四个脂肪酸合成酶基因在哺乳动物细胞中的超表达提高长链多不饱和脂肪酸生物合成效率

DHA(22:6n-3)、EPA(20:5n-3)和ARA(20:4n-6)三种长链多不饱和脂肪酸在生物体内活性最强,它们在促进大脑发育和功能维持以及在预防和治疗心血管疾病、炎症、癌症等多种疾病方面有着重要作用。然而,尽管哺乳动物体内有完整的长链多不饱和脂肪酸合成酶系,但哺乳动物合成这些长链多不饱和脂肪酸的效率很低而主要依赖于食物获取。本研究应用转基因方法,将哺乳动物来源的Δ6和Δ5脂肪酸去饱和酶以及Δ6和Δ5脂肪酸延长酶这4种酶的编码基因构建成为一个多基因表达载体,然后转染哺乳动物细胞HEK293T,实现了4个目的基因的超表达,再通过气质联用(GC-MS)分析证实了DHA、EPA和ARA等长链多不饱和脂肪酸的合成效率及水平显著增加,DHA的水平更是提高了2.5倍。由此可见,哺乳动物具有某种抑制长链多不饱和脂肪酸高水平合成的机制,但通过Δ6和Δ5脂肪酸去饱和酶以及Δ6和Δ5脂肪酸延长酶的超表达,能够打破哺乳动物这种抑制机制,从而显著提高DHA、EPA、ARA等的合成水平。同时,本研究的思路也为在转基因动物中生产长链多不饱和脂肪酸提供了重要的启示。     

转基因哺乳动物细胞自合成多不饱和脂肪酸

亚油酸、亚麻酸是哺乳动物体内的必需脂肪酸,但哺乳动物由于缺乏△12和ω-3脂肪酸脱氢酶而自身不能合成．△12和ω-3脂肪酸脱氢酶存在于真菌、植物和一些低等动物中．为了实现哺乳动物细胞亚油酸的自身合成,克隆了线虫编码△12脂肪酸脱氢酶的FAT-2基因eDNA序列,通过优化密码子,构建真核表达载体,稳定转染细胞,经抗生素筛选获得稳定整合FAT-2基因的CHO细胞．PCR和RNA印迹（Northern blot）验证了基因的整合和表达．气相色谱分析细胞的脂肪酸含量表明,FAT-2基因的表达显著提高了转基因细胞中亚油酸的含量,亚油酸含量为阴性对照细胞的2．4倍．研究结果表明,低等动物△12脂肪酸脱氢酶可以重建哺乳动物多不饱和脂肪酸合成途径,并利用细胞中的油酸合成亚油酸．上述研究为进一步利用转基因技术促进农业动物合成多不饱和脂肪酸从而提高食品营养价值奠定基础．     

二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的生物合成途径研究进展

以二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)为代表的长链多不饱和脂肪酸,对人体心血管系统、神经系统、抗炎免疫系统等有着理想的功效,因而倍受研究者关注。我们从结构、生物来源和合成、生理功能及生物工程途径的研究现状等方面阐述了EPA和DHA的相关信息,并对其生成途径中涉及的酶进行了简要概述。     

利用PiggyBac转座子系统构建表达Δ15 Des酶活性的转基因小鼠

必需脂肪酸为人体健康和生命所必需,但机体自身不能合成,研究表明ω-3族脂肪酸对人体的生理功能有更加积极的影响。哺乳动物体内缺乏ω-3去饱和酶的基因,来自线虫Caenorhabditis elegans的Δ15-脂肪酸去饱和酶(Δ15Des)可以将体内ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs)转化为ω-3 PUFAs。利用PiggyBac转座子(PB)系统构建表达Δ15 Des酶活性的转基因小鼠可以在较短时间内繁育出稳定遗传的纯合子转基因小鼠,整合率高达35.1%。饲料中添加6%ω-6 PUFAs饲喂小鼠,通过气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)检测小鼠体内脂肪酸的变化,荧光定量PCR(quantitative PCR,qPCR)和蛋白免疫印迹(Western blotting, WB)来检测Δ15 Des在小鼠体内的表达水平。从qPCR和GC结果分析,阳性小鼠的基因活性率为61.53%,与传统方法相比,Δ15 Des的转入效率及活性都显著提高,且纯合子比杂合子表达更高的活性,进一步验证了PiggyBac转座子系统高效...     

