实蝇害虫抗药性研究进展

实蝇科昆虫中的橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis、瓜实蝇B. cucurbitae、南亚实蝇B. tau、柑橘大实蝇B. minax和枣实蝇Carpomya vesuviana等害虫危害作物和果树后造成一定经济损失,而在生产中为追求快速高效常采用化学防治方法控制。但在长期化学防治过程中,实蝇害虫采取代谢、基因标靶、行为和肠道共生菌等系列机制对杀虫剂产生抗药性。本文综述实蝇害虫对杀虫剂的防治现状、抗药性、抗性机制及抗性治理策略,以期为其防治提供参考。     

天敌昆虫抗药性研究进展

天敌昆虫抗药性研究在协调害虫化学防治和生物防治中有着重要的理论和现实意义,其研究的最终目的在于更好地推进抗性天敌在害虫综合治理(IPM)中的应用。抗药性天敌昆虫具有潜在的巨大价值。鉴于此,本文系统地综述了天敌昆虫抗药性最新研究进展,包括杀虫剂对天敌昆虫的影响、天敌昆虫抗药性现状、抗药性机理和限制天敌昆虫抗药性发展因素等。文章最后还对抗药性天敌昆虫的应用前景进行了展望。     

离腹寡毛实蝇两性通讯及行为

离腹寡毛实蝇属Bactrocera spp.实蝇对全世界的水果和蔬菜产生巨大的威胁,造成严重的经济损失。传统的杀虫剂化学防治、不育技术(sterile insect technique,SIT)、雄虫灭绝技术(male annihilation technique,MAT)一直是防控大多数实蝇的主要措施,但具有一定的局限性。因此,急需新的环保型防控方法来防治实蝇。为建立基于昆虫行为的防治策略,本文对离腹寡毛实蝇Bactrocera spp.两性的生殖通讯及相关的行为进行了概述。总结了实蝇的交配系统以及雄虫在求偶之前在求偶炫耀场所的一系列行为,阐述了雌虫交配后产卵标记行为和竞争单个产卵位置的行为以及未来的研究方向,将为实蝇害虫综合治理提供新的思路及参考。     

我国麦蚜抗药性及研究现状

麦蚜是危害我国小麦Triticum aestivum L.生产的主要害虫,具有分布广、数量大、繁殖力强以及远距离迁飞等特点,不仅直接吸食小麦汁液,还传播多种植物病毒,每年造成小麦减产10%~30%。目前对麦蚜的防控主要以化学防治为主,但由于化学杀虫剂长期或不合理的使用,多地麦蚜对常用杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性。本文从麦蚜抗药性测定方法、抗性水平及交互抗性、代谢和靶标抗性机制、以及麦蚜抗药性综合治理等方面进行了综述,以期为麦蚜的防治及杀虫剂的持续合理使用提供理论参考和依据。     

植物杀虫剂印楝对同翅目害虫的防治研究

近年来,由于人们对农药使用引起的害虫抗药性、农药残留和环境毒性等问题的认识,植物性杀虫剂的研究越来越受到重视,是传统农芭的理想替代品之一.本文以植物性杀虫剂印楝为研究对象,综述了其对同翅目叶蝉、蚜虫、飞虱和粉虱等主要类群中,农业重要害虫的防治作用研究结果,展望了印楝应用于害虫综合防治中的前景.     

农药对捕食性天敌的影响研究进展

捕食性天敌在害虫的自然控制方面起着重要作用。当害虫大发生时,需使用化学农药来进行有效控害,但化学农药会对捕食性天敌的生存造成影响。因此,了解农药对捕食性天敌的影响有利于协调化学防治和生物防治的关系。大部分农药对捕食性天敌的生长发育和繁殖表现为抑制作用,但有的为促进作用。在农药的干扰下,多数捕食性天敌的信息识别能力会降低,少部分会通过提高雄虫接收性信息素的能力或增加雌虫性信息素的释放来诱导求偶行为、增加交配频率。有的杀虫剂会影响捕食性天敌的捕食行为及捕食功能,部分杀虫剂会直接使其捕食功能模型由Holling-Ⅱ型转变为Holling-Ⅰ型。在农药胁迫下,捕食性天敌会产生抗药性,其解毒酶活性升高、保护酶活性改变及靶标部位敏感性下降可能是抗药性产生的机理。农药对捕食性天敌的影响研究在协调害虫化学防治和生物防治中有着重要的理论和现实意义,可以有效地推进捕食性天敌在害虫综合治理中的应用。     

橘小实蝇天敌种类及其应用研究进展

橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)是一种广泛分布于亚洲及夏威夷群岛等地的入侵有害生物,对我国的水果和蔬菜造成了严重的影响.橘小实蝇的防治大多使用化学杀虫剂,然而化学杀虫剂的大量使用会导致橘小实蝇产生不同程度的抗性,同时也会杀伤其天敌,防治变得越来越困难;相较于化学防治,在不同地区筛选有效的天敌对橘小实蝇进行生物防治是有效控制的绿色防控措施,契合我国农业农村部大力推进特色优势农作物病虫害绿色防控的工作重点.目前,国内外报道的橘小实蝇寄生性天敌有70余种;捕食性天敌主要为蚂蚁、蠼螋、隐翅虫、螨、蜘蛛、步行虫等;寄生性微生物主要为真菌、细菌、病原线虫、共生菌等;食虫动物主要为鸡、鸟等.橘小实蝇生物防治中,多天敌资源的联合利用可有效增强防治效果.因此,本文系统全面地整理了国内外可查的橘小实蝇天敌种类,以及部分优势单种或多种组合的控害潜能,以期为橘小实蝇天敌种类的筛选和高效的生物防治应用提供参考.     

植物性杀虫剂印楝对同翅目害虫的防治研究

近年来,由于人们对农药使用引起的害虫抗药性、农药残留和环境毒性等问题的认识,植物性杀虫剂的研究越来越受到重视,是传统农药的理想替代品之一。本以植物性杀虫剂印楝为研究对象,综述了其对同翅目叶蝉、蚜虫、飞虱和粉虱等主要类群中,农业重要害虫的防治作用研究结果,展望了印楝应用于害虫综合防治中的前景。     

果树害虫抗药性及对策

<正> 多年来,农药在害虫防治中起了巨大作用。然而,害虫抗药性乃是化学防治中的一个突出问题。关于害虫抗药性的研究,FAO专门成立了害虫抗药性专家工作组,其主要任务之一就是负责制定农业害虫抗药性监测和测定的标准方法”。就果树害虫而言,1970年发表了桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)成虫的抗药性测定方     

控制昆虫行为的生态活性物质的研究方法(Ⅳ)——应用方法

第二次世界大战后,有机氯杀虫剂DDT风靡一时,广泛用于消灭害虫。随着化学杀虫剂大量使用,伴随产生害虫抗药性提高、环境污染严重、自然生态平衡遭到破坏等弊病,人们不得不在研究高效低毒杀虫剂的同时探索新的害虫防治途径。利用昆虫生态活性物质防治害虫就是其中之一。最近二十年鉴定了一大批主要害虫的生态     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.