模拟氮沉降对温带森林土壤酶活性的影响

森林土壤酶作为土壤中最活跃组分,能影响生态系统的物质循环过程,其活性能快速反映氮沉降对土壤环境的变化。以北京地带性植被辽东栎林为研究对象,利用模拟氮沉降方法,原位设计低氮(50 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1),N50)、高氮(150 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1),N150)两个施氮水平,每个施氮水平设置Na NO_3、(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH4NO_33个不同的施氮类型,另设置空白对照(0 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1),N0)。从时间格局上研究不同氮素化学形态和剂量对温带森林土壤6种酶(脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶)活性的影响。结果表明:在氮形态和水平的交互作用下,NH4NO3-N处理的脲酶活性显著高出NO~-_3-N处理的24.20%(N50),NH~+_4-N处理对酸性磷酸酶活性的影响显著高出NO~-_3-N处理的13.82%(N150);在NH~+_4-N和NH_4NO_3-N处理中,N50水平下的脲酶活性分别高出N0处理的38.90%和24.20%,差异显著。对无氮形态和水平交互作用的酶活性分析得出,不同的施氮水平,对碱性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶的酶活性有显著促进作用,碱性磷酸酶活性在N50和N150处理下分别比N0高20.2%和11.5%,N50和N150处理对多酚氧化酶活性的促进作用分别比N0处理高64.3%和41.8%,差异显著(P0.05);NH~+_4-N处理对β-葡萄糖苷酶活性具有显著促进作用(P0.05),不同的施氮形态,对碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的酶活性无显著影响。6种酶活性均呈现了显著的时间变化,氮添加对森林土壤酶活性的时间分异规律没有显著影响。此外,土壤微生物量碳、硝态氮和铵态氮含量与酶活性具有显著相关性(P0.05)。以上结果表明,氮添加通过改变森林土壤的环境因子,影响了土壤中的水解酶和氧化酶活性,进而改变了土壤有机碳库和养分循环。     

荒漠藓类植物死亡对表层土壤酶活性的影响

土壤胞外酶作为土壤生物化学反应的催化剂,直接驱动了土壤物质循环和能量流动过程。全球气候变化和土地利用类型改变致使维持荒漠地表稳定的生物土壤结皮中的藓类植物出现不同程度的死亡,然而,藓类植物的死亡将如何影响荒漠表层土壤养分循环过程仍缺乏研究。该研究选取新疆古尔班通古特沙漠优势藓类结皮为研究对象,测定了自然存活及自然死亡藓类结皮下不同土层(0–2、2–5、5–10、10–20cm)碳氮磷循环相关酶活性。结果发现:除蔗糖酶外,藓类植物死亡显著影响了β-葡萄糖苷酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶、植酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,并随土壤深度的增加酶活性逐渐递减。同时,藓类植物死亡显著抑制了植酸酶活性,促进了与碳氮磷循环相关的土壤酶活性。土壤碳氮循环相关酶活性与土壤有机碳、全氮、NO₃^–-N和NH₄⁺-N含量显著正相关,与pH显著负相关;植酸酶、碱性磷酸酶活性与土壤全磷、速效磷含量相关性不显著。荒漠藓类植物的死亡,在短期内显著改变了土壤酶系统,加速了土壤养分循环。     

Denitrification studies in a temperate forest catena soil

Summary Formation of ammonium during the reduction of nitrate under moderate and strict anaerobic incubation of two topsoils of a temperate forest catena, an acid mull and an anmoor was studied. In mull, both conditions of incubation caused reduction of nitrate and release of ammonium. The accumulation of ammonium continued even when there was no nitrate left hence indicating the formation of ammonium apparently through desamination of organic matter. Whereas, in anmoor neither any such formation of ammonium nor any significant reduction of nitrate was observed in the case of moderate anaerobic incubation. But under strict anaerobic incubation, progressive disappearance of nitrate was encountered from the beginning up to 30 days and this was accompanied by an increasing accumulation of ammonium in this soil. Yet this accumulation stopped when there was no nitrate left. Thus, the formation of ammonium is caused by the reduction of nitrate in anmoor.     

