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1.
The review analyzes data on activities and characteristics of proteinases of digestive system and of cathepsins of various tissues in potential preys of fish differing by the character of feeding. There are presented data on multiple forms and molecular mass of proteinases, species-related differences, dependence of proteinase activities on the life cycle stages, type of nutrition, and biochemical food composition as well as on temperature and pH optima. Role of cathepsin in evolution of enzymatic systems providing degradation of food protein components in fish is discussed. 相似文献
2.
Kuz'mina VV Shalygin MV Skvortsova EG 《Zhurnal evoliutsionno? biokhimii i fiziologii》2012,48(2):129-134
Effect of temperature on proteinases activities of enteral microbiota and of intestinal mucosa was studied in five fish species (roach Rutilus rutilus, crucian carp Carassius carassius, common perch Perca fluviatilis, pike-perch Zander lucioperca, and pike Esox lucius) belonging by the nutrition type to different ecological groups. Essential differences of temperature characteristics of proteinases of intestinal mucosa and of enteral microbiota are revealed in fish belonging by the nutrition type to different ecologic groups. The character of the t0-function of proteinases of intestinal mucosa and enteral microbiota by casein and hemoglobin as a rule is different. The highest values of relative proteinases activities for casein in the zone of low temperatures (38 and 45.3 % of the maximal activity) are found at study of proteinases of enteral microbiota in common perch and crucian carp. The latter indicates a significant adaptability of the enteral microbiota proteinases of common perch and crucial carp to functioning at low temperatures. 相似文献
3.
V. V. Kuz’mina E. G. Skvortsova M. V. Shalygin 《Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology》2008,44(5):569-575
Effect of temperature on activities of proteinases in intestinal chyme and mucosa was studied in three fish species (pike-perch, zope, roach) belonging to different ecological groups by their nutrition type. There was revealed a significant difference of dependence of enzyme activities in chyme on temperature in the benthophage, roach (a higher level of relative activity in the range of lower temperatures and a wider zone of temperature optimum) as well as of values of apparent energy of activation of the protein hydrolysis process as compared with that in planktoand ichtyophages, zope and pike-perch, which indicates a significant effect of the enteral microbiota proteinases and of nutrition objects on characteristics of hydrolases functioning in fish intestine. 相似文献
4.
Kuz'mina VV Skvortsova EG Shalygin MV 《Zhurnal evoliutsionno? biokhimii i fiziologii》2008,44(5):482-487
Effect of temperature on activities of proteinases in intestinal chyme and mucosa was studied in three fish species (pike-perch, zope, roach) belonging to different ecological groups by their type of feeding. There was revealed a significant difference of dependence of enzyme activities in chyme on temperature in the benthophage roach (a higher level of relative activity in the zone of lower temperatures and a larger zone of temperature optimum) as well as of values of apparent energy of activation of the protein hydrolysis process as compared with that in plankto- and ichthyophages--zope and pike-perch, which indicates a significant effect of the enteral microbiota proteinases and of nutrition objects on characteristics of hydrolases functioning in fish intestine. 相似文献
5.
V. V. Kuzmina N. V. Ushakova 《Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology》2008,44(4):430-439
The review summarizes for the first time the information on effects of Zn and Cu on various links of the fish exotrophy process. It has been shown that essential metals, like the nonessential ones, can produce negative effects on various aspects of the food-procuring behavior, on sensor systems providing alimentary behavior, and on the digestive enzymes realizing digestion in fish of different ecological groups. A particular attention is paid to their different effects on proteinases functioning in stomach and intestine of various fish species as well as on hydrolase activities in their potential nutrition objects (fish and invertebrate animals). Several mechanisms are considered which allow decreasing the negative action of Zn and Cu on the process of fish exotrophy. 相似文献
6.
