林窗大小对杉木林内南方红豆杉生长与形质的影响

为明确林窗大小对南方红豆杉生长、形质的影响以及珍贵用材培育成效,测定福建省明溪杉木林中25个林窗样地的南方红豆杉的生长、干形和分枝等指标,分析林窗大小与生长、干形和分枝情况之间的关系,将25个林窗样地按不同面积划分为25～50 m² (Ⅰ)、50～75 m² (Ⅱ)、75～100 m² (Ⅲ)、100～125 m² (Ⅳ)、125～150 m² (Ⅴ)5种林窗类型,运用层次分析法构建了珍贵用材评价指标体系,采用多目标决策法评价5种林窗类型的综合效果.结果表明: 林窗大小显著影响南方红豆杉树高、胸径、冠幅、杈干率、通直度、圆满度、尖削度、径高比、枝下高、枝间距、最大侧枝直径等11个生长和形质指标以及综合评价值. 林窗Ⅰ、Ⅱ类型显著促进南方红豆杉的树高、胸径、冠幅的生长.在干形指标方面,林窗Ⅰ、Ⅱ类型显著抑制分杈率和尖削度,提高通直度;林窗Ⅱ类型显著提高圆满度和径高比.林窗Ⅰ、Ⅱ类型显著提高枝下高,降低最大侧枝直径;林窗Ⅰ类型显著提高枝间距. 林窗Ⅰ、Ⅱ类型显著提高珍贵用材综合评价值.在杉木林内南方红豆杉的培育过程中,控制采伐强度、创建面积25～75 m²的林窗可提高培育效果.     

黄龙山不同郁闭度油松中龄林林木形质评价

以黄土高原南部黄龙山林区油松人工中龄林为研究对象,按郁闭度CD＜0.65(类型1)、0.65≤CD＜0.75(类型2)、0.75≤CD＜0.85(类型3)、CD≥0.85(类型4)将样地划分4个等级.综合林木生长、干形和分枝情况,运用层次分析法建立林木形质评价层次结构模型和指标体系,对4种郁闭度类型的油松林林木的形质水平进行了综合评价.结果表明： 林木生长、干形和分枝3大类形质评价因素及其包括的胸径、树高、径高比、尖削度、通直度、分杈率、活枝下高、侧枝数、最大侧枝基径和侧枝平均基径10项指标,可以全面地反映油松林木形质水平.其中,通直度、分杈率和胸径3个指标的总权重达0.7382,对林木形质水平影响最大,是油松林木形质的主要决定因素.随着林分郁闭度的减小,林木形质综合得分表现为先升高后下降,类型2郁闭度下达到最高的90.28分,该类郁闭度下林木形质水平最优.本评价方法操作简单,可解决林木形质评价的量化问题,评价模型体系也可在黄土高原其他林木形质评价中借鉴和应用.     

国外松种间杂交后代生长和形态性状变异及相关性分析

利用随机区组设计营建的试验林资料,对6种树龄5年的国外松杂种后代生长和形态性状变异及其相关进行了分析,结果显示:国外松种间杂交后代不同物种,同一物种的不同家系,同一家系内的不同单株均表现出丰富的多样性,单株材积和树干通直度的变异系数达30%~50%;而其它形态、生长性状变异系数为2%~30%。这些杂交种丰富的生长和形态变异为多目标选择奠定了基础。以湿地松(Pinus elliottii Engelman var.elliottii)为母本的杂交松针叶长度变短,同时湿地松×洪都拉斯加勒比松(P.caribaea Morelet var.hondurensis(Senecl.)Barrett et Golfari)还表现出良好的干形性状(通直度好,分枝角小等)。以火炬松(P.taeda L.)为母本的杂交松对针叶的改良效果不明显,但是火炬松×洪都拉斯加勒比松单株平均材积大、干形通直、分枝角小、侧枝细,说明这个杂交类型具有生长快、树形紧凑等优良特性。相关分析显示生长快、针叶短、分枝角度小、树干通直度好这几个性状可以同步改良。研究认为国外松种间杂交后代生长性状不低于母本,在形态性状上湿地松×洪都拉斯加勒比松与母本相比针叶较稀疏,针叶长度较短,分枝角较小,因此比母本更能抵抗雨雪冰冻等自然灾害,这对于我国南方湿地松抗逆性育种具有重要的意义。     

