食蚜瘿蚊研究进展

<正> 食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza(Rond.)是蚜虫的一种专一捕食性天敌,可以取食61种不同作物上的蚜虫(Harris,1973),其中包括许多种重要的农业害虫。早在1916年,Davis就指出食蚜瘿蚊是蚜虫的一种具有很大潜在价值的生防控制因子。70年代初,联邦德国、苏     

温度对食蚜瘿蚊生长发育的影响

在19,22,25,28,31℃和RH为80%的组合下,测定食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani的发育历期,分析发育速率与温度的关系,并且测定各温度下食蚜瘿蚊的化蛹率和羽化率等生物学参数。实验结果表明:温度对食蚜瘿蚊的生长发育有较大影响。在19~28℃范围内,食蚜瘿蚊各虫态的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,而在28~31℃范围内,食蚜瘿蚊各虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而略为延长。采用线性日度模型和Logistic模型对卵期、幼虫期、蛹期和全世代的发育速率进行模拟分析,2种模型均能较好地反映各虫态的发育速率。不同温度下食蚜瘿蚊的5天化蛹率和总羽化率差别较大,但以25℃下为最高,分别为88.00%和94.70%;而22℃下的化蛹率和羽化率与25℃下较为接近,分别为84.00%和90.66%,经分析差异不显著。食蚜瘿蚊最适生长发育温度为22~25℃。     

食蚜瘿蚊触角的扫描电镜观察

用扫描电子显微镜对食蚜瘿蚊角角进行了观察.结果显示,雌雄触角都为14节,其中雄性约为2000μm,雌性约为1 050μm.电镜下可观察到食蚜瘿蚊触角有6种类型的感受器,即：刺形感受器、毛形感受器、锥形感受器、腔形感受器、柱形感受器和环丝.刺形感受器较长,约67.5μm,基部有膜状的窝.毛形感受器长约61μm,末端弯曲.锥形感受器呈钉状着生在表皮上,长约4.7μm.腔形感受器呈凹陷状,腔的直径约为1.2μm.柱形感受器着生在雄虫鞭节的第二亚节,长约21μm,直径约为1.5μm.环丝,是瘿蚊类昆虫触角中特殊的结构,它通过着生在一系列腔中的的短梗,连结成环状附着在触角各亚节的表面.刺形和锥形感受器在数量上,雌雄之间差别不大;柱形感受器只在雄虫中发现;雄虫触角上的腔形感受器在数量上要比雌虫多.     

中国短角瘿蚊属记述 (双翅目：瘿蚊科)

记述了双翅目瘿蚊科短角瘿蚊属4种,其中郑氏短角瘿蚊Anarete zhengi sp.nov.（模式产地：内蒙古固阳县）为新种,短须短角瘿纹A.coracina (Zetterstedt）（分布：内蒙古）和鸢尾短角瘿蚊A.iridis (Cockerell）（分布：陕西,青海）为中国新纪录种。文中给出了短角瘿蚊属中国种类分种检索表。模式标本保存于南开大学生物系昆虫标本室。     

食蚜瘿蚊对莴苣指管蚜的捕食作用

【目的】为明确食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza对莴苣指管蚜Uroleucon formosanum的控害潜能。【方法】本研究在室内条件下测定食蚜瘿蚊对莴苣指管蚜的捕食功能反应,并利用室外笼罩法模拟食蚜瘿蚊对莴苣指管蚜的田间控害潜能。【结果】食蚜瘿蚊3龄幼虫对1-5龄莴苣指管蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型,对1-2龄莴苣指管蚜的瞬时攻击率(a)和捕食能力(a/T_h)均最高,分别为0.466和12.90;搜寻效应随莴苣指管蚜密度的增大而下降;食蚜瘿蚊3龄幼虫对1-5龄莴苣指管蚜的日均捕食量随自身密度的增加而增大,但捕食作用率随其密度的增加而逐渐降低,其种内干扰方程分别为：E_1–2=0.304P^﹣1.148、E₃=0.226P^﹣1.155、E₄=0.177P^﹣1.094、E₅=0.128P^﹣1.028;在捕食偏好选择中,食蚜瘿蚊3龄幼虫对莴苣指管蚜1-2龄及3龄若蚜的...     