V. V. Kuz’mina M. V. Shalygin E. G. Skvortsova 《Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology》2012,48(2):140-146
Effect of temperature on proteinases activities of enteral microbiota and of intestinal mucosa was studied in five fish species (roach Rutilus rutilus, crucian carp Carassius carassius, common perch Perca fluviatilis, pike-perch Zander lucioperca, and pike Esox lucius) belonging by the nutrition type to different ecological groups. Essential differences of temperature characteristics of proteinases of intestinal mucosa and of enteral microbiota are revealed in fish belonging to different ecological groups. The character of the t-function of proteinases of intestinal mucosa and enteral microbiota for casein and hemoglobin as a rule is different. The values of the apparent E act proteinases of intestinal mucosa for casein in most cases are higher than those of enteral microbiota, while those for hemoglobin, on the contrary, are lower. The lowest values of relative proteinase activities for casein in the zone of low temperatures (38 and 45.3% of the maximal activity) and the Eact value (less than 2.0 kcal/mol) are found at study of proteinases of enteral microbiota in common perch and crucian carp. The latter indicates a significant adaptability of the enteral microbiota proteinases of common perch and crucian carp to functioning at low temperatures. 相似文献
7.
Differences in the degree of separate and combined effects of temperature, pH, and heavy metals (zinc, copper) on the trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like proteinase activities have been established in the whole body of some invertebrate animals - potential objects of fish nutrition: pond snail Lymnaeae stagnalis, orb snail Planorbis purpura, zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha, oligochaetae Tubifex sp. and Lumbriculus sp. in total, chironomid larvae Chironimus sp. and Ch. riparus, as well as crustacean zooplankton. It has been shown that enzymes of the potential victim at a low temperature can compensate low activity of intestinal proteinases of fish bentho- and planktophages. 相似文献
8.
The review summarizes for the first time the information on effects of Zn and Cu on various links of the fish exotrophy process. It has been shown that essential metals, like the nonessential ones, can produce negative effects on various aspects of the feeding behavior, on sensor systems providing feeding behavior, and on the digestive enzymes realizing digestion in fish of different ecological groups. A particular attention is paid to their different effects on proteinases functioning in stomach and intestine of various fish species as well as on hydrolase activities in their potential food objects (fish and invertebrate animals). Several mechanisms are considered which allow decreasing the negative action of Zn and Cu on the process of fish exotrophy. 相似文献
9.
The paper cites evidence on the activity of casein- and hemoglobinlytical proteinases of mucosa of the digestive tract of
nine species of freshwater bony fish differing in their pattern of feeding, as well as in the whole organism of their potential
prey. It was demonstrated that the ratio of proteinase activity with respect to casein and hemoglobin in the intestine mucosa
of consumers and in the whole organism of their food items is different. In mucosa of fish intestine, the activity of caseinlytic
proteinases is higher than the activity of hemoglobinlytic proteinases. In the whole organism of juvenile fish and invertebrates,
on the other hand, the activity of hemoglobinlytic proteinases is higher. 相似文献
10.
I. L. Golovanova V. V. Kuzmina G. M. Chuiko N. V. Ushakova A. A. Filippov 《Inland Water Biology》2011,4(2):249-255
The chronic effects that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have on the activities of proteinases and carbohydrates in intestinal
mucosa and chyme in juvenile roach Rutilus rutilus (L.) have been studied for the first time. Upon consuming food with PCB 50.8 ng/g wet weight for 218 days, the exposition
of fingerlings in aquariums with dirt bottoms (contents PCB 425.6 ng/g dry weight) reduces the proteolytic activity of mucosa
to a greater degree than amylolytic activity; the activity of sucrase changes in different directions. In 2-year-old fish
receiving PCB only with food (50.8 ng/g wet weight bottom), proteolytic and amylolytic activities of the mucosa are reduced
18 and 35% in comparison with the control (52 days); the sucrose activity is reduced 13% (52 days) and 22% (169 days). In
most cases the relation of amylolytic activity to proteolytic activity in fish of the experimental groups is less than in
the control. The enzyme activities in chyme change in different directions, depending on the terms and conditions of the experiment. 相似文献
11.