脂肪酸去饱和酶的研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸由于其在生物体内具有重要的生物活性而越来越受到研究者的关注,特别是n-3系列的脂肪酸EPA（二十碳五烯酸）和DHA（二十二碳六烯酸）。脂肪酸去饱和酶在多不饱和脂肪酸的生物合成过程中起着重要的作用,本文对其目前研究进展进行了阐述。     

Elovl5转基因果蝇产生更长链的脂肪酸

大多数昆虫体内的多不饱和脂肪酸 (Polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs) 主要是碳链长为18个碳原子的多不饱和脂肪酸 (C18-PUFAs),几乎不含价值更高、生物活性更强的C20、C22等长链的多不饱和脂肪酸。文中利用黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) 作为生物模型,将来源于小鼠的Δ6-脂肪酸延长酶Elovl5基因优化后转移到果蝇中使其表达。结果表明通过显微注射法成功将含有Elovl5基因的载体导入果蝇胚胎中,在荧光显微镜下检测到在果蝇整个发育阶段均有增强型绿色荧光蛋白 (Enhanced green fluorescent protein,EGFP) 表达,同时Elovl5基因的表达显著地促使果蝇体内C18多不饱和脂肪酸向着更长链多不饱和脂肪酸的生物合成方向转化。使用转基因技术得到体内富含C20、C22等长链多不饱和脂肪酸的转基因果蝇模型,将为进一步开展果蝇多不饱和脂肪酸生物合成的机制提供研究基础。     

来源于线虫Caenorhabditis briggssae 的ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因的合成及其功能分析

ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸(ω-3PUFAs)是一类被广泛研究和关注的脂肪酸,对人类及其他哺乳动物的正常发育和保持良好的健康状况极其重要,并且对于人类的多种疾病的预防和治疗亦有着明显的作用。在人和哺乳动物体内,ω-3PUFAs的含量与ω-6PUFAs(其代谢方式和功能与前者不同,通常其作用也相反)相比很低。而对于人体,无论ω-3PUFAs的过低还是ω-6PUFAs的过高都会带来极为不利的影响。所以人们一直在努力寻求提高人体中ω-3PUFAs含量的途径或者大量生产ω-3PUFAs的方法。本研究经过密码子优化后,用化学合成的方法获得了C.briggsae的ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因sFat-1,并构建了哺乳动物细胞表达载体pcDNA3.1-sFat1-EGFP,通过脂质体转染了CHO细胞系并对其进行抗性筛选获得稳定转染细胞株。对稳定转染sFat-1细胞株的RT-PCR分析及脂肪酸组成的GC-MS分析表明,sFat1基因完全能够在CHO细胞中表达和发挥其ω-3去饱和酶的作用,即促使ω-6系列不饱和脂肪酸转变为相应的ω-3系列不饱和脂肪酸(从十八碳到二十二碳)。ω-6不饱和脂肪酸总量从48.97%下降到35.29%,而ω-3不饱和脂肪酸总量则相应地从7.86%上升到24.02%。ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸和ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值从正常细胞中的6.23下降到转染细胞中的1.47。这说明C.briggsae的ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因sFat-1的合成是成功的,试验所获得的结果为今后的进一步的研究或应用其大量生产ω-3PUFAs奠定了基础。     

实时荧光定量 PCR 检测皱纹盘鲍 Δ5 脂肪酸去饱和酶基因表达方法的建立及应用简

研究以皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)体内存在的2条Δ5 Fad(Hdhfad1和Hdhfad2)为目的基因,β-肌动蛋白(β-actin)和核糖体蛋白S9(Ribosomal protein S9,RPS9)为内参基因,应用2–ΔΔCt方法建立了实时荧光定量PCR(Real-Time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)检测体系,并应用此体系分析了鲍鱼肌肉组织Δ5 Fad在不同饲料处理下的表达差异。实验饲料含有不同的脂肪源,分别是棕榈酸甘油酯(Tripalmitin,TP饲料)、富含二十碳四烯酸(Arachidonic acid,ARA)的油脂(AO饲料)和富含二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)的油脂(EO饲料)。结果表明:针对Hdhfad1、Hdhfad2、β-actin和RPS9所设计的引物特异性强。各引物对的PCR扩增效率(Efficiency,E)分别为1.05、0.99、0.97和0.98,满足2–ΔΔCt方法对E的要求。当退火温度为52℃,反应体积为25μL时,RT-qPCR的扩增效果最好。所建立的体系能够准确定量Δ5 Fad的基因表达。利用该方法分析Δ5 Fad在不同饲料处理下的表达结果显示,与TP对照组相比,EO和AO饲料显著降低了鲍鱼肌肉组织Δ5 Fad(Hdhfad1和Hdhfad2)的表达量。     

来源于线虫Caenorhabditis briggssae的ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因

ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（ω-3 PUFAs）是一类被广泛研究和关注的脂肪酸,对人类及其他哺乳动物的正常发育和保持良好的健康状况极其重要,并且对于人类的多种疾病的预防和治疗亦有着明显的作用。在人和哺乳动物体内,ω-3 PUFAs的含量与ω-6 PUFAs（其代谢方式和功能与前者不同,通常其作用也相反）相比很低。而对于人体,无论ω-3 PUFAs的过低还是ω-6 PUFAs的过高都会带来极为不利的影响。所以人们一直在努力寻求提高人体中ω-3 PUFAs含量的途径或者大量生产ω-PUFAs的方法。本研究经过密码子优化后,用化学合成的方法获得了C.briggsae的ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因sFat-1,并构建了哺乳动物细胞表达载体pcDNA31-sFat1-EGFP,通过脂质体转染了CHO细胞系并对其进行抗性筛选获得稳定转染细胞株。对稳定转染sFat-1细胞株的RT-PCR分析及脂肪酸组成的GC-MS分析表明,sFat1基因完全能够在CHO细胞中表达和发挥其ω-3去饱和酶的作用,即促使ω-6系列不饱和脂肪酸转变为相应的ω-3系列不饱和脂肪酸（从十八碳到二十二碳）。Ω-6不饱和脂肪酸总量从48.97%下降到35.29%,而ω-3不饱和脂肪酸总量则相应地从7.86%上升到24.02%。Ω-6多不饱和脂肪酸和ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值从正常细胞中的6.23下降到转染细胞中的1.47。这说明C.briggsae的ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶基因sFat-1的合成是成功的,试验所获得的结果为今后的进一步的研究或应用其大量生产ω-3PUFAs奠定了基础。     

The synthesis and accumulation of stearidonic acid in transgenic plants: a novel source of 'heart-healthy' omega-3 fatty acids

Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have a proven role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and precursor disease states such as metabolic syndrome. Although most studies have focussed on the predominant omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid), recent evidence suggests similar health benefits from their common precursor, stearidonic acid. Stearidonic acid is a Δ6-unsaturated C18 omega-3 fatty acid present in a few plant species (mainly the Boraginaceae and Primulaceae ) reflecting the general absence of Δ6-desaturation from higher plants. Using a Δ6-desaturase from Primula vialii , we generated transgenic Arabidopsis and linseed lines accumulating stearidonic acid in their seed lipids. Significantly, the P. vialii Δ6-desaturase specifically only utilises α-linolenic acid as a substrate, resulting in the accumulation of stearidonic acid but not omega-6 γ-linolenic acid. Detailed lipid analysis revealed the accumulation of stearidonic acid in neutral lipids such as triacylglycerol but an absence from the acyl-CoA pool. In the case of linseed, the achieved levels of stearidonic acid (13.4% of triacylglycerols) are very similar to those found in the sole natural commercial plant source ( Echium spp.) or transgenic soybean oil. However, both those latter oils contain γ-linolenic acid, which is not normally present in fish oils and considered undesirable for heart-healthy applications. By contrast, the stearidonic acid-enriched linseed oil is essentially devoid of this fatty acid. Moreover, the overall omega-3/omega-6 ratio for this modified linseed oil is also significantly higher. Thus, this nutritionally enhanced linseed oil may have superior health-beneficial properties.     