模拟氮沉降增加条件下土壤团聚体对酶活性的影响

氮沉降增加改变了森林土壤生态系统物质输入,影响土壤生物及酶活性,而土壤团聚体内相对稳定的微域生境可能减弱或延缓土壤生物和酶对氮沉降增加的响应强度。以广东省东莞大岭山森林公园荷木人工林为研究对象,用模拟N沉降方法,分析了2011年12月到2012年11月一年内氮沉降增加条件下表层混合土壤和土壤团聚体内脲酶、蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的变化及影响因素,旨在理解氮沉降增加条件下土壤团聚体对酶活性的影响。结果表明:氮沉降增加对表层混合土壤中脲酶和蔗糖酶的抑制作用不显著,而酸性磷酸酶受氮沉降显著影响,表现为低氮(50 kg N hm-2a-1)促进,高氮(300 kg N hm-2a-1)抑制的规律。表层土壤团聚体内脲酶活性随氮沉降增加而降低,N300处理显著低于对照;蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性随氮沉降增加先降低后增加,N100处理最低,分别比其他处理降低了6.46%—25.53%和42.33%—68.25%。试验区内各粒径土壤团聚体内酶活性高于混合土壤,且随团聚体粒径增加酶活性均为先增加后降低。不同粒径土壤团聚体的3种酶活性均以2—5 mm最高,但脲酶、酸性磷酸酶在各团聚体粒径间差异不显著,蔗糖酶活性2—5 mm显著高于5—8 mm。土壤酶相对活性指数和相对活性综合指数结果显示,超过85%的团聚体粒径内的相对酶活性指数大于1,而土壤酶相对活性综合指数均大于1。以上结果表明,氮沉降增加条件下土壤团聚体对其团聚体内的土壤酶活性有隔离保护作用,但其隔离保护效果与酶的种类和土壤团聚体粒径有关。     

High abundance of Crenarchaeota in a temperate acidic forest soil

The objective of the study was to elucidate the depth distribution and community composition of Archaea in a temperate acidic forest soil. Numbers of Archaea and Bacteria were measured in the upper 18 cm of the soil, and soil cores were sampled on two separate occasions using quantitative PCR targeting 16S rRNA genes. Maximum numbers of Archaea were 0.6-3.8 x 10(8) 16S rRNA genes per gram of dry soil. Numbers of Bacteria were generally higher, but Archaea always accounted for a high percentage of the total gene numbers (12-38%). The archaeal community structure was analysed by the construction of clone libraries and by terminal restriction length polymorphism (T-RFLP) using the same Archaea-specific primers. With the reverse primer labelled, T-RFLP analysis led to the detection of four T-RFs. Three had lengths of 83, 185 and 218 bp and corresponded to uncultured Crenarchaeota. One (447 bp) was assigned to Thermoplasmales. Labelling of the forward primer allowed further separation of the T-RF into Crenarchaeota Group I.1c and Group I.1b, and indicated that Crenarchaeota of the Group I.1c were the predominant 16S rRNA genotype (相似文献   

Microbial consumption of atmospheric isoprene in a temperate forest soil

Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3 butadiene) is a low-molecular-weight hydrocarbon emitted in large quantities to the atmosphere by vegetation and plays a large role in regulating atmospheric chemistry. Until now, the atmosphere has been considered the only significant sink for isoprene. However, in this study we performed both in situ and in vitro experiments with soil from a temperate forest near Ithaca, N.Y., that indicate that the soil provides a sink for atmospheric isoprene and that the consumption of isoprene is carried out by microorganisms. Consumption occurred rapidly in field chambers (672.60 +/- 30.12 to 2,718.36 +/- 86.40 pmol gdw day) (gdw is grams [dry weight] of soil; values are means +/- standard deviations). Subsequent laboratory experiments confirmed that isoprene loss was due to biological processes: consumption was stopped by autoclaving the soil; consumption rates increased with repeated exposure to isoprene; and consumption showed a temperature response consistent with biological activity (with an optimum temperature of 30 degrees C). Isoprene consumption was diminished under low oxygen conditions (120 +/- 7.44 versus 528.36 +/- 7.68 pmol gdw day under ambient O(2) concentrations) and showed a strong relationship with soil moisture. Isoprene-degrading microorganisms were isolated from the site, and abundance was calculated as 5.8 x 10 +/- 3.2 x 10 cells gdw. Our results indicate that soil may provide a significant biological sink for atmospheric isoprene.     

