聚丙烯酰胺微生物降解研究进展

聚丙烯酰胺是一类重要的水溶性高分子聚合物,已广泛应用到工农业生产的各个领域和人们的日常生活中。由于具有良好的理化特性,一直被认为是安全、无毒和稳定的,所以有关其在自然界中的降解及其可能产生毒性的研究在很长一段时期内被忽视。事实上,聚丙烯酰胺在环境中的残留、迁移、降解对环境具有潜在危害性。目前,其应用范围和规模正呈现快速增长趋势,而其研究多集中在其合成和应用方面,对聚丙烯酰胺的降解尤其是生物降解研究极少。     

聚丙烯酰胺微生物降解研究进展

聚丙烯酰胺是一类重要的水溶性高分子聚合物,已广泛应用到工农业生产的各个领域和人们的日常生活中。由于具有良好的理化特性,一直被认为是安全、无毒和稳定的,所以有关其在自然界中的降解及其可能产生毒性的研究在很长一段时期内被忽视。事实上,聚丙烯酰胺在环境中的残留、迁移、降解对环境具有潜在危害性。目前,其应用范围和规模正呈现快速增长趋势,而其研究多集中在其合成和应用方面,对聚丙烯酰胺的降解尤其是生物降解研究极少。     

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)防治土壤风蚀的研究进展

在我国西北地区,风蚀是造成土地退化的主要影响因素之一.聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)是一种高效的土壤结构改良剂.因其具有特殊的物理化学性质,可以与土壤作用而改善土壤表层结构,近年来一直受到人们的广泛关注.本文介绍了PAM的物理化学性质,详细论述了PAM对土壤风蚀量、起动风速的影响,及PAM在风蚀防治中的不同使用量、使用方法和效果,及其与其他材料的对比,并通过PAM对土壤物理性质的改善进一步分析PAM防治风蚀的机理.综合分析得出,虽然PAM在风蚀防治中存在一些问题,但作为一种固沙剂,它不仅能提高土壤抗风蚀的能力,而且也能改善土壤的物理性状,可为植物生长创造良好的水土条件;提出若在风蚀治理和改良城市环境中将PAM与植物种植相结合,将能大大提高植物的成活率、改善风蚀区的风蚀状况和生态环境工程建设的质量.因此,PAM在防治风蚀方面具有重要的现实意义和广阔的应用前景.     

聚丙烯酰胺板状凝胶的简单干燥方法

我们依据组织逐级脱水的原理,经过摸索得到一种经济简单的凝胶干燥方法,特别是解决了浓度较高(10％—15％)凝胶和3％—25％梯度凝胶的干燥,可将聚丙烯酰胺板状凝胶干燥成一张平整、透明的干胶片,可直接照相或用感光胶片直接印制成负片。现将方法介绍如下:     

从非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶回收纯化DNA样本

介绍一种从非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中回收和纯化目标DNA片段的方法,经比较回收纯化前后PCR产物的电泳结果,表明该方法具有简单快捷和效率高的优点。     

一种简易的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶干胶制作法

在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳中经常遇到凝胶干胶制作不好的问题,即使在有干胶机的实验室也常发生凝胶裂开、皱缩、电泳条带扩散、干胶质量不理想的情况,一些文献介绍的方法也常发生类似问题。我们在干胶的方法上作了一些摸索和改进,总结出一种简易的、     

聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的快速脱色方法

以牛血清白蛋白为材料进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)和十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE),凝胶固定后,用考马斯亮蓝R-250染色后比较传统脱色液(冰乙酸-甲醇溶液)和不同盐溶液(NACL、KCL、CUCL2)的脱色效果的结果表明:PAGE和SDS-PAGE胶,0.25和0.5MOL·L-1NACL,在70℃(PAGE)、50℃(SDS-PAGE)下脱色,约2￣4H,效果好,灵敏度高,背景低。     

聚丙烯酰胺凝胶快速、高效银染方法的建立

摘要: 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳目前已经广泛应用在SSR标记、SNP标记以及遗传图谱的构建等过程中, 但是一直以来凝胶银染方法由于染色时间长、染色步骤繁琐, 使得对于开展大批量的实验研究极为不利。文章通过对常规方法的改良, 建立了一个银染步骤只需要10 min, 整个染胶过程只需约20 min的快速、高效的银染方法。     

不同阶段乙型流行性感冒病毒核酸的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图

本文应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE),比较了7株不同阶段乙型流感病毒代表株的核酸电泳迁移率,发现不同阶段毒株的PAGE基因图是不同的。这种差别与乙型流感病毒血清学的结果基本相符。     

聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的一种辅助辨型方法

聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)是实验室常用的基本鉴定方法之一.但由于做胶方式以及各实验室仪器设备良莠不齐,经过一系列纷繁复杂的操作,电泳结果未必尽如人意.其中凝胶带型的判断就是一个较为困惑的问题,一般的聚丙烯酰胺胶跑出的条带总体上都有弧度,越是靠近凝胶两侧越是严重.在本实验中,我们设计了一种较为简单易行的方案,即将难以区分的条带样品做成混合样marker来辅助辨型,通过调整电压和凝胶浓度来达到区分条带的目的.我们用该方案可以将相差0～3 bp大小的条带区分开来.     