DHA合成途径中关键酶基因在毕赤酵母中的表达研究

DHA（二十二碳六烯酸）是人体所需的一种非常重要的多不饱和脂肪酸,主要存在于深海鱼类和海洋微藻类生物中。由于高等植物自身不能合成DHA,因此通过基因工程方法在作物(如玉米)中表达DHA,将会成为最健康的DHA来源,同时也能够减轻人类对海洋资源的破坏。从深海藻类中挑选了5个DHA合成途径中的关键酶基因,分别是Δ4脱饱和酶基因（D4）、Δ5脱饱和酶基因（D5）、Δ6脱饱和酶基因（D6）、C18延长酶基因（E18）和C20延长酶基因（E20）。密码子优化并合成这5个基因,为确定优化后的核苷酸序列是否能在真核生物中正确表达,以pPIC9K为基础载体连入目的基因转化到毕赤酵母GS115 (His4+MUts)中进行表达分析。结果表明,这些基因在甲醇诱导96 h后蛋白表达量最大,Western Blot结果表明表达产物为目的蛋白。该结果为进一步培育能够自身合成DHA的作物奠定了基础。     

Enhancement of polyunsaturated fatty acid production by cerulenin treatment in polyunsaturated fatty acid-producing bacteria

When docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-producing Moritella marina strain MP-1 was cultured in the medium containing 0.5 μ g cerulenin ml⁻¹, an inhibitor for fatty acid biosynthesis, the cells grew normally, but the␣content of DHA in the total fatty acids increased from 5.9–19.4%. The DHA yield of M. marina strain MP-1 cells also increased from 4 to 13.7 mg l⁻¹ by cerulenin treatment. The same effect of cerulenin was observed in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-producing Shewanella marinintestina strain IK-1 grown in the medium containing 7.5 μg cerulenin ml⁻¹, and the cerulenin treatment increased the EPA yield from 1.6 to 8 mg l⁻¹. The use of cerulenin is, therefore, advantageous to increase the content of intracellular polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in particular PUFA-containing phospholipids in bacterial cells.An erratum to this article can be found at .     

Influence of testosterone on polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Sertoli cells in culture

Sertoli cells play a central role in spermatogenesis, its development and regulation. They are target cells for androgen action in the seminiferous tubules. The Sertoli cell is considered to be the most important cell type in the testis with regard to essential fatty acid metabolism. We studied the response to testosterone of cultured Sertoli cells from immature rats by determining the fatty acid composition of total cellular lipids as well as by the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acid methyl esters were analysed by gas liquid chromatography and radiochromatography. Two doses of testosterone were tested (150 and 300 ng ml(-1)). Significant differences were found in fatty acids derived from total cellular lipids after 8 days in culture in the presence of testosterone (300 ng ml(-1), for 48 h). Compared to controls, the hormone produced a significant increase of 16:1 and 18:1 n-9, and of 18:2 n-6, and a decrease of 20:4 and 22:5 n-6 in total cellular lipids. The decrease in the n-6 fatty acid ratios 20:4/20:3, 20:4/18:2 and 24:5/24:4, and the increase in 18:1n-9/18:0 and 16:1n-9/16:0 ratios were taken as an indirect signal of testosterone effects on Delta5, Delta6 and Delta9 desaturase activities. The drop in Delta5 and Delta6 desaturase activities was corroborated by analysing the transformation of [1-14C]20:3 n-6 into its higher homologues. We concluded that testosterone modifies the fatty acid pattern of cultured Sertoli cells, and this hormone is involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, modulating Delta5 and Delta6 desaturases activity.     