Correlation among soil enzyme activities under different forest system management practices

Soil enzyme activities were performed in three permanent no-till and unfertilised plots located in the South of Salamanca province (Spain), the first in a Castanea sativa Mill. paraclimax coppice (CC), the second in a chestnut orchard (CO) and the third in a Quercus pyrenaica Wild. climax forest (Oak), adjacent to the CO plot.We hypothesized that the activities of dehydrogenases, ureases, acid phosphatases, arylsulphatases and β-glucosidases in different forest ecosystems are involved in the carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling and we report their relationship with each other and with physical, chemical and general biochemical parameters of the soils. The main aim of the study was to detect biological criteria for sustainable development in natural degenerate forests of Mediterranean Europe. For this, we used sweet Chestnut (C. sativa Mill) and Oak Q. pyrenaica Wild as models to better define the ecological conditions of these natural resources in terms of nutrient balance, physiology and biological diversity of their communities, to relate them to the conditions of exploitation and land-use changes, for the characterization of sustainable ecological systems.Furthermore, soil respiration was high and significantly different in the chestnut coppice stand than the other two stands, chestnut orchard and oak.Correlations between soil biochemical and soil microbiological variables showed that the three different forest management practices had also a strong effect on soil function conditions. In a discriminate analysis, CC and Oak were discriminated clearly, while CO was in the middle of the biplot sharing some properties with each of the two different groups. Thus, we proposed a soil property transition from the best soil structure and function properties at one chestnut management properties with low tree densities (CC and CO) to other with the worst ones at highest tree density conditions (Oak). According to natural soil conditions in Oak, we assumed that most of the enzyme activities reached their highest levels at highest C and N soil contents but at lowest soil base saturation percentage while they were not at all associated with P soil availability.     

冻融循环对川西亚高山森林土壤酶活性的影响

土壤酶活性的研究有助于认识植物-微生物-土壤有机质之间的相互关系,土壤酶的生产遵循"经济法则",冻融循环将会改变生产土壤酶的资源分配,最终影响土壤的有机质分解过程。亚高山森林土壤具有明显的季节性冻融循环,为深入研究亚高山森林冬季土壤生态过程,以川西亚高山针阔混交林、针叶林以及阔叶林土壤为研究对象,通过室内培养研究冻融循环对6种与碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)相关土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,与N和P相关的土壤β-N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶活性受冻融循环影响显著,其中,β-N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶活性在整个冻融处理过程中表现出先升高后降低并趋于平稳的趋势,磷酸酶活性在后期明显增加。与C相关的土壤纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶在冻融循环过程中没有显著变化。林型对土壤酶活性产生了显著影响。其中,阔叶林的土壤纤维素酶活性显著低于针叶林;阔叶林的土壤过氧化物酶活性显著低于针阔混交林和针叶林;针叶林的土壤磷酸酶活性显著高于针阔混交林和阔叶林。冻融循环和林型的交互作用对土壤酶活性没有显著影响。结果表明,该地区土壤酶活性对冻融循环响应存在差异,气候变化引起的冻融循环将进一步影响川西亚高山森林土...     

山地森林表层土壤酶活性对短期增温及凋落物分解的响应

为了探究贡嘎山地区暗针叶林表层土壤酶活性对增温及凋落物分解的响应,采用开顶式生长箱(open top chamber)和加热电缆(OTC-cable)联合增温的方式模拟增温,同时定位监测实验小区地表空气、表层土壤温湿度的变化;不同类型(A:75%峨眉冷杉针叶+25%杜鹃荚蒾灌木叶凋落物,B:55%峨眉冷杉针叶+45%杜鹃荚蒾灌木叶凋落物)凋落物在模拟增温和自然对照条件下分解4年,研究土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和脲酶活性的变化。结果表明:增温使得地表空气和表层土壤温度分别增加了2.84℃和1.83℃;使得空气相对湿度和土壤含水量分别降低了5.27%和1.55%。针叶比例高会抑制凋落物分解,约13%;增温促进凋落物分解且对针叶比例高的促进作用更加明显,增幅均超过10%。增温总体上降低了土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,而对多酚氧化酶活性的影响表现为增大。针叶比例降低的凋落物分解对3种土壤酶活性的影响大致趋势是增大,幅度在15%以上。增温和凋落物类型之间的交互作用显著。随着土壤深度增加,土壤过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性增大,而脲酶活性降低。增温和不同类型凋落物分解对表层土壤酸碱性无显著作用。在土壤含水量较低的情况下,土壤水分对酶活性影响较大。贡嘎山峨眉冷杉林表层土壤酶对温度的敏感性不仅因酶类型、土壤深度而存在差异,也随增温时间、土壤水分条件而有所不同。     

