地灵组培白化苗的超微结构变化研究

应用超薄切片和电镜观察了唇形科水苏属植物地灵组培白化苗和正常苗叶片的超微结构。结果表明：在超微结构上,白化苗与正常苗叶片细胞具有明显差异。多数白化苗细胞中胞质含量稀少,叶绿体数量较少,叶绿体的形态变化较大,极少数为正常形态,多数呈部分解体状态,还有部：分叶绿体呈现膜融合状态。而细胞壁、细胞核以及细胞形态等结构,白化苗与正常苗细胞并无大的差异。     

苏铁白化苗叶片细胞的超微结构

本文系苏铁白化苗研究系列报道之二。应用超薄切片和电镜观察技术对苏铁白化苗叶片细胞的超微结构观察,结果表明,苏铁白化苗叶片细胞的超微结构与绿苗的相比有明显不同,前者的细胞质含量稀少,未见有结构完整的叶绿体和线粒体,但见有呈支解、游离状的类似叶绿体片层的膜结构和内嵴几乎完全消失的退化线粒体存在;后者的细胞结构正常。     

苏铁白化苗叶片细胞的超微结构

本文系苏铁白化苗研究系列报道之二,应用超薄切片和电镜观察技术对苏铁白化苗叶片细胞的超微结构观察,结果表明,苏铁白化苗叶片细胞的超微结构与绿苗的相比有明显的不同,前者的细胞质含量稀少,未见有结构完整的叶绿体和线粒体,但见有呈支解,游离状的类似叶绿体片层的膜结构和内嵴几乎完全消失的退化线粒体存在,后者的细胞结构正常。     

水稻、小麦花药培养白化苗质体亚显微结构和蛋白质的研究

通过对小麦和水稻花药培养白化苗质体的电镜观察,表明白化苗质体早期发育正常,但没有观察到正常的成熟叶绿体。对白化苗质体的类囊体膜蛋白的分析表明,它缺乏细胞核编码的chla/b AP_2,质体DNA编码的chla AP_2和chla AP_3。质体DNA编码的ATPasc的α、β亚基显示了分子量和含量的变化。色素蛋白质的分析表明在白化苗质体中有两种小分子置的色素蛋白存在。文章还对产生上述结果的原因进行了讨论。     

苏铁白化苗叶片形态与结构观察

本文对苏铁(Cycas revoluta)白化苗与绿色正常苗的形态特征及叶片显微结构进行比较观察。结果表明,两者之间存在许多显著且稳定的差异。     

水稻白化苗性状的遗传分析

携有白化苗性状的水稻品种金龙与不含有白化苗性状的其它九个水稻品种杂交,F_1苗期表现全绿,F_2苗期绿叶苗与白叶苗的分离比经 X~2测验完全符合3:1的遗传模式,从 F_2中选出的白苗 F_3仍表现为白化苗,从 F_2中选出的绿苗 F_3里面有的株系表现为全绿(即绿苗纯合体),有的株系表现为分离,仍符合3:1的分离比。水稻白化苗性状由隐性单基因控制,不受细胞质的影响。结合两系杂交制种及杂交稻生产,利用杂交手段,已经成功地转育出含有纯合白化苗基因的不育系。     

水稻白化苗性状的遗传分析

携有白化苗性状的水稻品种金龙与不含有白化苗性状的其它九个水稻品种杂交,F1苗期表现全绿,F2苗期绿叶苗与白叶苗的分离比经X^2测验完全符合3：1的遗传模式,从F2中选出的白苗F3仍表现为白化苗,从F2中选出的绿苗F3里面有的株系表现为全绿（即绿苗纯合体）,有的株系表现为分离,仍符合3：1的分离比。水稻白化苗性状由隐性单基因控制,不受细胞质的影响。结合两系杂交制种及杂交稻生产,利用杂交手段,已经成功地转育出含有纯合白化苗基因的不育系。     

棉花组织培养中异常苗的发生与转化

研究了棉花 (Gossypium hirsutum L.)组织培养中异常苗发生的类型、规律、影响因素及转化为正常苗的途径及技术。结果表明 ,在棉花组织培养中异常苗发生的频率极高 ,且形式多样 ,大体可分为生长点异常苗、叶片异常苗、胚轴异常苗、联体苗、丛生叶苗、单叶苗、玻璃化苗、白化苗、褐化苗和重新愈伤化苗等 1 0类。其中生长点异常苗和叶片异常苗最为常见。影响异常苗形成的因素很多 ,其中主要有外植体种类、培养基组成、培养方式和培养时间。有的异常苗来源于畸形胚 ,有的异常苗由正常苗转化而来。在合适的条件下异常苗可转化为正常苗 ,但不同培养基对异常苗转化为正常苗的影响不同 ,且不同基因型的异常苗转化为正常苗的能力也有差别。此外 ,从外界调控机制与棉花培养细胞的内在发育机制的相互作用方面讨论了造成棉花组织培养异常苗发生的原因 ;并讨论了降低异常苗产生频率的技术途径和异常苗存在对棉花组织培养的影响     

