青稞HbSnRK2.4的克隆及其序列特征与表达特性分析

干旱胁迫是制约农作物生产的重要限制因素之一,研究并增强作物的抗旱性具有重要意义。Sn RK2(Sucrose nonfermenting 1-related protein kinase 2)基因编码一类蔗糖非酵解型蛋白激酶,该酶在ABA信号转录途径和抗渗透胁迫中起着重要作用。以青稞(Hordeum vulgare subsp.vulgare)抗旱品种喜马拉雅10号为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了Sn RK2基因全长c DNA序列,命名为Hb Sn RK2.4(登录号:KJ699389)。生物信息学分析表明,该基因全长1 310 bp,编码362个氨基酸序列,蛋白分子量为41.94 k D,等电点(p I)为5.96。Prosite Scan分析结果表明,Hb Sn RK2.4含有多个干旱胁迫响应蛋白的作用位点,如酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点、酪氨酸激酶磷酸化位点、蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点及N-豆蔻酰化位点等。利用实时定量PCR方法研究了Hb Sn RK2.4在干旱胁迫条件下及复水后不同时间点的表达情况,发现Hb Sn RK2.4在土壤绝对含水量为33.4%时表达量最高,随着土壤绝对含水量的下降而下调表达;当达到作物正常生长所需的土壤绝对含水量时又开始上调表达;进行干旱胁迫后(15.5%)基因表达量下降;复水后8 h时恢复正常表达水平。     

发菜G6PDH基因(GND)克隆及其干旱胁迫下的差异表达分析

由GND编码的葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH)是戊糖磷酸途径的关键酶。为了解发菜GND分子信息以及对干旱胁迫的响应机制,该研究设计了特异性引物克隆发菜GND全长,进行序列分析、原核表达和MALDITOF-TOF/MS鉴定,并对干旱胁迫下发菜GND的差异表达水平和G6PDH活性进行分析。结果表明:(1)发菜GND全长1 431bp(GenBank登录号为KX553955),与点形念珠藻(73102)的GND核苷酸序列相似性为96%,G6PDH氨基酸相似性为98%;氨基酸序列中第26和27位的Ile疏水性最强,在第302位的Arg亲水性最强,Thr有19个磷酸化位点,Ser有18个磷酸化位点,Tys有5个磷酸化位点,二级结构和三级结构主要由α螺旋、β折叠、β转角和随机卷曲构成。(2)将GND基因进行原核表达,获得47.23kD的外源表达蛋白G6PDH。(3)随干旱胁迫程度加剧,GND在转录水平的表达量和G6PDH活性均逐渐增加。研究结果为进一步探讨干旱胁迫条件下发菜GND表达调控奠定了基础。     

沙鞭PvDREB基因克隆与表达特异性分析

基于沙鞭的三代转录组数据,该研究利用PCR技术克隆DREB基因,并对其进行生物信息学分析;采用实时荧光定量PCR分析该基因的表达模式以及在20%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫处理下的表达特征,以探讨干旱胁迫下沙鞭DREB转录因子的功能和作用,为揭示PvDREB基因响应沙鞭的耐旱分子机制奠定基础。结果表明：(1)成功克隆获得一个沙鞭DREB基因,命名为PvDREB;PvDREB基因编码区长度831 bp、编码276个氨基酸,含有典型的AP2转录因子保守结构域;PvDREB蛋白是亲水性蛋白,不具有信号肽结构,存在跨膜结构和可能的糖基化及磷酸化位点。(2)系统进化分析显示,PvDREB基因与毛竹的DREB亲缘关系较近。(3)亚细胞定位预测表明,PvDREB蛋白定位于线粒体和细胞核中。(4)qRT-PCR显示,沙鞭根、茎和叶中PvDREB均可诱导表达但差异较大,且在茎中表达量最高,叶中次之,根中最低,具有明显的组织特异性;20%PEG-6000模拟干旱下,PvDREB基因在叶中的表达量随干旱胁迫时间增加而增加,12 h时达到最高,之后逐渐下降。研究推测,沙鞭PvDREB基因受干旱胁迫诱导表达,且...     

