇Bactrocera(Tetradacus)minax(Enderlein)的蛹特征、卵量及为害率的影响,研究橘大实蝇对寄主植物的选择性。结果表明,取食蜜橘的橘大实蝇其蛹长及蛹宽显著大于取食脐橙的;取食杂柑的与取食脐橙的无显著差异。三者之间蛹重差异显著。取食蜜橘的雌成虫卵量显著大于取食脐橙的,取食杂柑的雌成虫卵量与取食脐橙的其无显著差异。对寄主植物的为害率顺序为:脐橙>杂柑>蜜橘。     

基于线粒体DNA序列的广西蜜柑大实蝇与日本蜜柑大实蝇的比较研究

测定了广西蜜柑大实蝇Bactrocera(Tetradacus)cheni(Zhao)的线粒体COⅠ-COⅡ及16S rDNA的部分序列,与日本蜜柑大实蝇Bactrocera(Tetradacus)tsuneonis(Miyake)及其它近缘实蝇的序列进行了比较分析,用最大简约法及邻接法构建了系统树.结果显示广西蜜柑大实蝇和日本蜜柑大实蝇为近缘种,属于同一单源分支,自展检验置信度均为100%.二者之间的HKY85遗传距离为0.01705,大于昆士兰实蝇和小昆士兰实蝇、桔小实蝇和菲律宾实蝇、具条实蝇和石垣岛实蝇之间的遗传距离,接近于黑肩角桔实蝇与短条面包果实蝇的种间遗传距离.支持广西蜜柑大实蝇与日本蜜柑大实蝇为两个形态学和遗传学上非常接近的不同种.     

Field evaluation of attractive lures for the fruit fly Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their potential use in spot sprays in Hubei Province (China)

The Chinese citrus fruit fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) is a univoltine Tephritidae pest that infests Citrus species. Field trials were conducted in 2010 to determine the potential use of a lure based on enzymatical-hydrolyzed beer yeast as liquid bait (hereafter named H-protein bait) for B. minax in the Hubei province, China. In a citrus orchard, we compared the attractiveness among aqueous solutions of H-protein bait, GF-120 fruit fly bait, sugar-vinegar-wine mixture, torula yeast, and Jufeng attractant when used in traps and in spot sprays, that is, lures used in combination with the insecticide trichlorphon. The H-protein bait was the most attractive lure in traps, ensnaring significantly more adults than sugar-vinegar-wine mixture, torula yeast, and Jufeng attractant, in decreasing efficiency order. In spot sprays those with H-protein bait killed significantly more female and male flies within 40 min than those with sugar-vinegar-wine mixture, GF-120, Jufeng attractant, and the control. In addition, the total number of flies killed by H-protein bait during the spot spray duration was higher than other treatments. Our results demonstrated that the H-protein bait may be a useful tool in citrus orchards in China to monitor B. minax populations as well as to manage this pest when used in spot sprays.     

桔小实蝇成虫诱杀试验初报

目前 ,国内外在监测和防治桔小实蝇Bactrocera (Bactrocera)dorsalis (Hendel)方面 ,主要采用两类引诱剂 ,即化学合成引诱剂和食物诱饵。化学合成引诱剂如 :性引诱剂甲基丁香酚(methyleugenol) ;食物诱饵如 :水解蛋白 (又称蛋白诱饵 ) ,二者可混合有机磷杀虫剂马拉硫磷置于专用诱捕器 (Steine和Mcphail)进行田间诱杀。各种综合防治措施中 ,诱杀桔小实蝇成虫 ,与化学药剂保果相比 ,具有经济、安全、无公害的优点 ,能达到控制田间虫口密度 ,减轻为害 ,因而得到了广泛应用。方法主要是田间悬挂性引诱剂 (methyleugenol)诱捕器诱杀雄虫 ,以及…     

不同颜色实蝇粘虫板对桔小实蝇及天敌昆虫的诱捕效果

[目的]为评价不同颜色实蝇粘虫板对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel及天敌等昆虫的诱捕效果.[方法]在梨园内,距地面1.5 m处悬挂黄色、蓝色、绿色、红色、紫色5种颜色的普通粘虫板和实蝇粘虫板(含甲基丁香酚),观察并比较了5种颜色普通粘虫板和实蝇粘虫板对桔小实蝇的诱集效应;将实蝇粘虫板上昆虫洗脱下来鉴定、分类和数量统计,进行不同颜色实蝇粘虫板对天敌等昆虫的诱集效果比较.[结果]实蝇粘虫板对桔小实蝇诱捕虫数显著高于普通粘虫板,黄色和绿色实蝇粘虫板每板每周分别诱捕(97.83±9.59)头和(50.50±4.32)头桔小实蝇,且诱虫量显著高于蓝色、红色和紫色粘虫板的.黄色实蝇粘虫板诱集到7种天敌和9种害虫,绿色实蝇粘虫板诱集到5种天敌和9种害虫;5种颜色实蝇粘虫板的益害比均较小.诱捕到的昆虫中以双翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目的昆虫为主,天敌主要有脉翅目、鞘翅目和膜翅目等昆虫,而且均不是桔小实蝇的寄生性天敌,仅有蠼螋这种极少量的捕食性天敌.[结论]黄色和绿色实蝇粘虫板诱杀桔小实蝇效果较好,对天敌的杀伤力相对较小,可在桔小实蝇发生期使用.     

Bacterial Communities in the Gut and Reproductive Organs of Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae) Based on 454 Pyrosequencing

The citrus fruit fly Bactrocera minax is associated with diverse bacterial communities. We used a 454 pyrosequencing technology to study in depth the microbial communities associated with gut and reproductive organs of Bactrocera minax. Our dataset consisted of 100,749 reads with an average length of 400 bp. The saturated rarefaction curves and species richness indices indicate that the sampling was comprehensive. We found highly diverse bacterial communities, with individual sample containing approximately 361 microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs). A total of 17 bacterial phyla were obtained from the flies. A phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA revealed that Proteobacteria was dominant in all samples (75%–95%). Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were also commonly found in the total clones. Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, and Serratia were the major genera. However, bacterial diversity (Chao1, Shannon and Simpson indices) and community structure (PCA analysis) varied across samples. Female ovary has the most diverse bacteria, followed by male testis, and the bacteria diversity of reproductive organs is richer than that of the gut. The observed variation can be caused by sex and tissue, possibly to meet the host''s physiological demands.