应用生命表评价食蚜瘿蚊扩繁系统

应用生命表技术,考察我国食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza大量扩繁系统主要环节的效率。结果表明,卵期、1龄幼虫期、蛹期的死亡率较大,分别为13.5%、18.2%和19.0%,是影响种群数量增长的主要因子。通过对各发育阶段的观察,初步明确了造成死亡的主要因素,连续多代饲养中的性比失调问题对卵的饱满率及产卵量有很大影响,化蛹的场所条件、发育及贮藏条件、1龄幼虫的食物供给状况也是造成实验种群大量死亡的主要因子。本实验结果为进一步改进该天敌的扩繁体系,提高扩繁效率,具有指导作用。     

刺基瘿蚊属新种记述（双翅目：瘿蚊科）

本文记述瘿蚊科树瘿蚊亚科Ｌｅｓｔｒｅｍｉｉｎａｅ的刺基瘿蚊属ＡｐｒｉｏｎｕｓＫｉｅｆｆｅｒ的中国种类,并记述二新种,对刺基瘿蚊Ａｐｒｉｏｎｕｓｂｉｆｕｒｃａｔｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ和钩刺基瘿蚊ＡｐｒｉｎｏｕｓＨａｍｕｌａｔｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。     

端突瘿蚊属一新种记述（双翅目：瘿蚊科）

记述采自湖北省的端突瘿蚊１新种,三角端突瘿蚊Ｅｐｉｄｉｐｌｏｓｉｓ ｔｒｉａｎｇｕｌａｒｉｓ Ｍｏ ｅｔ Ｌｉｕ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本和于山东农业大学昆虫标本室。     

中国瘿蚊一新种记述(双翅目,瘿蚊科)

记述采自浙江省的端突瘿蚊属Epidiplosis 1新种:指状端突瘿蚊Epidiplosis dactylina sp.nov,.模式标本存放于山东农业大学昆虫标本室.     

Laboratory pesticide screening method for the aphid predatory midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

A laboratory pesticide screening method is described for the aphid predatory midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza. Four acaricides, 10 fungicides, 11 insecticides and one herbicide, all of which are in common usage, were evaluated against both the adult and larval stages of the predator. The acaricide dienochlor, the fungicides benomyl, bupirimate, chlorothalonil, iprodione and hexaconazole, the herbicide tralkoxydim and the insecticides Bacillus thuringiensis and diflubenzuron were all safe to both adult and larval A. aphidimyza. Adults were more susceptible to the pesticides than larvae. Pesticide was exposed to adults as a residue on glass plates and to larvae on a leaf section mounted on agar. The leaf material remained healthy and supported host aphids for several days without deteriorating. The method and apparatus have potential for use with many other pests and beneficial organisms required to be caged for several days on detached leaf material.     

不同冷藏条件对食蚜瘿蚊过冷却点和冰点的影响

【目的】食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza(Rondani)是一种捕食性天敌,其幼虫对蚜虫具有较好的控制潜能。研究不同冷藏条件对食蚜瘿蚊耐寒能力的影响,为食蚜瘿蚊的低温冷藏技术提供了理论依据。【方法】利用热电偶原理,测定食蚜瘿蚊在不同冷藏条件下的过冷却点和结冰点。【结果】25℃条件下,食蚜瘿蚊各虫态的过冷却点及结冰点存在显著差异（P<0.05）,其中2龄幼虫过冷却点（﹣26.18℃）和结冰点（﹣24.98℃）最低,雄成虫过冷却点（﹣22.95℃）和结冰点（﹣21.86℃）最高。在不同变温条件下冷藏食蚜瘿蚊蛹,其过冷却点在冷藏10、20和30 d时均上升且高于对照,冷藏40 d时低于对照;同一冷藏时长下不同冷藏方式间过冷却点的差异均不显著（P>0.05）。食蚜瘿蚊蛹在5℃条件下冷藏50d,每天定时7℃中断4h的结冰点（﹣23.09℃）最低,冷藏30d的结冰点（﹣21.15℃）最高;食蚜瘿蚊蛹在5℃条件下冷藏40 d,每天定时9℃中断4 h的结冰点（﹣22.66℃）最低,冷藏20 d时的结冰点（﹣20.95℃）最高;同一冷藏时长下3种冷藏方式间结冰点差异均不显著（P>0.05）。【结论】食蚜瘿蚊2龄幼虫的耐寒能力最强,雌成虫的耐寒能力要高于雄成虫;变温贮存和恒定低温均适合食蚜瘿蚊的低温贮存。     

An endoparasitic species of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) attacking Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

A solitary endoparasitic species of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) was reared from pupae of an aphidophagous gall midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in Japan. The parasitoid was identified as Gastrancistrus fuscicornis Walker, a species that has been recorded from Europe. An unidentified aphid has been proposed as being a host of G. fuscicornis, but the study reported here confirmed that G. fuscicornis is an endoparasitoid of A. aphidimyza. I consider that G. fuscicornis may not be a parasitoid of aphid. I found a nontentorial pit on the head of male and female of G. fuscicornis. According to the definition of the nontentorial pits, the pit found in G. fuscicornis corresponds to the facial pit. This is the first finding of the facial pit in Chalcidoidea. Morphological differences between G. fuscicornis and its allied species are provided.     