沙冬青AmLEA5基因的生物信息学分析及非生物胁迫下的表达模式

本文对用固相扣除杂交方法从低温驯化沙冬青克隆得到的AmLEA5基因进行分子特性和表达模式分析,生物信息学分析表明该基因编码一种第5族胚胎晚期发生丰富蛋白（LEA）。AmLEA5基因全长693 bp,含有1个297 bp的开放阅读框,编码98个氨基酸,预测AmLEA5的分子量为10.6 kDa,是一种亲水性蛋白,有多个磷酸化位点。密码子偏好性分析表明该基因略偏好于用A或T结尾的密码子。系统发生分析表明,AmLEA5蛋白与蒺藜苜蓿LEA（ACJ84182.1）亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示AmLEA5的表达量在低温、干旱、盐和热胁迫条件下均有上调,尤其在低温胁迫后期富集量最高。亚细胞定位表明,用YFP标记的AmLEA5位于细胞质和细胞核内。一系列实验结果说明AmLEA5基因在沙冬青抵御非生物胁迫,尤其是在抵御低温胁迫机制中发挥重要作用。     

发菜磷酸葡糖胺变位酶(glmM)对干旱胁迫的响应及其基因克隆

glmM编码的磷酸葡糖胺变位酶是肽聚糖合成前体的关键酶。为探究发菜glmM响应干旱胁迫的表达调控机制及明确其分子信息,本研究对干旱胁迫条件下发菜glmM在转录水平的差异表达进行了分析,并对glmM的表达水平、磷酸化修饰、乙酰化修饰和琥珀酰化修饰水平进行了检测,克隆了发菜glmM,进行了序列分析和原核表达。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下,发菜glmM在转录水平上的表达量先增加后减少,glmM上调表达,glmM的磷酸化修饰水平逐渐增加,乙酰化修饰水平相对稳定,琥珀酰化修饰水平有明显变化。设计特异性引物克隆glmM基因,获得全长1416 bp发菜glmM基因,与肺衣(5183)glmM的核苷酸序列同源性为95%,氨基酸同源性为97%。将glmM在大肠杆菌中表达,获得一个51.45 kD的外源蛋白,MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS分析证明该蛋白为磷酸葡糖胺变位酶。研究结果为深入研究发菜glmM的分子信息、生物学功能及其响应干旱胁迫的分子机制提供帮助。     

丹参SmHB12基因生物信息学及表达分析

植物同源异型域-亮氨酸拉链Ⅰ(homeodomain-leucine zipperⅠ, HD-ZipⅠ)转录因子在响应非生物胁迫方面发挥了重要作用。本研究根据干旱胁迫下丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)幼苗根转录组数据,克隆获得丹参HB12(SmHB12)基因片段并进行测序验证,其开放阅读框长度603bp,编码200个氨基酸。蛋白理化性质分析表明蛋白质相对分子量为22.95 kDa,理论等电点为5.42,含有丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸磷酸化位点。亚细胞定位结果表明SmHB12蛋白定位于细胞核。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明SmHB12基因在不同组织中均有表达,花中表达量最高,其次是茎和叶,根中最低,并受脱落酸(ABA)和聚乙二醇-6000 (PEG-6000)胁迫强烈诱导。上述结果为后续开展SmHB12基因的功能研究提供理论依据。     

香蕉钙调蛋白基因MaCAM在非生物胁迫下的表达分析

为研究香蕉钙调蛋白基因MaCAM的功能,对香蕉幼苗进行盐、低温和干旱胁迫处理,利用荧光定量PCR技术分析香蕉根中钙调蛋白基因MaCAM在上述不同非生物胁迫条件下的表达特性.盐胁迫处理后MaCAM表达随时间延长为先增加后降低趋势,在处理4 h时表达量最高;低温胁迫处理后,MaCAM的表达量随温度降低呈梯度增加,在温度降至5℃时表达量在处理范围内达最大值;干旱胁迫处理后,MaCAM的表达量随胁迫程度增加也是呈梯度增加,重度干旱胁迫时在处理范围内表达量最高.说明香蕉中的钙调蛋白基因具有响应非生物胁迫的能力,可能在香蕉适应盐、低温和干旱等胁迫逆境中发挥重要作用,参与了香蕉幼苗抗逆性调控.     

