Effect of pulse-burst electromagnetic field stimulation on osteoblast cell activities

Electric stimulation has been used successfully to treat a wide range of bone disorders. However, the mechanism by which the electric fields can influence the bone cells behavior remains poorly understood. The purpose of this research was to assess the possible mechanism of the stimulatory effect of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on bone cells. A PEMF with a frequency of 15 Hz (1 G [0.1 mT]; electric field strength 2 mV/cm) were applied to neonatal mouse calvarial bone cell cultures for 14 days. The temporal effects of PEMF on the osteoblasts were evaluated by the status of proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and gene expression on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 14th days of culture. Our results demonstrated that PEMF stimulation significantly increased the osteoblasts' proliferation by 34.0, 11.5, and 13.3% over the control group after 3, 5, and 7 days' culture. Although the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and the mineralization nodules formation did not change, the ALP activity of the bone cells decreased significantly after PEMF stimulation. Under the PEMF stimulation, there was no effect on the extracellular matrix synthesis, while the osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA expression was up regulated and the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) mRNA expression were down regulated, compared to the control. In conclusion, the treatment by PEMF of osteoblasts may accelerate cellular proliferation, but did not affect the cellular differentiation. The effect of PEMF stimulation on the bone tissue formation was most likely associated with the increase in the number of cells, but not with the enhancement of the osteoblasts' differentiation.     

Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation on bone tissue like formation are dependent on the maturation stages of the osteoblasts

The effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF, 15 Hz pulse burst, 7 mT peak) stimulation on bone tissue-like formation on osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1 cell line) in different stages of maturation were assessed to determine whether the PEMF stimulatory effect on bone tissue-like formation was associated with the increase in the number of cells and/or with the enhancement of the cellular differentiation. The cellular proliferation (DNA content), differentiation (alkaline phosphatase activity), and bone tissue-like formation (area of mineralized matrix) were determined at different time points. PEMF treatment of osteoblasts in the active proliferation stage accelerated cellular proliferation, enhanced cellular differentiation, and increased bone tissue-like formation. PEMF treatment of osteoblasts in the differentiation stage enhanced cellular differentiation and increased bone tissue-like formation. PEMF treatment of osteoblasts in the mineralization stage decreased bone tissue-like formation. In conclusion, PEMF had a stimulatory effect on the osteoblasts in the early stages of culture, which increased bone tissue-like formation. This stimulatory effect was most likely associated with enhancement of the cellular differentiation, but not with the increase in the number of cells.     

In vitro effects of low frequency electromagnetic fields on osteoblast proliferation and maturation in an inflammatory environment

An in vitro model was set up to investigate the effects of low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) and its induced electric fields on osteoblast cells under inflammatory conditions. Osteoblasts (7F2) were seeded on top of chitosan scaffolds and co-cultured with macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) growing on the bottom of culture wells, stimulated by lipopolysaccharide to release reactive oxygen species including nitric oxide (NO). The co-culture was exposed to PEMF (magnitude of the magnetic field = 1.5 mT; induced electric voltage = 2.5 mV; frequency = 75 Hz; pulse duration = 1.3 ms) for 9 h. The osteoblasts were examined for their proliferation, viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and genetic expressions of type I collagen (COL I) and osteocalcin (OC), immediately and 7 days after PEMF exposure (days 0 and 7). Macrophage cell viability and NO concentration in the medium were monitored before and after PEMF exposure. The PEMF-exposed co-culture released a significantly higher amount of NO (65 μM) compared to control (17 μM) on day 7. Despite the high level of NO in the medium that was reported to be cytotoxic, PEMF-exposed osteoblasts had enhanced cell proliferation (23%), viability (36%), and COL I mRNA expression (3.4-fold) compared to the controls. The osteoblasts subjected to the PEMF had 41% less ALP activity than the control, which was associated with the active cell proliferation and COL I expression. The expression of OC mRNA was not seen in either the PEMF or control group, indicating cells had not entered the mineralization stage by day 7.     

Effects of PEMF and glucocorticoids on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts

Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) can promote bone healing, while use of dexamethasone induces bone loss and osteoporosis. There is no report available on the combined effects of PEMF and dexamethasone on the activity of osteoblasts. Here, we investigated the effects of PEMF and dexamethasone on the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Our results showed that PEMF and dexamethasone respectively increased and decreased the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, meanwhile PEMF eliminated the effect of dexamethasone on MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts. Moreover, we also found that dexamethasone combined with PEMF upregulated the mRNA expression of IGF-1 at the early stage after the stimulation of PEMF and improved the decrease of COX-2 mRNA expression induced by dexamethasone at the late stage after the stimulation of PEMF. PEMF may be beneficial to improve dexamethasone-induced bone loss and osteoporosis.     