Responsive systems for cell sheet detachment

Cell sheet engineering has been progressing rapidly during the past few years and has emerged as a novel approach for cell based therapy. Cell sheet harvest technology enables fabrication of viable, transplantable cell sheets for various tissue engineering applications. Currently, the majority of cell sheet studies use thermo-responsive systems for cell sheet detachment. However, other responsive systems began showing their potentials for cell sheet harvest. This review provides an overview of current techniques in creating cell sheets using different types of responsive systems including thermo-responsive, electro-responsive, photo-responsive, pH-responsive and magnetic systems. Their mechanism, approach, as well as applications for cell detachment have been introduced. Further development of these responsive systems will allow efficient cell sheet harvesting and patterning of cells to reconstruct complex tissue for broad clinical applications.     

Heparin-functionalized thermoresponsive surface

Temperature-dependent regulation of affinity binding between bioactive ligands and their cell membrane receptors is an attractive approach for the dynamic control of cellular adhesion, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and signal transduction. Covalent conjugation of bioactive ligands onto thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm)-grafted surfaces facilitates the modulation of one-on-one affinity binding between bioactive ligands and cellular receptors by changing temperature. For the dynamic control of the multivalent affinity binding between heparin and heparin-binding proteins, thermoresponsive cell culture surface modified with heparin, which interacts with heparin-binding proteins such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), has been proposed. Heparin-functionalized thermoresponsive cell culture surface induces (1) the multivalent affinity binding of bFGF in active form and (2) accelerating cell sheet formation in the state of shrunken PIPAAm chains at 37°C. By lowering temperature to 20°C, the affinity binding between bFGF and immobilized heparin is reduced with increasing the mobility of heparin and the swollen PIPAAm chains, leading to the detachment of cultured cells. Therefore, heparin-functionalized thermoresponsive cell culture surface was able to enhance cell proliferation and detach confluent cells as a contiguous cell sheet by changing temperature. A cell cultivation system using heparin-functionalized thermoresponsive cell culture surface is versatile for immobilizing other heparin-binding proteins such as vascular endothelial growth factor, fibronectin, antithrombin III, and hepatocyte growth factor, etc. for tuning the adhesion, growth, and differentiation of various cell species.     

Additional stabilization of stem bromelain coupled to a thermosensitive polymer by uniform orientation and using polyclonal antibodies

Stem bromelain was covalently coupled to a thermosensitive polymer of N-isopropylacrylamide (p(NIPAm)) either through the amino groups of the enzyme (randomly coupled) or via the lone oligosaccharide chain (uniformly coupled). The enzyme coupled via the oligosaccharide chain exhibited better access to the substrate casein as compared to the preparation in which the amino groups formed the point of contact between the enzyme and the polymer. Native bromelain exhibited a pH optimum of 8.0 and a broad pH-activity profile. The polymer-coupled preparations exhibited broader pH-activity profiles and shifting of pH optimum to 10.0 at 35°C. At 25°C, the shifting of pH optimum was observed for the randomly coupled enzyme only. The temperature-activity profiles of bromelain coupled to p(NIPAm) also showed appreciable broadening and the preparations retained greater fraction of maximum activity above the temperature optimum. The optimum temperature of the uniformly oriented preparation also rose to 70°C. Inactivation rates of the polymer-coupled bromelain were remarkably low at 60°C as compared to the native protease, and binding of antibromelain antibodies improved the resistance to inactivation of the polymer-coupled preparations. The cleavage patterns of hemoglobin and IgG by the native bromelain and the polymer-coupled preparations were comparable. Published in Russian in Biokhimiya, 2007, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 375–382.     