紫花苜蓿MsCIPK8基因的克隆与表达分析

CIPK是植物中一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,在植物响应逆境胁迫中发挥着重要的作用。本研究根据盐碱胁迫下紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)转录组数据设计引物,通过RT-PCR克隆获得紫花苜蓿MsCIPK8基因,该基因CDS全长1341bp,编码446个氨基酸,编码蛋白相对分子质量50.73 kD,等电点6.72,具有CIPKS家族蛋白所特有的N端激酶域和C端NAF/FISL结构域。生物信息学分析结果显示,MsCIPK8为可溶性蛋白,二级结构多为无规矩卷曲;系统进化分析表明,紫花苜蓿MsCIPK8与蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula Gaertn.)MtCIPK8亲缘关系最近。两个蛋白序列比对发现存在4个差异位点,其中3个在保守结构域内。MsCIPK8在低温、干旱、盐和盐碱胁迫下表达量均受到诱导上调表达。低温胁迫下,MsCIPK8在根和叶中的表达量分别在12 h和3 h达到峰值;盐胁迫下,MsCIPK8在根中的表达量12 h达到峰值;盐碱胁迫下,根和叶中MsCIPK8的表达量在12 h后持续高表达;干旱胁迫下,MsCIPK8在根和叶中的表达量在12 h均达到峰值。上述结果表明MsCIPK8参与紫花苜蓿对干旱、低温、盐和盐碱等非生物胁迫的应答。     

朝鲜淫羊藿EkCDPK基因的克隆及表达分析

钙依赖蛋白激酶(Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase, CDPK)是在植物抗逆胁迫信号转导途径中起关键作用的酶。该研究采用RT-PCR结合RACE技术,从朝鲜淫羊藿(Epimedium koreanum Nakai)中克隆获得一个全长2 036 bp的钙依赖蛋白激酶基因(EkCDPK)。结果显示:(1)EkCDPK基因cDNA为1 410 bp,5′-UTR长387 bp, 3′-UTR长239 bp,编码469个氨基酸。EkCDPK蛋白保守结构域N端为S_TKc domain,C端为EF-hand domain,该蛋白具有1个CDPKs典型结构Ser/Thr蛋白激酶活性位点、1个ATP位点、4个Ca~(2+)结合位点、1个跨膜结构域、无信号肽的稳定亲水性蛋白质,二级结构主要由α-螺旋(43.71%)和无规则卷曲(37.10%)构成。(2)系统进化分析表明,EkCDPK与菘蓝CDPK蛋白表现出较高相似性(95%)。(3)实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,EkCDPK基因在根、茎、叶与花组织中均有表达,根中表达量最高,茎次之;干旱胁迫后15 h内表达量显著高于对照组,之后表达量开始下降;盐胁迫5、15和25 h后EkCDPK基因表达量均明显高于对照组。(4)成功构建了pET-28a-EkCDPK原核表达载体,诱导出约50 kD蛋白质,与预测大小一致,表明重组蛋白EkCDPK表达成功,为采用基因工程手段提高朝鲜淫羊藿抗逆性能研究奠定了基础。     

毛尖紫萼藓超氧化物歧化酶基因GpSOD的克隆及表达分析

超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)在植物中普遍存在,具有清除自由基、维持活性氧代谢平衡的功能,在植物抗逆中发挥着重要的作用。本研究以耐旱能力极强的毛尖紫萼藓(Grimmia pilifera)为试材,采用RACE技术克隆获得1个超氧化物歧化酶基因SOD的cDNA序列,命名为GpSOD(GenBank登录号:GU989312)。该基因全长726 bp,编码区为465 bp,编码154个氨基酸。序列分析表明:该基因编码蛋白是非分泌性疏水蛋白,具有2个铜锌超氧化物歧化酶位点,属于Sod Cu基因家族,与其他植物超氧化物歧化酶的同源性为68.8%~86.8%。实时定量PCR检测结果显示,虽然GpSOD在干旱及复水条件下均有表达,但GpSOD受干旱诱导表达明显,且复水处理抑制其表达,表明GpSOD蛋白与毛尖紫萼藓响应干旱胁迫的过程密切相关,该结果为进一步寻找高效抗氧化胁迫基因提供前提条件。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.