Plant quality effects on intraguild predation between Orius laevigatus and Aphidoletes aphidimyza

To understand the influence of plant quality on intraguild predation and consequently on the suppression of a shared prey population as well as on plant yield, the interactions between Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) (shared prey), Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) (intermediate predator), and Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) (top predator) were investigated in 25‐day experiments on cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae) at various N fertilization levels (90, 150, and 190 p.p.m.) in microcosm set‐ups under greenhouse conditions. The final aphid population size was significantly affected by an interactive effect of N fertilization and predator application. Regardless of the N fertilization levels, O. laevigatus alone was more effective in aphid suppression than A. aphidimyza alone. In addition, the risk for aphids of being predated upon by both predators together was significantly reduced in the low and medium‐N fertilization levels, whereas it was additive in the high‐N fertilization treatment. The A. aphidimyza population was suppressed by O. laevigatus in both the 90 and 150 p.p.m. N treatments. However, there was no intraguild predation of O. laevigatus on A. aphidimyza at the 190 p.p.m. N level. Total plant yield depended on predator treatments and N fertilization levels, with the highest yield produced at the 150 p.p.m. N fertilization level in treatments with either O. laevigatus alone or with both predators together. Our results demonstrate that the weak asymmetric intraguild predation among A. aphidimyza and O. laevigatus does not influence the ability of both predators together to diminish bottom‐up effects on aphid populations and the yield losses associated with aphid infestations.     

Oviposition Behavior of the Predatory Midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza in Response to Aphid Patch Quality

Female Aphidoletes aphidimyza confronts serious challenges from both aphid prey and conspecifics. These challenges constitute strong selective pressures on the predatory midge to have an adaptive oviposition strategy. We did laboratory experiments to investigate clutch size of A. aphidimyza in response to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (density and age) and the presence of conspecific eggs (density) and larvae (age) in aphid colonies. The results of our study show that A. aphidimyza female adjusts its foraging effort by assessing the quality of prey patches. The number of eggs laid increased in response to aphid density. However, patches consisting of older aphids received fewer eggs. The number of eggs laid decreased in response to the presence of conspecific eggs, and in response to the presence of 2-day old conspecific larvae. Our study reveals deterrent effects on A. aphidimyza oviposition decisions on clutch size in response to older aphids and the presence of more conspecific eggs and older larvae.     

Different squash cultivars mediate performance of Aphis gossypii and its predator (Aphidoletes aphidimyza): Towards developing an IPM strategy

Different cultivars of plant species can affect the performance of aphids and their natural enemies. In this study, development and life table parameters of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hem.: Aphididae) and its predatory midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Dip.: Cecidomyiidae) were determined on four different squash cultivars (Rajaei, Elion, Clarita, and Chance) under laboratory conditions at 23 ± 2 °C, 70 ± 5% RH and 16:8 h L:D photoperiod. Adult longevity and total fecundity of A. gossypii differed with cultivar, with the highest value observed on Rajaei as the most susceptible host plant (21.93 ± 0.191 days and 74.37 ± 0.088 nymphs/female, respectively). Moreover, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) of the aphid on Rajaei and Elion (0.354 ± 0.008 day⁻¹ and 0.340 ± 0.009 day⁻¹, respectively) were significantly higher than two other cultivars. The predator reared on A. gossypii, feeding on Chance cultivar, had the lowest fecundity (51 ± 2.78 eggs/female) and the lowest r value (0.120 ± 0.011 day⁻¹) than those reared on other cultivars. These results attained from population projection estimation based on the age-stage, two-sex life table theory were in consistence with other findings which indicated the influence of different host plant cultivars on the performance of A. gossypii and its predator, A. aphidimyza. Combined use of resistant host plant cultivars together with biological control agents can be proposed as an efficient integrated pest management strategy.