中哈边境蝗区蝗虫孳生和发生地的重要生态学特征

中哈边境蝗虫跨境迁飞为害常造成严重损失,明确蝗虫迁出和迁入区生态条件异同是提高监测预警水平的基础。本研究采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,比较了中国新疆塔城边境蝗区和哈萨克斯坦境内阿拉湖蝗区生态特征的异同。研究发现,塔城边境与阿拉湖蝗区地势平坦,平均海拔无明显差异;两蝗区主要植被和蝗虫群落结构相似;阿拉湖蝗区土壤的p H值、含盐量、有机质含量均显著低于塔城边境蝗区;除Ca~(2+)和CO_3~(2-)外,阿拉湖蝗区土壤中Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、K~+、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-含量均明显低于塔城边境蝗区;两蝗区20a(1980-1999年)年均气温和降水量无差异显著,而年、季节平均气温和降水量5 a滑动趋势差异显著。哈萨克斯坦境内阿拉湖蝗区的植被种类、较低的土壤p H值和含盐量及有机质、季节的温度和降水量均适合蝗虫产卵,是蝗虫的重要孳生地;我国境内塔城边境蝗区内大面积撂荒地增加了适宜蝗虫发生的环境。中哈边境蝗区生态条件的相似性和差异性表明蝗虫跨境为害仍将是塔城边境蝗灾发生的重要特点,研究结果对于指导中哈边境蝗区的监测和防控有重要作用。     

迁飞性害虫监测预警技术发展概况与应用展望

迁飞性害虫具有突发性、暴发性和毁灭性的发生特点,做好迁飞性害虫的监测预警在粮食安全生产方面具有重要意义.为加强迁飞性害虫监测预警技术手段的应用与推广,提高迁飞性害虫的监测预警水平,本文从常规和现代监测技术入手,综述了我国迁飞性害虫监测预警技术的发展、研究现状和取得的进展,分析了迁飞性害虫监测预警面临的瓶颈问题,展望了做好迁飞性害虫监测预警的努力方向,以期为提高我国迁飞性害虫的监测预警水平提供参考.     

我国农作物重大迁飞性害虫发生为害及监测预报技术

文章概述了我国一类农作物病虫害中7种(类)迁飞性害虫发生为害概况,即是我国三大粮食作物上为害最为严重的害虫,发生区域涵盖我国粮食作物种植区,且存在国内外虫源交流;概述了成虫种群监测、雌蛾卵巢发育分级、翅型调查、异地预报等迁飞性害虫监测预报技术;提出了需要对迁飞性害虫成灾机理、智能化监测工具和迁飞关键路径进行研究,努力建成全国空天地一体化监测网络,实现迁飞性害虫的精准预报的建议.     

气候变暖背景下新疆和中哈边境亚洲飞蝗适生区预测及变化

亚洲飞蝗Locusta migratoria migratoria是中国新疆与哈萨克斯坦边境区域重要害虫之一,具迁飞性且繁殖能力强,对农牧业经济造成巨大伤害。本文以亚洲飞蝗为研究对象,根据其发生区和相关生物学特性,利用CLIMEX 4.0.2和ArcGIS 10.2相结合,预测其在新疆和中哈边境区域亚洲飞蝗的潜在地理分布。亚洲飞蝗的适生区在新疆境内集中分布在北疆(42.69～48.29°N),包括伊犁、博尔塔拉中部、塔城西北部及南部、阿勒泰西部、昌吉和乌鲁木齐南部地区;哈萨克斯坦境内主要分布在北纬47.03～51.65°N区域,包括东哈萨克斯坦州北部、阿拉木图州东南部境内的湖泊及河流沿岸地区,这与亚洲飞蝗的现有分布点和历史发生记录吻合。未来气候变暖情景下,亚洲飞蝗在中哈边境新疆境内的适生区逐渐扩大,其中在阿勒泰、伊犁、昌吉及乌鲁木齐的高度适生区面积增加,哈密开始出现高度适生区;在哈萨克斯坦边境区域的适生区略有增加,其中东哈萨克斯坦州地区高度适生区面积减少明显。研究结果对区域内亚洲飞蝗的预测预报和综合防控具有重要意义。     