Seasonal dynamics and profiles of soil NO concentrations in a temperate forest

Plant and Soil - Soils are known to be significant sources of atmospheric nitric oxide (NO), a key compound in atmospheric chemistry. NO is a key regulating substance for inter- and intra-species...     

Temperature-independent diel variation in soil respiration observed from a temperate deciduous forest

The response of soil respiration (R_s) to temperature depends largely on the temporal and spatial scales of interest and how other environmental factors interact with this response. They are often represented by empirical exponential equations in many ecosystem analyses because of the difficulties in separating covarying environmental responses and in observing below ground processes. The objective of this study was to quantify a soil temperature‐independent component in R_s by examining the diel variation of an R_s time series measured in a temperate deciduous forest located at Oak Ridge, TN, USA between March and December 2003. By fitting 2 hourly, continuous automatic chamber measurements of CO₂ efflux at the soil surface to a Q₁₀ function to obtain the temperature‐dependent respiration (R_t) and plotting the diel cycles of R_t, R_s, and their difference (R_i), we found that an obvious temperature‐independent component exists in R_s during the growing season. The diel cycle of this component has a distinct day/night pattern and agrees well with diel variations in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and air temperature. Elevated canopy CO₂ concentration resulted in similar patterns in the diel cycle of the temperature‐independent component but with different daily average rates in different stages of growing season. We speculate that photosynthesis of the stand is one of the main contributors to this temperature‐independent respiration component although more experiments are needed to draw a firm conclusion. We also found that despite its relatively small magnitude compared with the temperature‐dependent component, the diel variation in the temperature‐independent component can lead to significantly different estimates of the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in the study forest. As a result, the common practice of using fitted temperature‐dependent function from night‐time measurements to extrapolate soil respiration during the daytime may underestimate daytime soil respiration.     

氮沉降对温带森林土壤甲烷氧化菌的影响

大量研究显示氮沉降影响森林甲烷吸收量,但其中的微生物驱动机制仍缺乏研究。基于长白山典型温带森林长期氮沉降模拟实验平台样地,采用定量PCR和克隆测序技术,研究了长期施加不同形态氮((NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4Cl和KNO_3)处理下森林土壤甲烷氧化菌的数量和群落组成随季节变化的特征。结果表明,夏季,森林土壤甲烷氧化菌pmo A基因丰度在不同施氮处理之间无显著性差异(每克干土1.54×10~6-3.20×10~6拷贝数);秋季,pmo A基因丰度在施加NH_4Cl和(NH_4)_2SO_4处理小区(每克干土1.93×10~5-7.6×10~5拷贝数)与对照(每克干土(4.03×10~6±1.2×10~6)拷贝数)相比有所降低,尤其在(NH_4)_2SO_4处理小区(每克干土(4.61×10~5±2.61×10~5)拷贝数)显著降低;无论夏季还是秋季,施加不同形态氮处理土壤甲烷氧化菌均以Type I型为主(相对丰度在70.6%-85.4%之间),并以Methylobacter-group(Type I)为优势类群,占Type I型的55.1%-91.7%;Methylobacter-group(Type I)的相对丰度在夏季不同形态氮处理土壤样品中无显著差异,但秋季样品中在施加(NH_4)_2SO_4(52.7%±6.5%)和NH_4Cl(56.1%±8.9%)的处理显著低于对照土壤(77.0%±2.9%),Methylococcus-group(Type I)的相对丰度则在(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4Cl处理土壤呈增加的趋势。这些结果表明铵态氮肥添加对温带森林土壤甲烷氧化菌的生长具有抑制作用并导致其群落结构发生改变,受夏季温度和水分的影响,这种抑制作用在秋季表现更明显,而NO_3~--N添加对土壤甲烷氧化菌的群落组成和丰度无显著影响。这些结果解释了以往观测到的施铵态氮肥显著降低秋季温带林地土壤甲烷净吸收量,而在夏季无显著影响的观测结果,解释了长期氮沉降影响森林土壤甲烷吸收的微生物机制。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤胞外酶活性对碳输入变化及增温的响应

