新塔花的组织培养与快速繁殖

以新疆特有药用植物新塔花(Ziziphora bungeana Juz.)幼嫩茎段为外植体材料,筛选初代培养、继代增殖与生根培养的条件,建立了新塔花组织培养与快速繁殖体系。结果表明:新塔花种子最适萌发培养基为MS+0.25 mg·L~(-1) NAA,萌发率达57.78%;茎段诱导腋芽最适培养基为MS+0.5 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(-1) NAA,诱导率为90.47%;适宜芽增殖培养基为MS+0.5 mg·L~(-1 )6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(-1) NAA+0.3 mg·L~(-1) GA_3+35 g·L~(-1)蔗糖,20 d增殖系数达1.95;最佳诱导根生长培养基为1/2MS+0.5 mg·L~(-1) NAA+0.2%AC,生根率达60%,平均生根数为3.5,20 d株高达4.5 cm。移栽至混合基质(营养土:珍珠岩:蛭石=1:1:1)中,组培苗成活率为80.45%。     

芦竹的组培快繁技术研究

该研究以从匈牙利引进的良种芦竹带腋芽茎段为外植体,以MS为基本培养基,通过设计不同的生长调节剂配比,对芦竹腋芽诱导、继代增殖及生根培养基进行了研究。结果表明:良种芦竹初代诱导最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 4.0 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖30.0 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1),萌发率为90.0%;继代增殖最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 8.0 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0.8 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖30.0 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1),芽健壮均匀,增殖系数为4.3/30 d,基部保留3~5个芽作为继代培养物增殖效果最佳;选择高度5.0 cm以上的植株进行生根,最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA 0.2 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖20.0 g·L~(-1)+活性碳1.0 g·L~(-1),不添加琼脂,培养1周生根率为100.0%,平均生根4条,根长2.0~4.0 cm;将所得生根苗炼苗1周,以河沙、黄泥或腐质土作为栽培基质,移栽于阴蔽度70的大棚中,1个月后移栽成活率≥98.0%;移栽于实验田中,按常规方式进行管理,当年亩产量约为5 500.0 kg。该研究结果为良种芦竹的大规模产业化应用提供了技术支撑。     

叶下珠组培快繁体系研究

以叶下珠Phyllanthus urinaria带节茎段为外植体,研究生长调节剂浓度、培养基对茎段诱导芽的影响,再以叶下珠无菌芽为材料,开展丛生芽增殖培养、生根培养和炼苗移栽技术研究。结果表明,适合叶下珠茎段诱导芽的培养基为1/2MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0.2 mg·L~(-1)+琼脂7.5 g·L~(-1)+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+活性炭0.5 g·L~(-1)(pH 5.8~6.0),诱导率达100%;适合叶下珠芽增殖的培养基为1/2MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0.2 mg·L~(-1)+琼脂7.5 g·L~(-1)+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)(pH 5.8~6.0),平均增殖倍数为3.8;生根适宜培养基为1/2MS+IBA 0.5 mg·L~(-1)+琼脂7.5 g·L~(-1)+蔗糖20 g·L~(-1)(pH 5.8~6.0),生根率达100%;最佳炼苗时间为闭盖2 d后开盖3 d,移栽成活率86.6%。     

牛角瓜离体快繁技术

该文选用牛角瓜茎段为外植体,通过组织培养方法探索牛角瓜组织培养和种苗快繁技术。结果表明:最佳外植体表面消毒方法是以0.1%HgCl_2处理7 min,外植体存活率为32.3%;初代培养基为MS+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1),培养20 d后形成3～4 cm高的再生芽。增殖培养前期筛选的较为适宜的增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 1.5 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.05 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1),增殖系数4.6。但在后续的培养过程中发现,牛角瓜组培苗易玻璃化,且随着世代更迭,玻璃化程度加重,到了第四代几乎全部玻璃化。因此在上述增殖培养的基础上,以AgNO_3作为玻璃化抑制剂,筛选出最终的增殖培养基为MS+6-BA1.5 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.05 mg·L~(-1)+AgNO_31.0 g·L~(-1)+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1)。用此增殖培养基,培养25 d,苗高5～8 cm,增殖系数5.8,玻璃化率低于10%,且连续培养多代,玻璃化率维持在10%以下。生根壮苗培养基为1/2MS+NAA 1.0 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖20 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.6 g·L~(-1),培养14 d,生根率98%;将生根苗移栽于70%遮阴度的大棚中,30 d后,苗高20 cm左右,成活率85%。利用该方法可对牛角瓜优良种苗进行规模化生产。     

白花泡桐优树组织培养及产业化快繁技术

以自选育的白花泡桐优树茎段为外植体,进行种苗组培快繁技术研究。结果表明:其最佳的外植体灭菌方法是以0.1%升汞处理7 min;合适的初代诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0.2 mg·L~(-1)+糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1)(pH 5.8),培养30 d,芽诱导率70%;合适的继代增殖方法为在高浓度植物生长物质培养基MS+6-BA 4.0 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0.4 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1)(pH 5.8)和低浓度植物生长物质培养基MS+6-BA 0.4 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0.04 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂3.5 g·L~(-1)(pH 5.8)中交替培养,获得的丛生芽长势良好,玻璃化率低于5%,增殖系数大于6.0/25 d;最适的生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA0.2 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖20 g·L~(-1)+卡拉胶3.4 g·L~(-1)(pH 5.8),培养14 d,得到白花泡桐生根苗,每株长根5~10条,根长3~5 cm,生根率98%,根系洁白、根毛少而短,易于清洗。将生根苗按照常规方法炼苗后移栽于温室大棚中,50 d后即可出圃,此时平均苗高1.0 m、地径1.0~2.0 cm,成活率在90%以上。     