感谢苏联治蝗专家对我们的伟大援助

蝗虫是我国危险性的大害虫,不仅在沿海的河北、江苏、山东等省,连年猖獗为害;新疆也是常常闹蝗灾的地区,并由于在新疆为害的蝗虫不只是飞蝗,还有红胫戟纹蝗、西伯利亚蝗及意大利蝗等多种,再加上新疆地面辽阔,蝗虫发生的中心都是分布在交通困难和生活条件极度恶劣的地区,这对于治蝗工作增加极大困难。解放后第一年全国十多个省市都发生蝗虫猖獗为害,当时,我们对这样大规模的治蝗工     

我国粘虫研究现状及发展趋势

粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)是一种典型的季节性远距离迁飞害虫,也是我国及其它亚洲和澳洲国家粮食作物上重大害虫。具有发生范围广、危害世代多、受害作物种类和组织多、产量损失重以及发生危害历史长的特点。我国粘虫的研究进展主要体现在以下四个方面:揭示了粘虫越冬、迁飞及发生危害规律;解析了粘虫迁飞行为发生与调控的环境、生理、遗传、激素与分子机制;创建了以越冬、迁飞规律及生物学习性为基础的粘虫监测预警技术;组建了粘虫区域综合治理技术体系。针对粘虫研究现状及存在的问题,结合现代昆虫学技术的发展,提出了今后粘虫研究的主要方向。     

蝗虫生境监测方法研究进展

蝗虫是一种能对农业生产带来毁灭性打击的害虫。预测、监测蝗虫的发生、发展对于防治蝗虫、减轻蝗灾具有重要意义。在分析蝗虫的发生和消长与其生存环境的关系基础上,概述了以往蝗虫发生、发展预测、监测的主要方法。然后,从监测蝗虫生境采用的指标、卫星数据、算法等方面进一步阐述了运用现代遥感、地理信息系统技术监测蝗虫生境、预测蝗虫发生、发展的理论基础和最新进展;最后,结合现代对地观测技术、网络、快速计算和模拟等技术的发展探讨了蝗虫生境监测的发展方向。     

海南省三沙市空中昆虫类群结构研究

【目的】监测研究我国南海地区岛礁空中飞行昆虫群落结构,为探明该地区昆虫迁飞路径,建立重大农业迁飞性害虫跨区转移危害测报系统提供依据。【方法】2017-2018年在海南省三沙市永兴岛建立监测平台,利用高空测报灯系统对永兴岛空中昆虫实时监测,并采集标本鉴定种类。【结果】目前已鉴定214种,隶属11目70科183属。主要类群为鳞翅目90种(42.06%)、半翅目42种(19.63%)、鞘翅目36种(16.82%),包括稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis、小地老虎Agrotis ipsilon、小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、白背飞虱Sogatellafurcifera和褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens等多种重要的迁飞性害虫,以及中华草蛉Chrysoperla sinica、黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis和黄蜻Pantala flavescens等迁飞性天敌昆虫。【结论】研究结果证实了多种重大害虫在南海区域跨海迁飞转移危害和天敌随迁行为,丰富了对南海地区昆虫种群结构和物种多样性的认知。     

草地螟的发生为害与监测预警技术研究进展

草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.是我国北方农牧区重要的迁飞性害虫,具有突发性、暴发性和周期性危害的特点,随着第4个暴发周期的来临,将会给我国北方农牧业的安全生产带来很大的威胁.为准确掌握草地螟在我国的发生与迁飞为害规律,提高对重大迁飞性害虫的灾变预警能力,本文综述了草地螟在我国及周边国家的时空分布,发生为害、迁飞规律和监测预警等方面的研究进展,并对草地螟的监测预警技术进行了展望,以期为第4个暴发周期草地螟的监测和防控提供技术支持.     

在中国应用垂直波束雷达监测褐飞虱和其他水稻害虫迁飞的可行性

近年来,可用于昆虫迁飞研究且可自动运行的垂直波束雷达(vertical-looking radar,VLR)的发展使得对迁飞性害虫的周年长期自动监测成为可能。本文提供了我们对能否将这种雷达应用于中国的褐飞虱和其他水稻害虫的监测与预测体系以改善其综合治理的可行性研究结果。以往的研究已经表明,这些害虫一般在300—2000m高度迁飞;而我们根据褐飞虱的雷达和射有效截面的计算结果表明,目前使用的3．2cm波长的VLR对褐飞虱个体目标的最大可检测高度仅约240m;虽然建造一部8．8mm波长的VLR即可覆盖褐飞虱迁飞高度的绝大部分,但其造价和维护费用均过于昂贵。为此,一个更可行的解决方案是,以3．2cm波长的VLR作为包括大多数水稻害虫在内的个体较大的迁飞性害虫的监测工具。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.