云南保存橡胶树部分种质资源干形及分枝变异分析

对保存于"农业部景洪橡胶树种质资源圃"的1904份橡胶树81’IRRDB种质资源的主干通直度、主干分杈、侧枝分枝轮、侧枝粗细、侧枝分枝角、侧枝伸展等6个表型性状进行调查和分析。结果表明,云南保存橡胶树种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性(0.2604~1.6731),多样性指数最高的是主干通直度,达1.6731,其次是主干分杈、侧枝粗细、侧枝分枝轮和侧枝分枝角,最低的是侧枝伸展。6个表型性状的相对分布频率最小值为2.92%~8.05%,最大值为41.26%~93.37%。用UPGMA法聚类,当欧式距离为1.05时,1904份样本被聚为5组,其中最大1组包括98.42%的样本,表明同一性状在每份种质资源间具有很大程度的相似性;用Furthest Neighbor法聚类,在欧式距离为1.45时,1904份样本被聚为7组。2种聚类方法都能将每份种质明显区分出来,表明各性状变异极其丰富。     

红松杈干类型与林分密度、个体生长指标及丰年株均结实量的关系

选取4种密度的红松人工林,设置15块25 m×40 m的临时样地,采用单因素Logistic回归分析和Meta分析方法定量分析了不同杈干类型与红松林分密度、树高、胸径、冠幅及丰年结实量的关系。结果表明:杈干率随着密度的增大呈现降低趋势,与密度600株·hm~(-2)相比,密度750、900和1200株·hm-2的杈干发生概率分别降低了24%、51%和59%;3种杈干类型中以双杈为主,样地内双杈类型株数占杈干总株数的60%以上;杈干对红松各项生长指标和丰年结实量均有显著影响(P≤0.05),杈干木的平均树高、胸径、冠幅和丰年单株球果产量与未杈干木相比分别增加了2.12%、4.69%、4.89%和29.57%;不同杈干类型对红松树高、胸径和结实的影响规律不同,单杈类型对红松生长和结实指标影响不显著(P0.05),其平均树高、胸径、冠幅、丰年单株结实量分别比未杈干类型增加了1.49%、1.99%、1.47%和20.64%;双杈和多杈干类型的各指标与未杈干类型相比有显著差异(P≤0.05),其平均树高、胸径、冠幅及丰年单株球果产量比未杈干木分别增加了2.07%和2.90%,6.00%和6.09%,6.29%和5.99%,及34.61%和26.22%。Logistic回归模型和Meta分析结果证明,红松杈干木对生长结实的促进效应明显,其中双杈和多杈干类型的促进效应表现明显,单杈木的杈干效应不明显,40 a左右的红松人工林杈干效应在林分密度600~750株·hm~(-2)是最佳的。     

国外松种间杂交后代生长和形态性状变异及相关性分析简

利用随机区组设计营建的试验林资料,对6种树龄5年的国外松杂种后代生长和形态性状变异及其相关进行了分析,结果显示：国外松种间杂交后代不同物种,同一物种的不同家系,同一家系内的不同单株均表现出丰富的多样性,单株材积和树干通直度的变异系数达30%~50%;而其它形态、生长性状变异系数为2%~30%。这些杂交种丰富的生长和形态变异为多目标选择奠定了基础。以湿地松（Pinus elliottii Engelman var. elliottii）为母本的杂交松针叶长度变短,同时湿地松×洪都拉斯加勒比松（P.caribaea Morelet var. hondurensis(Senecl.) Barrett et Golfari）还表现出良好的干形性状（通直度好,分枝角小等）。以火炬松（P.taeda L.）为母本的杂交松对针叶的改良效果不明显,但是火炬松×洪都拉斯加勒比松单株平均材积大、干形通直、分枝角小、侧枝细,说明这个杂交类型具有生长快、树形紧凑等优良特性。相关分析显示生长快、针叶短、分枝角度小、树干通直度好这几个性状可以同步改良。研究认为国外松种间杂交后代生长性状不低于母本,在形态性状上湿地松×洪都拉斯加勒比松与母本相比针叶较稀疏,针叶长度较短,分枝角较小,因此比母本更能抵抗雨雪冰冻等自然灾害,这对于我国南方湿地松抗逆性育种具有重要的意义。     

