生物与环境

“生物与环境”一章的教材内容主要阐述生态学研究的对象、水平、任务及意义．是从宏观的角度阐明生物圈是人类和其他生物共同拥有的美好家园．研究生物圈中生物与生物之间、生物与无机环境之间的相互作用,维护生物圈相对稳定性对人类自身的生存和发展具有重要意义。本章知识内容的复习应把握下列知识要点：     

\"生物的生活环境\"教学设计

1 教学设计思路 生物与环境是一个既相互制约又相互依存的平衡系统。人类作为这一系统中的重要成员．在享用环境提供的各种资源,实现沧海桑田变迁的同时．无视其负荷,污染和破坏着自己和其他生物赖以生存的环境。深入研究和探讨有关生物与环境的问题．就是要引导学生在关注人类自身生存与发展的同时．关注环境,寻求一条人与自然和谐共处的绿色文明之路。     

环境胁迫与生物防御反应

生物的生存总是逃避不了周围各种环境胁迫因素的影响。非生物因素如温度、水分、湿度、光照、营养、环境污染、物理干扰和土壤坚实度等;生物因素如有害生物的袭击等。兴衰存亡的关键,除了取决于胁迫的种类、强度     

几种环境生物测试新技术的研究进展

阐述了环境生物测试技术的重要性,及当前国际上新推出的三种环境生物技术折国外研究概况和当前我国的研究进展,指出这些新技术不仅可以用来评价有毒化学品的水环节污染危害,还可以评价工业废水及沉积物对水环境的污染,值得推广应用。     

海水养殖环境生物修复研究进展

着重分析了微生物,大型藻类及其他生物在海水养殖环境中的生物修复作用,原理,国内外最新研究进展,存在问题以及发展前景。     

准噶尔盆地荒漠生物类群与环境的关系

对荒漠生态系统的研究,近期在我国乃至全球均极为活跃。由于开发的需要和全球沙漠化威胁日趋严重,引起有关人士的关注。就新疆而言,解放前虽有一些学者进行过研究,但仅限于某些方面,直到50年代后期展开大规模综合考察以来,对新疆的荒漠自然条件才有较全面认识。作者近年的研究过程,注意到此区生物类群与环境存在较特殊关系,     

生物实验学习软环境的创设

以情境认知和学习理论为指导,结合生物实验学习实际运用的成效,阐述了生物实验学习软环境创设的操作要领。     

\"生物与环境\"专题的复习策略

理科综合能力测试是以能力测试和素质考查为主导 ,考查学生所学相关课程的基础知识、基本技能和综合运用所学知识分析、解决实际问题的能力。纵观几年来的理科综合能力测试卷 ,概括起来主要特点是 :基础性、综合性、应用性。高中生物学“生物与环境”这一专题涉及知识面广、概念较多 ,本专题内容从宏观角度沟通了与其他单元之间的联系 ,同时又涉及到人口、环境、资源、能源、粮食等重大问题 ,复习好这一内容不仅有利于学生解答理科综合能力测试题 ,而且有利于培养学生树立辩证唯物主义观点 ,渗透 STS教育 ,有利于实现可持续发展计划。1　…     

环境雌激素生态影响的研究进展

环境雌激素(ｅｃｏｅｓｔｒｏｇｅｎ) ,是指能够扰乱动物内分泌活动 ,生理活性与雌激素较为相似的动物体外化学物质 ,包括人工合成化合物以及植物天然雌激素 ,由于目前所发现的干扰动物及人体内分泌系统的有机化合物绝大多数都具有激素特征 ,因此通常又将环境激素称做“干扰内分泌化合物”(ｅｎｄｏｃｒｉｎｅｄｉｓｒｕｐｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉ ｃａｌｓ或ｅｎｄｏｃｒｉｎｅｄｉｓｒｕｐｔｅｒｓ)。环境激素问题只是在最近几年才引起世界关注 ,但由于环境激素污染范围广、影响大 ,对人类生存的威胁更直接 ,目前 ,西方国家将环境激素问题与臭…     

The stochastic model of non-equilibrium mutagen-induced alterations of DNA: implication to genetic instability in cancer

Genetic alterations such as point mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, modification of DNA methylation and chromosome aberrations accumulate during the lifetime of an organism. They can be caused by intrinsic errors in the DNA replication and repair as well as by external factors such as exposure to mutagenic substances or radiation. The main purpose of the present work is to begin an exploration of the stochastic nature of non-equilibrium DNA alteration caused by events such as tautomeric shifts. This is done by modeling the genetic DNA code chain as a sequence of DNA-bit values ('1' for normal bases and '-1' for abnormal bases). We observe the number of DNA-bit changes resulting from the random point mutation process which, in the model, is being induced by a stochastic Brownian mutagen (BM) as it diffuses through the DNA-bit systems. Using both an analytical and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation techniques, we observe the local and global number of DNA-bit changes. It is found that in 1D, the local DNA-bit density behaves like 1/t, the global total number of the switched (abnormal) DNA-bit increases as t. The probability distribution P(b, 0, t) of b(0, t) is log-normal. It is also found that when the number of mutagens is increased, the number of the total abnormal DNA-bits does not grow linearly with the number of mutagens. All analytic results are in good agreement with the simulation results.     