IN VITRO EFFECTS OF PEMFs ON BONE CELL CULTURES OF NORMAL AND OSTEOPENIC RAT

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of low-frequency, low-energy pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on cell proliferation and differentiation in rat osteoblast primary cultures. Cells were obtained from normal and osteopenic rat bone and were named NB and OB, respectively. The osteoblastic phenotype was assessed by stimulation with 1,25(OH₂) vitamin D₃. NB and OB cells were seeded in multiwell plates and exposed to PEMFs for two different periods. Control cultures of both groups were incubated under the same conditions, with the pulse generator off. Assessment of PEMF effects was performed for the following parameters for each culture: alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin level, and MTT test. Results showed that OB and NB cell proliferation was significantly improved (p < 0.03, p = 0.04 respectively) after 48 h of PEMF exposure. Osteocalcin production of OB after 5 days of PEMF exposure was significantly higher than normal (p = 0.007) and osteopenic (p = 0.033) bone-derived controls. These results show that PEMFs act on osteopenic bone-derived osteoblasts, stimulating proliferation of cells and then, after a longer exposure, activating them.     

Pulsed electromagnetic fields affect osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in bone tissue engineering

Bone tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving both engineers and cell biologists, whose main purpose is to repair bone anatomical defects and maintain its functions. A novel system that integrates pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) and bioreactors was applied to bone tissue engineering for regulating osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in'vitro. Osteoblasts were acquired from the calvaria of newborn Wistar rats and isolated after sequential digestion. Poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds were made by the solvent merging/particulate leaching method. Osteoblasts were seeded into porous PLGA scaffolds with 85% porosity and cultured in bioreactors for the 18-day culture period. Cells were exposed to PEMF pulsed stimulation with average (rms) amplitudes of either 0.13, 0.24, or 0.32 mT amplitude. The resulting induced electric field waveform consisted of single, narrow 300 micros quasi-rectangular pulses with a repetition rate of 7.5'Hz. The results showed that PEMF stimulation for 2 and 8 h at .13 mT increased the cell number on days 6 and 12, followed by a decrease on day 18 using 8 h stimulation. However, ALP activity was decreased and then increased on days 12 and 18, respectively. On the other hand, PEMF-treated groups (irrespective of the stimulation time) at 0.32 mT inhibited cell proliferation but enhanced ALP activity during the culture period. These findings suggested that PEMF stimulation with specific parameters had an effect on regulating the osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. This novel integrated system may have potential in bone tissue engineering.     

Pulsed electromagnetic fields prevent osteoporosis in an ovariectomized female rat model: a prostaglandin E2-associated process

With the use of Helmholtz coils and pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulators to generate uniform time varying electromagnetic fields, the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on osteoporosis and serum prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) concentration were investigated in bilaterally ovariectomized rats. Thirty-five 3 month old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five different groups: intact (INT), ovariectomy (OVX), aspirin treated (ASP), PEMF stimulation (PEMF + OVX), and PEMF stimulation with aspirin (PEMF + ASP) groups. All rats were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy except those in INT group. Histomorphometric analyses showed that PEMF stimulation augmented and restored proximal tibial metaphyseal trabecular bone mass (increased hard tissue percentage, bone volume percentage, and trabecular number) and architecture (increased trabecular perimeter, trabecular thickness, and decreased trabecular separation) in both PEMF + OVX and PEMF + ASP. Trabecular bone mass of PEMF + OVX rats after PEMF stimulation for 30 days was restored to levels of age matched INT rats. PEMF exposure also attenuated the higher serum PGE(2) concentrations of OVX rats and restored it to levels of INT rats. These experiments demonstrated that extremely low intensity, low frequency, single pulse electromagnetic fields significantly suppressed the trabecular bone loss and restored the trabecular bone structure in bilateral ovariectomized rats. We, therefore, conclude that PEMF may be useful in the prevention of osteoporosis resulting from ovariectomy and that PGE(2) might relate to these preventive effects.     

Pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation of bone marrow cells derived from ovariectomized rats affects osteoclast formation and local factor production

This study examined the effects of a specific pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation on osteoclast formation in bone marrow cells from ovariectomized rats and to determine if the signal modulates the production of cytokines associated with osteoclast formation. Adult female Wistar rats were subjected to bilateral or sham ovariectomy, and primary bone marrow cells were harvested at 4 days (Subgroup I) and 7 days (Subgroup II) after surgery. Primary bone marrow cells were subsequently placed in chamber slides and set inside solenoids powered by a pulse generator (300 micros, 7.5 Hz) for 1 h per day for 9 days (OVX + PEMF group). Others (INT, SHAM, and OVX groups) were cultured under identical conditions, but no signal was applied. Recruitment and authentication of osteoclast-like cells were evaluated by determining multinuclear, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive cells on day 10 of culture and by pit formation assay, respectively. The PEMF signal caused significant reductions in osteoclast formation in both Subgroups I (-55%) and II (-43%). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in OVX + PEMF group of Subgroup I were significantly reduced at 5, 7, and 9 days as compared to OVX group. The results found in this study suggest that osteoclastogenesis can be inhibited by PEMF stimulation, putatively due to a concomitant decrease in local factor production. Bioelectromagnetics 25:134-141, 2004.     

Intermittent pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation activates the mTOR pathway and stimulates the proliferation of osteoblast‐like cells

Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) have been shown to be a noninvasive physical stimulant for bone fracture healing. However, PEMF stimulation requires a relatively long period of time and its mechanism of action has not yet been fully clarified. Recently, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has been shown to be involved in bone formation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PEMFs on osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells by examining various cellular responses including changes in the mTOR pathway. Continuous PEMF stimulation induced a transient phosphorylation of the mTOR pathway, whereas intermittent PEMF stimulation (1 cycle of 10 min stimulation followed by 20 min of stimulation pause) revitalized the reduced phosphorylation. Moreover, PEMF stimulation stimulated cell proliferation (bromodeoxyuridine incorporation) rather than differentiation (alkaline phosphatase activity), with a more notable effect in the intermittently stimulated cells. These results suggest that intermittent PEMF stimulation may be effective in promoting bone fracture healing by accelerating cell proliferation, and in shortening stimulation time. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40:412–421. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.     

Osteoblasts stimulated with pulsed electromagnetic fields increase HUVEC proliferation via a VEGF‐A independent mechanism

The clinically beneficial effect of low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (ELF‐PEMF) on bone healing has been described, but the exact mechanism of action remains unclear. A recent study suggests that there is a direct autocrine mitogenic effect of ELF‐PEMF on angiogenesis. The hypothesis of this study is that ELF‐PEMF also has an indirect effect on angiogenesis by manipulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A‐based paracrine intercellular communication with neighboring osteoblasts. Conditioned media experiments measured fetal rat calvarial cell (FRC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation using tritiated thymidine uptake. We demonstrate that ELF‐PEMF (15 Hz, 1.8 mT, for 8 h) has an indirect effect on the proliferation rate of both endothelial cells and osteoblasts in vitro by altering paracrine mediators. Conditioned media from osteoblast cells stimulated with ELF‐PEMF increased endothelial proliferation 54‐fold, whereas media from endothelial cells stimulated with ELF‐PEMF did not affect osteoblast proliferation. We examined the role of the pro‐angiogenic mediator VEGF‐A in the mitogenic effect of ELF‐PEMF‐stimulated osteoblast media on endothelial cells. The production of VEGF‐A by FRC as measured by ELISA was not changed by exposure to PEMF, and blocking experiments demonstrated that the ELF‐PEMF‐induced osteoblast‐derived endothelial mitogen observed in these studies was not VEGF‐A, but some other soluble angiogenic mediator. Bioelectromagnetics 30:189–197, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Therapeutic Effects of 15 Hz Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Streptozotocin-Treated Rats

Although numerous clinical studies have reported that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) have a neuroprotective role in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), the application of PEMF for clinic is still controversial. The present study was designed to investigate whether PEMF has therapeutic potential in relieving peripheral neuropathic symptoms in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three weight-matched groups (eight in each group): the non-diabetic control group (Control), diabetes mellitus with 15 Hz PEMF exposure group (DM+PEMF) which were subjected to daily 8-h PEMF exposure for 7 weeks and diabetes mellitus with sham PEMF exposure group (DM). Signs and symptoms of DPN in STZ-treated rats were investigated by using behavioral assays. Meanwhile, ultrastructural examination and immunohistochemical study for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of sciatic nerve were also performed. During a 7-week experimental observation, we found that PEMF stimulation did not alter hyperglycemia and weight loss in STZ-treated rats with DPN. However, PEMF stimulation attenuated the development of the abnormalities observed in STZ-treated rats with DPN, which were demonstrated by increased hind paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical and thermal stimuli, slighter demyelination and axon enlargement and less VEGF immunostaining of sciatic nerve compared to those of the DM group. The current study demonstrates that treatment with PEMF might prevent the development of abnormalities observed in animal models for DPN. It is suggested that PEMF might have direct corrective effects on injured nerves and would be a potentially promising non-invasive therapeutic tool for the treatment of DPN.     