土壤胞外酶来源于土壤微生物、植物和动物, 是土壤生物地球化学过程的积极参与者, 在森林生态系统的物质循环和能量流动过程中扮演着重要角色。为探明土壤胞外酶活性对碳输入变化及增温的响应, 该研究基于长期增温、去除地表凋落物(以下简称去凋)和切根处理的云南哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林控制实验平台, 研究了不同处理(对照、去凋、切根、切根并增温)下表层矿质土壤(0-5和5-10 cm)与碳氮磷获取相关的胞外酶活性, 包括多酚氧化酶(POX)、过氧化物酶(PER)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和酸性磷酸酶(AP)。结合铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)含量、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量、溶解有机碳(DOC)含量、溶解总氮(DN)含量、土壤含水量(SWC)等相关指标, 探讨凋落物碳输入、根系碳输入和温度变化对土壤胞外酶活性及其生态化学计量特征的影响。研究结果表明: 在对照样方, 除POX外其余酶活性均为0-5 cm层显著高于5-10 cm层。与对照相比, 长期的凋落物去除显著降低了0-5 cm层土壤AP和BG活性, 对NAG、PER和POX活性则无显著影响; 长期切根处理显著降低了0-5 cm层土壤BG活性, 但提高了两个土层PER活性; 长期切根并增温处理显著降低了0-5 cm层AP和BG活性, 对其余酶活性无显著影响。冗余分析结果显示SWC和NH₄⁺-N含量是驱动土壤酶活性变化的重要因子。本研究为该生态系统土壤碳氮磷生物地球化学关键过程对全球变化的响应提供了土壤酶学的依据。     

Partitioning soil respiration of temperate forest ecosystems in northeastern China

Quantifying soil respiration components and their relations to environmental controls are essential to estimate both local and regional carbon (C) budgets of forest ecosystems. In this study, we used the trenching-plot and infrared gas exchange analyzer approaches to determine heterotrophic (R_H) and autotrophic respiration (R_A) in the soil surface CO₂ flux for six major temperate forest ecosystems in northeastern China. The ecosystems were: Mongolian oak forest (dominated by Quercus mongolica), aspen-birch forest (dominated by Populous davidiana and Betula platyphylla), mixed wood forest (composed of P. davidiana, B. platyphylla, Fraxinus mandshurica, Tilia amurensis, Acer amono, etc.), hardwood forest (dominated by F. mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, and Phellodendron amurense), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), and Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii) plantations, representing the typical secondary forest ecosystems in this region. Our specific objectives were to: (1) quantify R_H and its relationship with the environmental factors of the forest ecosystems, (2) characterize seasonal dynamics in the contribution of root respiration to total soil surface CO₂ flux (RC), and (3) compare annual CO₂ fluxes from R_H and R_A among the six forest ecosystems. Soil temperature, water content, and their interactions significantly affected R_H in the ecosystems and accounted for 46.5%–78.8% variations in R_H. However, the environmental controlling factors of R_H varied with ecosystem types: soil temperature in hardwood and Dahurian larch forest ecosystems, soil temperature, and water content in the others. The RC for hardwood, poplar-birch, mixed wood, Mongolian oak, Korean pine, and Dahurian larch forest ecosystems varied between 32.40%–51.44%, 39.72%–46.65%, 17.94%–47.74%, 34.31%–37.36%, 33.78%–37.02%, and 14.39%–35.75%, respectively. The annual CO₂ fluxes from R_H were significantly greater than those from R_A for all the ecosystems, ranging from 337–540 g Cm^-2a^-1 and 88‐331 gCm^-2a^-1 for R_H and R_A, respectively. The annual CO₂ fluxes from R_H and R_A differed significantly among the six forest ecosystems.     