Species-specific differences and effects of natural (temperature, pH) and anthropogenic (zinc, copper) factors upon activities of casein-and hemoglobinlytic proteinases have been studied in the gut mucosa in pike (Esox lucius), zander (Stizostedion lucioperca), burbot (Lota lota) and perch (Perca fluviatilis). It is revealed that the intestine mucosa proteinase activities differ considerably from those ones in the fish stomach mucosa and that studied factors affect these activities to different extents. The stomach mucosa proteinases are most tolerant to the effects of studied factors, which is especially true for pike. The least tolerant are the intestine caseinlytic proteinases (except for the enzymes in perch). The effects of temperature, pH, and heavy metals depend on fish species, factors’ combinations (mono-factor, bi-factor, or multi-factor action) and on factor variability. 相似文献
12.
V. V. Kuz’mina N. V. Ushakova 《Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology》2007,43(5):483-489
Differences in the degree of separate and combined effects of temperature, pH, and heavy metals (zinc, copper) on the trypsin-and chymotrypsin-like proteinase activities have been established in the whole body of some invertebrate animals—potential objects of fish nutrition: pond snail Lymnaeae stagnalis, orb snail Planorbarius purpura, zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha, oligochaetes Tubifex sp. and Lumbriculus sp. in total, chironomid larvae Chironimus sp. and Ch. riparus, as well as crustacean zooplankton. It has been shown that enzymes of the potential prey at low temperature can compensate the low activity of intestinal proteinases of fish bentho- and planktophages. 相似文献
13.
14.
V R Nikolaevskaia M P Chernikov 《Biulleten' eksperimental'no? biologii i meditsiny》1985,100(8):139-142
It has been shown that in postnatal animals, the activity of lysosomal proteinases in the distal part of the small intestine was considerably higher than in the proximal one. With transition from milk to definitive nutrition, the activity of lysosomal proteinases gets equalized in the proximal and distal parts of the small intestine. The data concerning the proximo-distal gradient of distribution of the activity of lysosomal proteinases have been supported. Transition from milk to definitive nutrition has given rise to ultrastructural alterations in the lysosomal apparatus. 相似文献
15.
M V Kolodze?skaia 《Ukrainski? biokhimicheski? zhurnal》1986,58(2):90-104
Recent data on the effect of serine proteinases of lower vertebrates are generalized. Hydrolysis specificity and kinetics of different synthetic substrates, dependence of the activity of enzymes on pH, their irreversible inhibition by chloromethyl ketones of amino acids and peptides as well as high-molecular proteinase inhibitors are considered in detail. The data testify to the fact that chymotrypsins and trypsins of higher vertebrates and serine proteinases of lower vertebrates act as an acid-base catalysis. Enzymes in the pyloric cacca of fishes are in the state of proenzymes and are transformed into an active form with the aid of their own proteolytic factors. The esterase and proteolytic activity of fish proteinases is concentrated in the same active site and reaches the highest values at pH 7,8. New data are presented on particularities of the lower vertebrate proteinases, on the similarity and differences in their specificity. A distinct difference is shown in the nature of the binding site of the active centre in a number of serine proteinases of fishes as compared to chymotrypsin and trypsin of higher vertebrates. 相似文献
16.
Eggers胃含物法测定赤鼻棱鳀的摄食与生态转换效率 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
应用 Eggers现场胃含物法 ,以卤虫幼体为饵料和在室内流水条件下 ,研究了渤海主要上层鱼类赤鼻棱的摄食和生态转换效率等生态能量学特征。结果表明 :( 1 )赤鼻棱体重与空消化道重量的定量关系可用指数函数 W=1 .1 2 64e5.86 4· ESW加以定量描述 ,其瞬时全消化道内含物量可用公式 St=1 0 0× [SW-( ln W- 0 .1 1 90 ) /5 .8640 ]/W计算得到 ;( 2 )全消化道内含物随时间的变化趋势为 St=1 .7837e- 0 .2 136 t,瞬时排空率为 Rt=0 .2 1 36g WW/( 1 0 0 g· d) ;( 3)按 Eggers公式可求得日摄食量为 Cd=1 2 .32± 8.47g WW/( 1 0 0 g· d)或 32 .88± 1 9.5 9k J/( 1 0 0 g· d) ;( 4 )从赤鼻棱的平均日生长量实测值 ( Gd=0 .64g WW/( 1 0 0 g·d)或 2 .73k J/( 1 0 0 g· d) ) ,可求得其生态转换效率 Eg=5 .2 0 % WW或 8.30 % k J。 相似文献
17.
饥饿是影响鱼类仔鱼早期存活的关键因素,入侵鱼类仔鱼耐饥饿能力对其种群增长与扩散意义重大。本文对滇池流域食蚊鱼Gambusia affinis奠基种群仔幼鱼摄食及仔鱼营养状况进行深入分析,初步了解了饥饿因素在食蚊鱼入侵早期种群增长中的影响。研究结果显示,该种群食蚊鱼仔幼鱼主要以枝角类、桡足类为食物,同时能够广泛利用栖息地食物资源,包括种类较为丰富的水生昆虫幼体、弹跳虫等,具有广食性的摄食策略,许多个体食物多样性指数>1。这些特点与其口裂较大、发育较为完善的特点密切相关。尽管如此,仍有高达73.27%的食蚊鱼仔鱼存在饥饿胁迫问题,可能与奠基种群自身生物学特点、仔鱼群体内部竞争、行为特点及环境资源差异化分布格局等因素密切相关。对奠基种群而言,入侵早期仔幼鱼面临陌生的栖息地生境,其摄食与营养状况对种群的定殖有关键影响。 相似文献
18.
C. G. Carter I. D. McCarthy D. F. Houlihan M. Fonseca W. M. K. Perera A. B. S. Sillah 《Zeitschrift fur angewandte Ichthyologie》1995,11(3-4):231-239
The measurement of individual food consumption rates of fish held in groups using radiography has enabled the development of a new approach to fish nutrition trials. In order to compare diets, groups of individually numbered fish are fed different experimental diets over extended periods of time (similar to standard nutrition trials) and food consumption rates are measured regularly over the course of the experiment. Analysis of covariance is then used to compare regression coefficients, obtained from mean consumption-growth relationships, from each diet. The advantages of the approach are several: (1) differences in appetite between fish fed different diets are monitored; (2) fewer fish are needed to establish consumption-growth curves over a large range of consumption rates; (3) measured food consumption rates, not ration levels, are used to calculate 'true' growth efficiencies; and (4) other factors, such as absorption efficiency, trypsin activity, the concentration of free amino acids in tissues and protein turnover can be measured for individual fish and related to differences in food consumption between fish in the same group. The approach has been used successfully with a variety of species to compare the growth response of groups fed two or more diets. 相似文献
19.
Recent data on the nature of trypsin-, chymotrypsin-like proteinases of fish are generalized. Localization and secretion of these enzymes in pyloric appendages of fish are considered in detail. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are in the state of proenzymes and transform into the active form by means of their own proteolytic factors. It is observed that the classical methods for isolation of individual chymotrypsin and trypsin cannot be used in the case of fish, since the fish enzymes are stable in the neutral and low-alkaline media and unstable in the acid medium. This is, first of all, accounted for by differences in the physicochemical characteristics of the test enzymes. New data on the biospecific chromatography of serine proteinases of lower invertebrates are presented. Biospecific sorbents used for isolating enzymes from mammals are not always convenient for purification of fish serine proteinases. This evidences for considerable differences in their active sites and, probably, in their binding sites, whose nature is responsible for the specificity and is important for the selective chromatography of enzymes. 相似文献