黄河三角洲刺槐人工林风害成因

在调查2010年6-7月大风对黄河三角洲地区人工刺槐林的影响基础上,测定了风倒木形态指标、根系特征及其所处林窗的大小和土壤紧实度,分析滨海盐碱地人工刺槐林风倒的成因.结果表明:风倒是刺槐林遭受风害的主要形式,以胸径15 ～20 cm的树木受害最严重.随着径级的增加,风倒木的树高、冠幅、冠高和尖削度显著增加,而枝下高、冠幅/冠高和枝下高/树高变化不显著;根系长度先迅速增加而后增加缓慢,根系质量逐渐增加.随林窗面积增加,倒木株数先增加后下降,100 ～ 150 m2林窗倒木株数最多.土壤紧实度随土壤深度增加而增加,而随样木径级增加变化不显著.随径级增加,树形因子增大、根系生长受抑是刺槐风倒的重要原因,而林窗起到了促进作用.     

不同栽培条件下南方红豆杉生长特性研究

以4～6年生南方红豆杉为材料,对其不同栽培条件下地径、冠幅、株高、当年抽高、当年侧枝数及总侧枝数等生长特性进行了研究。结果表明:南方红豆杉4～6年生幼林生长量随年龄增大而增加,但其增加的趋势变缓,生长速度变慢;耕作农田中南方红豆杉生长最好,土壤板结未耕作农田生长较差,去除上层20cm耕作土的农田最差;南方红豆杉纯林生长好于落叶阔叶林下(林分郁闭度0.6～0.7),且种植密度越大差异越明显;南方红豆杉落叶阔叶林下套种及纯林生长量均随栽培密度减小而增大,不同栽培密度相差越大,生长量差异越明显。     

不同立地条件下南方红豆杉幼苗的生长和生理特性

为阐明不同立地条件下南方红豆杉的生长发育、光合特性、活性氧代谢及其与环境的关系,本试验以2年生南方红豆杉幼苗为材料,在福建省泉州地区开展桉树林、樟树林和空地3种生境下南方红豆杉幼苗的生长和生理特性研究,探索适宜南方红豆杉幼苗生长的环境特点.结果表明:桉树林和樟树林下南方红豆杉幼苗的株高和新梢长度显著高于空地,桉树林和樟树林有利于南方红豆杉幼苗的生长;桉树林和樟树林下南方红豆杉幼苗叶绿素b含量和类胡萝卜素含量显著高于空地,气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著提高,净光合速率也高于空地;桉树林和樟树林下南方红豆杉幼苗可溶性糖和氨基酸含量高于空地,蛋白质含量低于空地.桉树林和樟树林下南方红豆杉幼苗超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著低于空地,而过氧化物酶活性高于空地;这可能是空地生境对南方红豆杉幼苗产生一定的光胁迫效应,桉树林和樟树林可为南方红豆杉幼苗生长提供必要的遮荫环境,有利于南方红豆杉幼苗的生长.     

不同种源南方红豆杉生长差异分析及早期速生优良种源筛选

在浙江龙泉和安吉试验点,对来源于10省(区)24个种源的南方红豆杉〔Taxus wallichiana var.mairei(Lemée et Lévl.)L.K.Fu et Nan Li〕4年生幼苗的7个生长指标进行了测定及方差分析,并对生长指标间以及生长指标与地理-气候因子间的相关性进行了分析;此外,以树高和地径为标准初步筛选出一些速生优良种源。测量结果显示:2个试验点不同种源4年生幼苗的树高、地径、当年抽梢长和侧枝数以及侧枝的最大长度及最大直径的变化幅度以及安吉试验点各种源幼苗冠幅的变化幅度均在25%以上,说明各种源间生长指标的差异较大。方差分析结果表明:龙泉试验点各种源间幼苗侧枝的最大直径以及安吉试验点各种源间幼苗的树高无显著差异,其他生长指标在种源间均有显著或极显著差异,且冠幅、当年抽梢长和侧枝的最大长度具有显著或极显著的种源-地点互作效应。相关性分析结果表明:幼苗的冠幅与地径和树高呈显著或极显著的正相关,且侧枝的最大长度与树高和冠幅也呈显著或极显著的正相关;虽然2个试验点间各种源幼苗的7个生长指标与地理-气候因子的相关性有一定差异,但总体上未表现出明显的地理变异模式。根据2个试验点幼苗树高和地径的综合表现,初步筛选出湖南靖州、江西井冈山、福建沙县、江西武宁、云南石屏和贵州梵净山6个种源为南方红豆杉的早期速生优良种源。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000