去卵巢骨质疏松山羊骨髓基质细胞成骨分化能力的研究

目的：研究在构建的去卵巢骨质疏松山羊动物模型中,骨髓基质细胞（MSCs）的生物学特性以及其成骨能力。方法：建立去卵巢骨质疏松山羊动物模型,使用全骨髓法获取去卵巢骨质疏松山羊（实验组）和正常山羊（对照组）MSCs,流式细胞仪检测实验组和对照组细胞周期及增殖指数（PI）;地塞米松诱导21d时油红O染色,观察成脂分化比例;成骨诱导液诱导14d,碱性磷酸酶（ALP）染色、检测ALP表达量。结果：对照组PI高于实验组;地塞米松诱导后实验组脂肪细胞比例明显高于对照组;成骨诱导第7d,对照组ALP的表达量明显高于实验组。结论：去卵巢骨质疏松山羊的MSCs增殖和成骨分化能力都降低,可能与骨质疏松症的发病机理有关。     

Optimum Parameters of Specific 7.5 Hz Single Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulation on Osteoblast Growth

This study examines the response of different time constant 7.5 Hz pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation on rat osteoblasts and tries to determine the shortest exposure time to the selected time constant PEMF that is necessary to increase cell viability in vitro. We use an in vitro rat osteoblast model to investigate, for different periods of time (1, 2, or 3 days), rat osteoblasts to 7.5 Hz PEMF of different time constants (694, 432, and 268 µsec) or exposure time (20 min, 1, 3, 9, and 24 hr) and have evaluated the field's effects on the cell viability by colorimetric tetrazolium (MTT) assay and PGE₂ concentrations by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It was shown that time constant was not the dominant parameter affecting osteoblast growth, and a short time exposure of PEMF 20 min/day could increase cell viability and PGE₂ secretion significantly.     

Effects of extremely low-frequency-pulsed electromagnetic field on different-derived osteoblast-like cells

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on osteoblast-like cells. PEMF with a magnetic flux density of 1.55 mT at 48 Hz was employed to stimulate the MC3T3-E1 cell and the primary osteoblast cell derived from 2-day-old Sprague Dawley (SD) rat calvaria for different time. MTS method was applied to analyze cell proliferation and flow cytometry to detect cell cycle. The intracellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was measured by colorimetry. Our results demonstrated that PEMF of 1.55 mT at 48 Hz did not affect cell number of MC3T3-E1 cell, whereas the cell percentage of S and G(2)M phase decreased significantly. Although the cell number of the primary osteoblast cell did not alter by MTS assay after being exposed to PEMF for 24 h continuously, the cell percentage of S and G(2)M phase increased significantly. When culture time extended to 48 h, the cell number increased greatly and the cell percentage of S and G(2)M phase decreased significantly despite of the exposure type. After the primary osteoblast cell was exposed to PEMF for 24 h continuously, the ALP activity decreased significantly, whereas it increased significantly when being exposed to PEMF for 48 h continuously. From the results we concluded that PEMF of 1.55 mT at 48 Hz did not affect proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cell, but it promoted proliferation, inhibited differentiation at proliferation stage, and promoted differentiation at differentiation stage of primary osteoblast cells.     

Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on the proliferation and differentiation potential of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) have been used clinically to slow down osteoporosis and accelerate the healing of bone fractures for many years. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of PEMFs on the proliferation and differentiation potential of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC). PEMF stimulus was administered to BMMSCs for 8 h per day during culture period. The PEMF applied consisted of 4.5 ms bursts repeating at 15 Hz, and each burst contained 20 pulses. Results showed that about 59% and 40% more viable BMMSC cells were obtained in the PEMF‐exposed cultures at 24 h after plating for the seeding density of 1000 and 3000 cells/cm², respectively. Although, based on the kinetic analysis, the growth rates of BMMSC during the exponential growth phase were not significantly affected, 20–60% higher cell densities were achieved during the exponentially expanding stage. Many newly divided cells appeared from 12 to 16 h after the PEMF treatment as revealed by the cell cycle analysis. These results suggest that PEMF exposure could enhance the BMMSC cell proliferation during the exponential phase and it possibly resulted from the shortening of the lag phase. In addition, according to the cytochemical and immunofluorescence analysis performed, the PEMF‐exposed BMMSC showed multi‐lineage differentiation potential similar to the control group. Bioelectromagnetics 30:251–260, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Standardized tests of bone implant surfaces with an osteoblast cell culture system. I. Orthopedic standard materials]