Effect of different contents of extruded linseed in the sow diet on piglet fatty acid composition and hepatic desaturase expression during the post-natal period

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) contribute to the normal growth and development of numerous organs in the piglet. The fatty acid composition of piglet tissues is linked to the fatty acid composition of sow milk and, consequently, to the composition of sow diet during the gestation and lactation period. In this study, we investigated the impact of different contents of extruded linseed in the sow diet on the fatty acid composition and desaturase gene expression of piglets. Sows received a diet containing either sunflower oil (low 18:3n-3 with 18:3n-3 representing 3% of total fatty acids) or a mixture of extruded linseed and sunflower oil (medium 18:3n-3 with 9% of 18:3n-3) or extruded linseed (high 18:3n-3 with 27% of 18:3n-3) during gestation and lactation. Fatty acid composition was evaluated on sow milk and on different piglet tissues at days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. The postnatal evolution of delta5 (D5D) and delta6 (D6D) desaturase mRNA expression was also measured in the liver of low 18:3n-3 and high 18:3n-3 piglets. The milk of high 18:3n-3 sows had higher proportions of n-3PUFA than that of low 18:3n-3 and medium 18:3n-3 sows. Piglets suckling the high 18:3n-3 sows had greater proportions of 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in the liver, and of 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 in the brain than low 18:3n-3 and medium 18:3n-3 piglets. D5D and D6D mRNA expressions in piglet liver were not affected by the maternal diet at any age. In conclusion, extruded linseed in the sow diet modifies the n-3PUFA status of piglets during the postnatal period. However, a minimal content of 18:3n-3 in the sow diet is necessary to increase the n-3PUFA level in piglet liver and brain. Moreover, modifications in the n-3PUFA fatty acid composition of piglet tissue seem linked to the availability of 18:3n-3 in maternal milk and not to desaturase enzyme expression.     

海洋破囊壶菌Thraustochytrium sp. FJN-10 DHA生物合成 途径相关延长酶的克隆与表达

二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)是具有各种重要生理功能的高度不饱和脂肪酸.以海洋真菌Thraustochytrium sp.FJN-10为研究对象,利用RT-PCR结合RACE,获得了两个碳链延长酶(TFD6和TFD5)的完整基因,其中TFD6 cDNA全长816 bp,编码271个氨基酸;TFD5 cDNA全长831 bp,编码276个氨基酸.将TFD6、TFD5酶切后分别连接到HindⅢ/Xba Ⅰ处理过的pYES2载体,醋酸锂法转化酿酒酵母感受态细胞,成功构建了延长酶酵母表达系统.气相色谱分析表明TFD6可延长C18:3n-6至C20:3n-6,TFD5可延长C20:5n-3至C22:5n-3.     

DHA高产菌Schizochytrium sp.FJU-512脂肪酸组成与18S rRNA基因序列分析

采用松花粉垂钓法分离到一株docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)高产菌FJU-512。该菌株DHA含量高(占总脂肪酸的56．24％),其它长链杂酸含量少(仅有Docosapentraenoic acid,二十二碳五烯酸,DPA),极具开发应用价值。高密度培养获得33g／L生物量。该菌株呈二分裂生长,没有分生孢子。对其18S rRNA基因进行了克隆测序并登录GenBank(AY758384)。依据18S rRNA基因建立的系统进化树表明：该菌与Schizochytrium limacinum具有紧密的亲缘关系。     

Successful high‐level accumulation of fish oil omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop

Omega‐3 (also called n‐3) long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥C20; LC‐PUFAs) are of considerable interest, based on clear evidence of dietary health benefits and the concurrent decline of global sources (fish oils). Generating alternative transgenic plant sources of omega‐3 LC‐PUFAs, i.e. eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n‐3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n‐3, DHA) has previously proved problematic. Here we describe a set of heterologous genes capable of efficiently directing synthesis of these fatty acids in the seed oil of the crop Camelina sativa, while simultaneously avoiding accumulation of undesirable intermediate fatty acids. We describe two iterations: RRes_EPA in which seeds contain EPA levels of up to 31% (mean 24%), and RRes_DHA, in which seeds accumulate up to 12% EPA and 14% DHA (mean 11% EPA and 8% DHA). These omega‐3 LC‐PUFA levels are equivalent to those in fish oils, and represent a sustainable, terrestrial source of these fatty acids. We also describe the distribution of these non‐native fatty acids within C. sativa seed lipids, and consider these data in the context of our current understanding of acyl exchange during seed oil synthesis.