Affinity thermoprecipitatin: Contribution of the efficiency of ligand-protein interaction and access of the ligand

Conjugates to two thermoprecipitating polymers, poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) and poly(N-isopropylacrylmide), with soybean trypsin inhibitor, Cibacron Blue 3GA, Cu-iminodiacetic acid, and p-aminobenzamidine were synthesized. The interaction of these conjugates with trypsin and lactate dehydrogenase was studied. Coupling of the ligand to a polymer resulted in a 100-1000-fold decrease in enzyme-affinity. Rough theoretical estimates revealed that a successful affinity precipitation required that the binding of a target protein and a ligand coupled to a polymer have binding constants on the order of 10(-7)-10(-8) M. Such strong affinity of low molecular weight ligands that can provide binding constants of 10(-9)-10(-11) M or alternatively multipoint attachment of the target protein molecule. The ligand in the ligand-polymer conjugate is still accessible to the protein after thermoprecipitation, and the latter can bind with the particle of the dispersion of thermoprecipitated ligand-polymer precipitate may result in stripping of enzyme molecules from the surface of the particles. (c) 1993 Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Poly(2-oxazoline) hydrogels as next generation three-dimensional cell supports

Synthetic hydrogels selectively decorated with cell adhesion motifs are rapidly emerging as promising substrates for 3D cell culture. When cells are grown in 3D they experience potentially more physiologically relevant cell–cell interactions and physical cues compared with traditional 2D cell culture on stiff surfaces. A newly developed polymer based on poly(2-oxazoline)s has been used for the first time to control attachment of fibroblast cells and is discussed here for its potential use in 3D cell culture with particular focus on cancer cells toward the ultimate aim of high-throughput screening of anticancer therapies. Advantages and limitations of using poly(2-oxazoline) hydrogels are discussed and compared with more established polymers, especially polyethylene glycol (PEG).     

Poly(2-oxazoline) hydrogels as next generation three-dimensional cell supports

Synthetic hydrogels selectively decorated with cell adhesion motifs are rapidly emerging as promising substrates for 3D cell culture. When cells are grown in 3D they experience potentially more physiologically relevant cell–cell interactions and physical cues compared with traditional 2D cell culture on stiff surfaces. A newly developed polymer based on poly(2-oxazoline)s has been used for the first time to control attachment of fibroblast cells and is discussed here for its potential use in 3D cell culture with particular focus on cancer cells toward the ultimate aim of high-throughput screening of anticancer therapies. Advantages and limitations of using poly(2-oxazoline) hydrogels are discussed and compared with more established polymers, especially polyethylene glycol (PEG).     

Aqueous polymer two-phase systems formed by new thermoseparating polymers

A set of new polymers that can be used as phase forming components in aqueous two-phase systems is presented. All polymers studied have thermoseparating properties i.e. form one separate polymer enriched phase and one aqueous solution when heated above the critical temperature. This property makes the polymers attractive alternatives to the polymers used in traditional aqueous two-phase systems such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dextran. The thermal phase separation simplifies recycling of the polymers, thus making the aqueous two-phase systems more cost efficient and suitable for use in large scale. Thermoseparating polymers studied have been copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (EO-PO), poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (poly-NIPAM), poly vinyl caprolactam (poly-VCL) and copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide and vinyl caprolactam with vinyl imidazole (poly(NIPAM-VI) and poly(VCL-VI), respectively). In addition, the copolymer poly(NIPAM-VI) has the property to be uncharged at pH above 7.0 and positively charged at lower pH. This allows the partitioning of protein to be directed by changing the pH in the system instead of the traditional addition of salt to direct the partitioning. Hydrophobically modified EO-PO copolymer (HM-(EO-PO)) with alkyl groups (C₁₄) at both ends forms two-phase system with for example poly(NIPAM-VI). The phase diagram for poly(NIPAM-VI)/HM-(EO-PO) was determined and the model proteins lysozyme and BSA were partitioned in this system. For BSA in poly(NIPAM-VI)/HM-(EO-PO) system a change in pH from 8.0 to 5.4 results in a change of partition coefficient from K=0.8 to K=5.1, i.e. BSA could be transferred from the HM-(EO-PO) phase to the poly(NIPAM-VI) phase. BSA partitioning in poly(NIPAM-VI)/HM-(EO-PO) system allows quantitative BSA recovery, and recoveries of poly(NIPAM-VI) and HM-(EO-PO) were 53% and 92%, respectively, after the thermoseparation step.     

恒河猴骨髓间质干细胞的体外分离培养及形态学特征分析(英文)

探索恒河猴骨髓间质干细胞(MSC)的体外分离培养方法,为其应用提供实验基础。取恒河猴骨髓细胞悬液,经梯度离心去除大部分血细胞,取含有MSC的中间单核细胞层,在含10%胎牛血清及1ng/mL碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的L-DMEM中培养扩增,并不断换液去除杂细胞,经过18d的原代培养,获得呈致密单层生长的MSC,其形态为较规则的长梭形细胞,排列有方向性,呈现一定的漩涡状、辐射状生长趋势。将原代细胞以1∶2传代,传代培养后期,细胞增殖速度逐渐变缓,细胞形态逐渐出现三角形、多边形及扁平宽大形等不规则形态。结果显示,恒河猴骨髓间质干细胞可在体外进行传代培养,但需进一步优化其培养条件。