The effect of standard orthopaedic materials on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts was examined using a standardised cell culture system. Osteoblasts hFOB 1.19 were cultured on stainless steel (SS), a chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloy (CrCoMb) and commercially pure titanium (cpTi) for 12 days. Cell culture polystyrene (PS) was used as a reference. Cell numbers and cell viability were used as parameters of proliferation. Cell differentiation was assessed using alkaline phosphatase activity, collagen I and osteocalcin production. The parameters of proliferation showed earlier maximum values on PS and cpTi, while proliferation was delayed on SS and CrCoMb. The highest values of differentiation were found on cpTi. The development of alkaline phosphatase activity showed two peaks reflecting apoptosis and redifferentiation. The cell culture system hFOB 1.19 is thus suitable for revealing differences in proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts on standard orthopaedic materials. The results correlate with previous in vivo findings. Using this system, the dynamic effect of the material surface on the differentiation process of osteoblasts can be demonstrated.     

二甲双胍调控糖尿病大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖和分化

虽然二甲双胍广泛用于治疗2型糖尿病,但是其对骨骼的潜在影响知之甚少。因此,本研究评估了二甲双胍对培养的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)和脂肪细胞两者的分化以及增殖的影响。首先随机组形成对照实验,其中对照组为在不经二甲双胍处理培养基中培养MSCs细胞21 d,而二甲双胍组则在用100μmol/L二甲双胍处理培养基中培养MSCs 21 d。结果表明,二甲双胍增强了大鼠MSCs的成骨细胞分化细胞中ALP的活性,抑制了培养中MSCs脂肪形成分化的过程,但是增强了MSCs细胞的增殖能力。     

Effects of 50 Hz pulsed electromagnetic fields on the growth and cell cycle arrest of mesenchymal stem cells: an in vitro study

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of self-renew and multipotent differatiation which allows them to be sensitive to microenvironment is altered. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) can affect cellular physiology of some types of cells. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of PEMF on the growth and cell cycle arrest of MSCs expanded in vitro. To achieve this, cultured of normal rat MSCs, the treatment groups were respectively irradiated by 50 Hz PEMF at 10 mT of flux densities for 3 or 6 h. The effects of PEMF on cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and cell surface antigen phenotype were investigated. Our results showed that exposed MSCs had a significant proliferative capacity (P < 0.05) but the effect of PEMF for 3 and 6 h on cell growth was not different (P>0.05) at an earlier phase after PEMF treatment. Exposure to PEMF had a significant increase the percentage of MSCs in G1 phase compare with the control group, with a higher percentage of cells in G1 phase exposed for 6 h then that for 3 h. At the 16th hour after treatment, PEMF had no significant effect on cell proliferation and cell cycle (P>0.05). These results suggested that PEMF enhanced MSCs proliferation with time-independent and increased the percentage of cells at the G1 phase of the cell cycle in a time-dependent manner, and the effect of PEMF on the cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest of MSCs was temporal after PEMF treatment.     

镁离子对成骨细胞活力和分化的促进作用及其机制研究

目的:研究不同浓度镁离子对成骨细胞活力和分化的影响,并探讨镁基生物材料促进骨再生的机制。方法:分离培养大鼠乳鼠颅骨成骨细胞,之后将细胞分别在DMEM培养基(含有0.8 m M镁离子;对照组)和含有6 m M、10 m M、18 m M镁离子(实验组)的培养基中进行培养,通过MTT法测定细胞活力,ALP活力、茜素红染色法测定成骨细胞的分化,通过western blot法测定不同浓度镁离子组中PI3K/Akt信号通路的表达情况。结果:6 m M、10 m M镁离子组成骨细胞活力、ALP活力、基质矿化水平较对照组明显增加(P0.05),18 m M镁离子组成骨细胞活力、ALP活力、基质矿化水平对照组明显降低(P0.05)。在10 m M镁离子组加入wortmannin后,上述增强的结果受到抑制。结论:6-10 m M镁离子促进成骨细胞的活力和分化,而过高浓度镁离子(18 m M)对成骨细胞的活力和分化具有抑制作用。10 m M镁离子通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路促进成骨细胞的活力和分化。这项研究为医用镁基生物材料的进一步研究提供了很好的参考作用。