麝香石竹玻璃苗与正常苗的生理特性差异

诱导麝香石竹茎段外植体产生不定芽的分化,所得到的正常苗与玻璃苗的生理特性明显有差异。表现在玻璃苗的鲜重、干重、粗纤维和叶绿素含量与正常苗相比显著降低;玻璃苗的可溶性糖含量增加38％,而蔗糖含量下降63%,束缚水含量显著增高,自由水含量明显降低;玻璃苗的淀粉酶总活性也明显升高,碱性和中性区过氧化物酶同工酶活性显著提高而酸性区的同工酶活性有所下降。然而,玻璃苗和正常苗形成时的芽分化频率以及伸长生长量之间无明显区别。结果表明,麝香石竹试管苗的玻璃化可能是在碳水化合物代谢、氮代谢和水分存在状况等发生生理异常的情况下在芽分化启动后的生长过程中发生的,而不是在芽分化启动时已经决定的。     

槐树试管正常苗与超度含水态苗茎叶的比较形态学研究

槐树(Sophora japonica L.)子叶经培养获得了大量的试管苗,依其形态正常与否可将其分为正常苗、超度含水态苗和介于二者之间的过度含水态苗。其自由水含量明显不同,正常苗低于50％,超度含水态苗高于79％,而过度含水态苗约为70％。以扫描电镜对其茎、叶的形态学结构进行了比较研究,结果表明:正常苗茎、叶表皮结构基本类似于实生苗,而过度及超度含水态苗的茎、叶表皮层结构变异较大。主要表现在其表面凹凸不平,表皮层外稀有或无蜡质存在,表皮细胞形状及排列不规则,叶片近、远轴两面气孔器密度、大小及开度均较正常苗显著增大;保卫细胞形态、结构异常。上述特征,均显示出槐树试管过度及超度含水态苗易失水干化,这可能是其在移栽过程中难以成活的主要原因之一。     

Embryo and Endosperm Function and Failure inSolanumSpecies and Hybrids

Although the importance of the endosperm as a food store inmany angiosperm seeds is well known, its significance duringearly embryogenesis has been neglected. In many interspecifichybrids, and in some other situations, embryos do not developfully and abort. It has often been stated that this is causedby the endosperm failing to conduct sufficient nutrients tothe embryo, but seldom has it been suggested that the endospermactively controls most of the early stages of morphogenesisof the embryo. Information gleaned from a broad survey of theliterature, combined with additional evidence presented here,obtained fromSolanum incanumand interspecific hybrids, indicatethat the endosperm is dynamic and very active in regulatingearly embryo development. This requires highly integrated geneticcontrol of rapidly changing metabolism in the endosperm. Ininterspecific hybrids, lack of coordination may cause unbalancedproduction of growth regulating substances by the endospermand hence abortion of the embryo, or even unregulated productionof nucleases and proteases resulting firstly in autolysis ofthe endosperm and then digestion of the embryo. The endospermmay thus serve to detect inappropriate hybridization of speciesor ploidy levels and so prevent waste of resources by producingseeds that would result in sterile hybrids or unthrifty subsequentgenerations. This discriminatory function of the endosperm hasdiminished during evolution and domestication of the crop plantSolanummelongenaL.Copyright 1998 Annals of Botany Company Solanum, embryo morphogenesis, endosperm, hybrid, seed development.     

HIFs and tumors--causes and consequences

For most organisms oxygen is essential fo life. When oxygen levels drop below those required to maintain the minimum physiological oxygen requirement of an organism or tissue it is termed hypoxia. To counter act possible deleterious effects of such a state, an immediate molecular response is initiated causing adaptation responses aimed at cell survival. This response is mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), which is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha- and a beta-subunit. HIF-1 alpha protein is stabilized under hypoxic conditions and therefore confers selectivity to this response. Hypoxia is characteristic of tumors, mainly because of impaired blood supply resulting from abnormal growth. Over the past few years enormous progress has been made in the attempt to understand how the activation of the physiological response to hypoxia influences neoplastic growth. In this review some aspects of HIF-1 pathway activation in tumors and the consequences for pathophysiology and treatment of neoplasia are discussed.     

Pragmatic Women and Body Politics and Maternities and Modernities: Colonial and Postcolonial Experiences in Asia and the Pacific

Pragmatic Women and Body Politics. Margaret Lock and Patricia A. Kaufert. eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xii +364 pp.
Maternities and Modernities: Colonial and Postcolonial Experiences in Asia and the Pacific. Kalpana Ram and Margaret Jolly. eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xiv. 305 pp.     

Morphological and constitutional features and self-esteem in children and adolescents

Studies of human constitution and mental features are traditionally among the main concepts of anthropological research. In this research, we attempted to discover connections between morphological and constitutional features and self-esteem in children and adolescents. Such a connection was discovered in some studied age groups. The obtained results could serve as a basis for further studies in this field.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。