Mathematical modeling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system activity

Mathematical modeling has proven to be valuable in understanding of the complex biological systems dynamics. In the present report we have developed an initial model of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system self-regulatory activity. A four-dimensional non-linear differential equation model of the hormone secretion was formulated and used to analyze plasma cortisol levels in humans. The aim of this work was to explore in greater detail the role of this system in normal, homeostatic, conditions, since it is the first and unavoidable step in further understanding of the role of this complex neuroendocrine system in pathophysiological conditions. Neither the underlying mechanisms nor the physiological significance of this system are fully understood yet.     

Mathematical modeling of the malignancy of cancer using graph evolution

We report a novel computational method based on graph evolution process to model the malignancy of brain cancer called glioma. In this work, we analyze the phases that a graph passes through during its evolution and demonstrate strong relation between the malignancy of cancer and the phase of its graph. From the photomicrographs of tissues, which are diagnosed as normal, low-grade cancerous and high-grade cancerous, we construct cell-graphs based on the locations of cells; we probabilistically generate an edge between every pair of cells depending on the Euclidean distance between them. For a cell-graph, we extract connectivity information including the properties of its connected components in order to analyze the phase of the cell-graph. Working with brain tissue samples surgically removed from 12 patients, we demonstrate that cell-graphs generated for different tissue types evolve differently and that they exhibit different phase properties, which distinguish a tissue type from another.     

用蚀斑法滴定痘苗病毒的准确性及其精确数学模型的探讨

用蚀斑法滴定病毒是确定感染病毒颗粒存在数量的一种较准确方法。本实验表明,痘苗病毒吸附4h后仍有大量病毒粒子未能吸附到细胞单层,进而测定出病毒接种量、维持液加量和所测病毒滴度间具有一种互为消长的非线性相关性。因而设计了几种检测方法,其准确性均优于常规痘苗病毒蚀斑测定法。利用装配有Mathematic软件包的计算机在痘苗病毒接种量、维持液加量和所测病毒滴度间建立了曲线拟合模型和曲面拟合模型。通过曲线拟合模型推断病毒感染滴度为常规法滴定值的近5倍。     

高等植物磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶聚合态可逆变化的数学模型及其定性分析

磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPCase）是高等植物生理代谢中一个极为重要的酶类,其一个重要特征是PEPCase的聚合呈现解离─聚合的周期性振荡行为。本文提出了一个PEPCase可逆解离─聚合反应的数学模型。通过对该模型的定性分析给出了极限环解存在的条件,并由此指出了目前生理学研究中应注意的若干问题。     

A Mathematical Study of the Differential Effects of Two SERCA Isoforms on Ca2+ Oscillations in Pancreatic Islets

Cytosolic Ca²⁺ dynamics are important in the regulation of insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cells within islets of Langerhans. These dynamics are sculpted by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which takes up Ca²⁺ when cytosolic levels are high and releases it when cytosolic levels are low. Calcium uptake into the ER is through sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPases, or SERCA pumps. Two SERCA isoforms are expressed in the β-cell: the high Ca²⁺ affinity SERCA2b pump and the low affinity SERCA3 pump. Recent experiments with islets from SERCA3 knockout mice have shown that the cytosolic Ca²⁺ oscillations from the knockout islets are characteristically different from those of wild type islets. While the wild type islets often exhibit compound Ca²⁺ oscillations, composed of fast oscillations superimposed on much slower oscillations, the knockout islets rarely exhibit compound oscillations, but produce slow (single component) oscillations instead. Using mathematical modeling, we provide an explanation for this difference. We also investigate the effect that SERCA2b inhibition has on the model β-cell. Unlike SERCA3 inhibition, we demonstrate that SERCA2b inhibition has no long-term effect on cytosolic Ca²⁺ oscillations unless a store-operated current is activated.     

医用数学模型的格式化与显示

本文介绍医用数学模型格式化的方法,为了显示模型连续解的图象和计算机处理过程,文中提供了一些典型的格式化模型.采用数学推理手段将数学模型变换为可被模拟电路及数字电路所接受的模式,就成了格式化模型．实验结果表明,该方法是行之有效的．     

种子萌发与休眠的自磷酸化蛋白激酶控制机制的数学模型及其分析

自磷酸化蛋白激酶对代谢的开关作用可能控制着种子的萌发与休眠。本文提出了自磷酸化蛋白激酶控制机理的数学模型。通过对该模型定性分析指出,自磷酸化蛋白激酶对种子萌发与休眠的控制机理具有双稳态的突变性质,得出了产生双稳态的临界条件。