东北东部森林生态系统土壤呼吸组分的分离量化

对森林生态系统的土壤呼吸组分进行分离和量化,确定不同组分CO2释放速率的控制因子,是估测局域和区域森林生态系统碳平衡研究中必不可少的内容。采用挖壕法和红外气体分析法测定无根和有根样地的土壤表面CO2通量(RS),确定东北东部6种典型森林生态系统RS中异养呼吸(RH)和根系自养呼吸(RA)的贡献量及其影响因子。具体研究目标包括:(1)量化各种生态系统的RH及其与主要环境影响因子的关系;(2)量化各种生态系统RS中根系呼吸贡献率(RC)的季节动态;(3)比较6种森林生态系统RH和RA的年通量。土壤温度、土壤含水量及其交互作用显著地影响森林生态系统的RH(R2=0.465~0.788),但其影响程度因森林生态系统类型而异。硬阔叶林和落叶松人工林的RH主要受土壤温度控制,其他生态系统RH受土壤温度和含水量的联合影响。各个森林生态系统类型的RC变化范围依次为:硬阔叶林32.40%~51.44%;杨桦林39.72%~46.65%;杂木林17.94%~47.74%;蒙古栎林34.31%~37.36%;红松人工林33.78%~37.02%;落叶松人工林14.39%~35.75%。每个生态系统类型RH年通量都显著高于RA年通量,其变化范围分别为337~540 gC.m-2.a-1和88~331 gC.m-2.a-1。不同生态系统间的RH和RA也存在着显著性差异。     

Effects of experimental drought on soil respiration and radiocarbon efflux from a temperate forest soil

Soil moisture affects microbial decay of SOM and rhizosphere respiration (RR) in temperate forest soils, but isolating the response of soil respiration (SR) to summer drought and subsequent wetting is difficult because moisture changes are often confounded with temperature variation. We distinguished between temperature and moisture effects by simulation of prolonged soil droughts in a mixed deciduous forest at the Harvard Forest, Massachusetts. Roofs constructed over triplicate 5 × 5 m² plots excluded throughfall water during the summers of 2001 (168 mm) and 2002 (344 mm), while adjacent control plots received ambient throughfall and the same natural temperature regime. In 2003, throughfall was not excluded to assess the response of SR under natural weather conditions after two prolonged summer droughts. Throughfall exclusion significantly decreased mean SR rate by 53 mg C m^?2 h^?1 over 84 days in 2001, and by 68 mg C m^?2 h^?1 over 126 days in 2002, representing 10–30% of annual SR in this forest and 35–75% of annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of C. The differences in SR were best explained by differences in gravimetric water content in the Oi horizon (r²=0.69) and the Oe/Oa horizon (r²=0.60). Volumetric water content of the A horizon was not significantly affected by throughfall exclusion. The radiocarbon signature of soil CO₂ efflux and of CO₂ respired during incubations of O horizon, A horizon and living roots allowed partitioning of SR into contributions from young C substrate (including RR) and from decomposition of older SOM. RR (root respiration and microbial respiration of young substrates in the rhizosphere) made up 43–71% of the total C respired in the control plots and 41–80% in the exclusion plots, and tended to increase with drought. An exception to this trend was an interesting increase in CO₂ efflux of radiocarbon‐rich substrates during a period of abundant growth of mushrooms. Our results suggest that prolonged summer droughts decrease primarily heterotrophic respiration in the O horizon, which could cause increases in the storage of soil organic carbon in this forest. However, the C stored during two summers of simulated drought was only partly released as increased respiration during the following summer of natural throughfall. We do not know if this soil C sink during drought is transient or long lasting. In any case, differential decomposition of the O horizon caused by interannual variation of precipitation probably contributes significantly to observed interannual variation of NEE in temperate forests.     