藏药山茛菪组织培养技术研究

以田间栽培两年生山莨菪幼芽(休眠芽)、带叶柄幼叶为外植体,通过器官培养分化芽的途径达到快速繁殖的目的。MS基本培养基附加NAA0～1.0mg·L~(-1)+6-BA2.0～3.0mg·L~(-1)+ZT0～3.0mg·L~(-1),适于丛生芽的诱导与增殖;附加2,4-D2.0mg·L~(-1)+NAA0.2mg·L~(-1)+6-BA0.2mg·L~(-1),适于愈伤组织的诱导与继代培养,诱导率高达93.2%;1/2MS培养基附加NAA1.0mg·L~(-1)+3.0%的蔗糖,适于生根诱导,生根率为100%。     

鳄嘴花的组织培养和快速繁殖

以鳄嘴花[Clinacanthus nutans(Burm.f.)Lindau]幼嫩茎段为外植体,研究不同植物生长调节剂对鳄嘴花茎段腋芽诱导、丛生芽分化、增殖及生根培养的影响。结果表明:茎段在培养基MS+1.0 mg·L~(-1) BAP+0.1mg·L~(-1) NAA上诱导产生腋芽,将腋芽转入培养基MS+1.0 mg·L~(-1) BAP+0.1 mg·L~(-1) NAA诱导分化丛生芽,分化率高达93.3%;在培养基中分别加入30 g·L~(-1)椰汁、30 g·L~(-1)香蕉、0.5 g·L~(-1)蛋白胨,都有壮苗的效果;最佳的生根培养基为MS+0.5 mg·L~(-1) NAA+2.0 mg·L~(-1) IBA,生根率达90%,且根系发达,芽苗生长健壮。移栽至混合基质(泥炭:椰糠:珍珠岩:河沙=3:2:2:1)中,鳄嘴花的成活率达97%。     

矮晚柚的组织培养与快速繁殖

以矮晚柚种子萌发的无菌苗为实验材料,利用茎尖和上胚轴诱导丛生芽的发生,利用丛生芽获得再生植株。实验表明:矮晚柚成熟和未成熟种子在1/2MS、MS上均能萌发,萌发率最高可达96%,成熟种子萌发的无菌苗更利于后期的分化。最适外植体为无菌苗的上胚轴,筛选出丛生芽最佳增殖培养方案为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 0.1 mg·L~(-1)+蔗糖40 g·L~(-1)+靠近茎尖上胚轴,最高增殖系数达8.4,最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+NAA 0.2 mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0.2 mg·L~(-1)+活性炭0.2 g·L~(-1),生根率达90%以上。移栽至蛭石+珍珠岩+营养土(1:1:2)的营养砵上,成活率可达80%。     

珍稀濒危物种堇叶紫金牛高效快繁体系的建立

筛选堇叶紫金牛(Ardisia violacea)野生优株,以其当年新发带休眠腋芽茎段为外植体,通过启动培养、丛生芽诱导增殖、壮苗培养、生根培养和炼苗移栽等过程建立其组培快繁技术体系。研究结果表明,最佳启动培养基为MS+0.80 mg·L~(–1)KT+0.10 mg·L~(–1) NAA+0.10 mg·L~(–1) IBA,腋芽萌发率达92.60%;最佳丛生芽诱导增殖培养基为MS1+0.50 mg·L~(–1) TDZ+0.10mg·L~(–1) NAA,平均增殖系数达8.60;最佳壮苗培养基为MS+1.00 mg·L~(–1) KT+0.50 mg·L~(–1) NAA;最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+2.00 mg·L~(–1) IBA+1.00 mg·L~(–1) NAA+1.00 mg·L~(–1) AC,平均生根率达98.70%;采用松鳞和泥炭(2:1,v/v)作为炼苗基质,炼苗成活率可达85.30%。实验成功建立了堇叶紫金牛高效组培快繁技术体系,经验证该体系能够满足规模化生产的需求。     

无芒雀麦组织培养再生体系的建立

以无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)的成熟种子为外植体,建立其组织培养再生体系,筛选最适愈伤组织诱导、分化及再生植株生根培养基,为之后的转基因实验奠定基础。结果表明:MS+1 mg·L~(-1) 2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)+0.5 mg·L~(-1) 6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)为最佳愈伤组织诱导培养基,诱导率为68.7%;MS+2 mg·L~(-1)萘乙酸(NAA)+1 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA为最佳分化培养基,分化率高达100%;不添加任何植物生长调节物质的1/2MS培养基为最佳生根培养基;组培苗移栽至蛭石与珍珠岩3:1(V/V)的基质中,30 d后成活率可达70%~80%。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism