生长素和赤霉素对离体水仙花茎切段伸长的影响

以离体水仙(Narcissustazettavar.chinensis)花茎切段为材料,通过外源吲哚-3-乙酸(Indole-3-aceticacid,IAA)和赤霉素A3(GA3)处理,结合内源激素分析,研究了这两种激素对水仙花茎切段伸长的影响,以及它们之间的相互作用。结果表明:外源50μmol/LIAA和30μmol/LGA3均能促进花茎切段的伸长,其中IAA的促进作用大于GA3。200μmol/L生长素运输抑制剂2,3,5-三碘苯甲酸(2,3,5-Triiodobenzoicacid,TIBA)和65μmol/L赤霉素合成抑制剂烯效唑(Uniconazole,S-3307)均显著抑制花茎切段的伸长。外源50μmol/LIAA处理明显增加内源GA1 3的含量,是对照的3.40倍;外源30μmol/LGA3处理对内源IAA含量影响不明显,说明IAA对维持花茎切段内源活性GA水平起重要作用,IAA和活性GA共同发挥调控花茎切段伸长的作用。     

外源IAA对NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响

以黄瓜‘津研四号’幼苗为试材,采用Hoagland营养液栽培,研究了不同浓度(0、0.01、0.1、1和10μmol·L-1)IAA处理对50 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的生长有抑制作用,0.01~1μmol·L-1外源IAA处理可显著增加黄瓜幼苗的生物量;使叶中Na+积累降低,K+积累增加,且IAA的缓解效果具有浓度效应。叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量提高,净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)增加,以1μmol·L-1 IAA处理的效果最好。添加1μmol·L-1外源IAA显著提高了碱胁迫下黄瓜叶中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性及还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,降低了碱胁迫诱导的活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化反应;而10μmol·L-1外源IAA处理则加剧碱胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的危害。     

隐花素在生长素调控拟南芥下胚轴伸长中的作用分析

以拟南芥野生型(Col-4)和隐花素双突变体cry1cry2为材料,研究不同光照条件下不同浓度吲哚乙酸(IAA)和IAA极性运输抑制剂氨基酞氨酸(NPA)对幼苗下胚轴伸长的影响。结果显示,低浓度IAA(10-7mol/L)可促进连续白光和红光下cry1cry2幼苗下胚轴伸长,而连续蓝光下cry1cry2下胚轴的伸长则受到抑制。蓝光下相同浓度的NPA对cry1cry2幼苗下胚轴伸长的抑制程度比野生型要小。RT-PCR分析结果显示,瞬时蓝光处理时IAA合成关键酶基因IGPS以及生长素应答基因IAA1和IAA5在cry1cry2突变体中的转录水平比野生型中要高。这表明隐花素可能部分通过调节IAA合成和/或IAA极性运输,介导蓝光调控拟南芥下胚轴的伸长。     

甾类激素炔雌醇、炔诺酮和左炔诺孕酮对拟南芥根生长的影响

采用不同浓度的人工合成甾类激素炔雌醇、炔诺酮和左炔诺孕酮处理拟南芥幼苗,研究3种激素对其根生长和根中内源激素含量的影响.结果表明:(1)30μg?L-1炔雌醇处理显著促进主根的伸长、侧根数及侧根总长的增加,促进主根根毛数和地下部鲜重的增加,增大内源IAA和iPAs含量,以及IAA/iPAs比值;3 000μg?L-1炔雌醇处理则增加主根的弯曲度;(2)炔诺酮活性相对较弱,浓度为300μg?L-1时对主根长、侧根数、侧根总长的促进效果最大,IAA含量增加而iPAs含量降低,IAA/iPAs比值最大;3 000μg?L-1炔诺酮则引起主根弯曲,抑制根毛的生长,但促进侧根数和的地下部鲜重的增加;(3)左炔诺孕酮的活性较高,3μg?L-1时对拟南芥主根长、主根根毛数增加最为显著;300μg?L-1时对侧根数、根毛密度的增幅最大,IAA含量增加,IAA/iPAs比值最大;3 000μg?L-1时显著抑制主根的生长和侧根的生成.     

外源一氧化氮供体浸种对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

外源一氧化氮供体硝普钠浸种可以提高玉米种子的发芽率,浓度为10、100、1000、2000μmol·L-1时,促进幼苗地上部和根的伸长生长,且有利于玉米侧根发生,幼苗叶片中的硝酸还原酶的活性也提高.以100μmol·L-1的硝普钠处理的综合效果最好.     

雪里蕻的组织培养和植株再生

1植物名称雪里蕻(Brassica juncea var.multicepsTsen et Lee). 2材料类别无菌苗的下胚轴. 3培养条件培养基:(1)1/2MS;(2)MS AgNO30.8 mg·L-1(单位下同) 6-BA 0.5 2,4-D 0.25;(3)MS AgNO3 0.8 6-BA 0.5 2,4-D 0.5;(4)MS AgNO3 0.8 6-BA 1 2,4-D 0.25;(5)MS AgNO30.8 6-BA 1 2,4-D 0.5;(6)MS 6-BA 0.25 IAA 0.1;(7)MS 6-BA 0.25 IAA 0.5;(8)MS 6-BA 0.5 IAA0.1;(9)MS 6-BA 0.5 IAA 0.5;(10)MS 6-BA1 IAA 0.1;(11)MS 6-BA 1 IAA 0.5;(12)1/2MS IAA 0.2.上述MS培养基中加30 g·L-1蔗糖,1/2MS培养基中加15 g·L-1蔗糖.固体培养基的胨力强度均为160 g·cm-2,pH 5.8.种子萌发于光照培养箱中26℃恒温培养,光照12 h·d-1,光强60μmol·m-2·s-1;其它培养温度为15～26℃,光照13 h·d-1,光强60～80μmol·m-2·s-1.     

植物凝胶和蔗糖对橡胶树体胚植株再生的影响

为了筛选巴西橡胶体胚植株最为适合的植物凝胶和蔗糖用量,该研究以巴西橡胶树无性系热研7-33-97成熟体细胞双子叶次生胚状体为材料,以添加0.23μmol·L~(-1)KT,0.11μmol·L~(-1)IAA和8.7μmol·L~(-1)GA3的MS培养基为植株再生培养基,研究了添加不同用量的植物凝胶和蔗糖对巴西橡胶树体胚植株再生和生长的影响。结果表明:在橡胶树体细胞胚植株再生培养基中,不同用量的植物凝胶对植株再生频率和植株生长状况有显著影响,较低浓度(0~1 g·L~(-1))时,随着用量增加,植株再生频率提高,但较高浓度(1~4 g·L~(-1))时,随着用量增加,植株生长受到抑制。植物凝胶添加1 g·L~(-1)时植株生长最好,植株再生率为(86.4±5.7)%,株高5 cm以上的占(53±9.4)%,带叶植株为(81.7±3)%;而蔗糖对植株再生频率影响不显著,但对再生植株生长的影响显著,低蔗糖(20~30 g·L~(-1))时促进植株抽叶但抑制茎干伸长,高蔗糖(70~80 g·L~(-1))时显著抑制抽叶但促进茎干伸长。蔗糖添加50 g·L~(-1)时植株生长最好,株高5 cm以上的占(57.6±5.4)%,株高5 cm以上带叶植株占(46.3±12.3)%,均为最高且从外观来看,在50 g·L~(-1)时植株茎干和根都较为粗壮。因此,在橡胶树体细胞胚植株再生培养基中,植物凝胶和蔗糖最佳用量分别为1 g·L~(-1)和50 g·L~(-1)。     

小金海棠叶片的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称苹果(砧木)小金海棠(Malus xiaojinensis Cheng et.Jiang). 2材料类别组培苗. 3培养条件以MS为基本培养基.(1)起始和增殖培养基:MS 6-BA 0.2 mg·L-1(单位下同) IAA0.5 3%蔗糖 6.5 g·L-1琼脂;(2)生长培养基:MS 6-BA 0.6 NAA 0.2 GA3 0.3 3%蔗糖 7 g·L-1琼脂;(3)再生培养基:MS 6-BA 1.0 NAA 1.0 TDZ4.0 3%蔗糖 7 g·L-1琼脂;(4)生根培养基:1/2MS IAA 1.0 3%蔗糖 6 g·L-1琼脂.培养基pH调整至5.8,121℃、0.11 MPa灭菌20 min.培养温度为(25±2)℃,光照时间14 h·d-1,光强为40μmol·m-2·s-1.     

外源Glu和GABA对梭梭种子萌发及呼吸速率的影响

通过不同浓度外源谷氨酸(Glu)和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)以及不同比例Glu/GABA处理梭梭种子,研究它们对梭梭种子萌发率、胚根长度和呼吸速率的影响.结果显示:(1)不同浓度的外源Glu均能显著提高梭梭种子的萌发率,促进胚根的伸长并增强其呼吸速率;(2)外源GABA在低浓度(0.1~5mmol·L-1)时能降低种子萌发率,促进胚根伸长,而高浓度(10mmol·L-1)的效应则相反;不同浓度GABA均抑制种子呼吸速率,且低浓度时抑制效果更明显;(3)不同比例Glu/GABA均能降低种子萌发率,抑制胚根伸长,增强呼吸速率.研究发现,梭梭种子的萌发和呼吸受到外源谷氨酸的促进,却受到外源γ-氨基丁酸的抑制.     

辣椒离体培养及再生体系的研究

选用9个辣椒(Capsicum annuumL.)品种(系),研究了不同激素组合、基因型、外植体类型、苗龄和Ag-NO3等因素对外植体不定芽分化和伸长的影响.结果表明,在6-BA/IAA为10∶1配比下,有利于辣椒外植体的分化再生,而6-BA/IAA为3∶1配比下适合于再生芽的伸长;不同品种辣椒的再生能力差别较大,分化率在13.3%~90.0%之间;辣椒子叶再生能力比下胚轴强,是较好的外植体材料;12~16 d苗龄的外植体分化频率较高;添加4mg?L-1AgNO3可使芽分化率平均提高16.9%.通过比较,筛选出了适合于辣椒芽分化的培养基为MB5(MS无机盐 B5有机成分) 5 mg?L-16-BA 0.5 mg?L-1IAA 4 mg?L-1AgNO3,芽伸长培养基为MB5 3 mg?L-16-BA 1 mg?L-1IAA 2 mg?L-1GA3 4 mg?L-1AgNO3,生根培养基为1/2 MS 0.2 mg?L-1IAA 0.1 mg?L-1NAA.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000