Responses of soil extracellular enzyme activities to carbon input alteration and warming in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

土壤胞外酶来源于土壤微生物、植物和动物, 是土壤生物地球化学过程的积极参与者, 在森林生态系统的物质循环和能量流动过程中扮演着重要角色。为探明土壤胞外酶活性对碳输入变化及增温的响应, 该研究基于长期增温、去除地表凋落物(以下简称去凋)和切根处理的云南哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林控制实验平台, 研究了不同处理(对照、去凋、切根、切根并增温)下表层矿质土壤(0-5和5-10 cm)与碳氮磷获取相关的胞外酶活性, 包括多酚氧化酶(POX)、过氧化物酶(PER)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和酸性磷酸酶(AP)。结合铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)含量、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量、溶解有机碳(DOC)含量、溶解总氮(DN)含量、土壤含水量(SWC)等相关指标, 探讨凋落物碳输入、根系碳输入和温度变化对土壤胞外酶活性及其生态化学计量特征的影响。研究结果表明: 在对照样方, 除POX外其余酶活性均为0-5 cm层显著高于5-10 cm层。与对照相比, 长期的凋落物去除显著降低了0-5 cm层土壤AP和BG活性, 对NAG、PER和POX活性则无显著影响; 长期切根处理显著降低了0-5 cm层土壤BG活性, 但提高了两个土层PER活性; 长期切根并增温处理显著降低了0-5 cm层AP和BG活性, 对其余酶活性无显著影响。冗余分析结果显示SWC和NH₄⁺-N含量是驱动土壤酶活性变化的重要因子。本研究为该生态系统土壤碳氮磷生物地球化学关键过程对全球变化的响应提供了土壤酶学的依据。     

Response of litter decomposition and related soil enzyme activities to different forms of nitrogen fertilization in a subtropical forest

With the continuing increase in the impact of human activities on ecosystems, ecologists are increasingly becoming interested in understanding the effects of nitrogen deposition on litter decomposition. At present, numerous studies have investigated the effects of single form of nitrogen fertilization on litter decomposition in forest ecosystems. However, forms of N deposition vary, and changes in the relative importance of different forms of N deposition are expected in the future. Thus, identifying the effects of different forms of N deposition on litter decomposition in forest ecosystems is a pressing task. In this study, two dominant litter types were chosen from Zijin Mountain in China: Quercus acutissima leaves from a late succession broad-leaved forest and Pinus massoniana needles from an early succession coniferous forest. The litter samples were incubated in microcosms with original forest soil and treated with four different forms of nitrogen fertilization [NH₄ ⁺, NO₃ ⁻, CO(NH₂)₂, and a mix of all three]. During a 5-month incubation period, litter mass losses, soil pH values, and soil enzyme activities were determined. Results show that all four forms of nitrogen fertilization significantly accelerate litter decomposition rates in the broadleaf forest, while only two forms of nitrogen fertilization [i.e., mixed nitrogen and CO(NH₂)₂] significantly accelerate litter decomposition rates in the coniferous forest. Litter decomposition rates with the mixed nitrogen fertilization were higher than those in any single form of nitrogen fertilization. All forms of nitrogen fertilization enhanced soil enzyme activities (i.e., catalase, cellulase, invertase, polyphenol oxidase, nitrate reductase, urease, and acid phosphatase) during the litter decomposition process for the two forest types. Soil enzyme activities under the mixed nitrogen fertilization were higher than those under any single form of nitrogen fertilization. These results suggest that the type and activity of the major degradative enzymes involved in litter decomposition vary in different forest types under different forms of nitrogen fertilization. They also indicate that a long-term consequence of N deposition-induced acceleration of litter decomposition rates in subtropical forests may be the release of carbon stored belowground to the atmosphere.     

Molecular evidence for the presence of novel actinomycete lineages in a temperate forest soil

PCR primers were designed to selectively recover partial (1100 bp) actinomycete 16S ribosomal DNA sequences from a temperate forest soil. A gene library was made and colony PCR was used to identify clones containing inserts. Unique clones were identified and partial or complete insert sequences were determined for 53 clones. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that 46 (87%) of the clones sampled contained 16S rDNA sequences which fell within the actinomycete radiation. The largest group of 34 sequences formed two closely related monophyletic groups in the 16S rRNA tree, which in turn formed a weakly supported sister group with the sequence fromActinomadura madurae. Four novel 16S rDNA lineages were detected inMycobacterium, one inPropionibacterium and one inCorynebacterium. Three novel sequences weakly grouped withSporichthya polymorpha. Two sequences formed an isolated lineage not closely related to any of the reference actinomycetes. Our results lend strong support to the hypothesis that cultured (and sequenced) actinomycetes do not adequately describe the diversity of this group in the environment.