环境因素对琥珀酸放线杆菌Actinobacillus succinogenes CGMCC 1593发酵生产丁二酸的影响

琥珀酸放线杆菌是发酵生产有应用前景的生物基原料-丁二酸的微生物。本研究室从牛瘤胃中筛选获得一株琥珀酸放线杆菌Actinobacillus succinogenes CGMCC 1593, 分析了环境气体、pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)环境因素对琥珀酸放线杆菌A. succinogenes CGMCC 1593发酵生产丁二酸的影响。结果表明: CO2不仅提供了A. succinogenes CGMCC 1593发酵生产丁二酸的最佳气体环境, 也是发酵生产丁二酸的底物之一; MgCO3是A. succinogenes CGMCC 1593发酵过程较好的pH调节剂, 发酵过程维持pH7.1~6.2, 可满足菌体生长与产酸的要求; 发酵液初始ORP过低, 不利于菌体生长, ORP在-270 mV时对丁二酸产生有利。在菌体对数生长期结束时, 通过Na2S·9H2O降低发酵液ORP到-270 mV, 发酵48 h时可产丁二酸37 g/L, 摩尔产率达到129%。这对深入研究A. succinogenes CGMCC 1593发酵生产丁二酸具有参考价值。     

环境因素对琥珀酸放线杆菌Actinobacillus succinogenes CGMCC 1593发酵生产丁二酸的影响

琥珀酸放线杆菌是发酵生产有应用前景的生物基原料-丁二酸的微生物。本研究室从牛瘤胃中筛选获得一株琥珀酸放线杆菌Actinobacillus succinogenes CGMCC 1593, 分析了环境气体、pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)环境因素对琥珀酸放线杆菌A. succinogenes CGMCC 1593发酵生产丁二酸的影响。结果表明: CO2不仅提供了A. succinogenes CGMCC 1593发酵生产丁二酸的最佳气体环境, 也是发酵生产丁二酸的底物之一; MgCO3是A. succinogenes CGMCC 1593发酵过程较好的pH调节剂, 发酵过程维持pH7.1~6.2, 可满足菌体生长与产酸的要求; 发酵液初始ORP过低, 不利于菌体生长, ORP在-270 mV时对丁二酸产生有利。在菌体对数生长期结束时, 通过Na2S·9H2O降低发酵液ORP到-270 mV, 发酵48 h时可产丁二酸37 g/L, 摩尔产率达到129%。这对深入研究A. succinogenes CGMCC 1593发酵生产丁二酸具有参考价值。     

产琥珀酸放线杆菌发酵生产琥珀酸的研究进展

近年来,因瘤胃微生物产琥珀酸放线杆菌Actinobacillus succinogenes具有高的琥珀酸产量,并能够利用多种碳源进行发酵等优点,在利用发酵法生产琥珀酸领域具有广泛的应用前景和商业化价值,因而其代谢途径和发酵工艺等基础研究成为国内外研发的热点。近年来,人们在产琥珀酸放线杆菌的代谢途径、琥珀酸发酵动力学模型、新型经济培养基以及高产菌株选育等方面的研究取得了很大进展,对研发琥珀酸发酵工艺、降低生产成本和节能减耗等具有重要的理论意义。     

碳源对琥珀酸放线杆菌发酵产丁二酸的影响及其代谢流量分析

在厌氧条件下, Actinobacillus succinogenes能够利用单糖、双糖和糖醇等碳水化合物发酵生成丁二酸, 其中以山梨醇为碳源时丁二酸的产量最高。代谢流量分析结果表明: 与葡萄糖发酵相比较, 由于代谢系统中积累了更多的NADH, 使得代谢网络关键节点PYR和AcCoA处的代谢流量分配有了较大的变化, 导致更多的碳源流向丁二酸和乙醇, 而乙酸和甲酸的分泌相对减少。     

Succinic acid-producing biofilms of Actinobacillus succinogenes: reproducibility,stability and productivity

Continuous anaerobic fermentations were performed in a biofilm reactor packed with Poraver® beads. Dilution rates (D) varied between 0.054 and 0.72 h^?1, and d-glucose and CO₂ gas were used as carbon substrates. Steady-state conditions were shown to be repeatable and independent of the operational history. Production stability was achieved over periods exceeding 80 h at values of D below 0.32 h^?1. In these situations, steady-state variation (expressed as fluctuations in NaOH neutralisation flow rates) exhibited a standard deviation of less than 5 % while no indication of biofilm deactivation was detected. The total biomass amount was found to be independent of the dilution rate with an average dry concentration of 23.8?±?2.9 g L^?1 obtained for all runs. This suggests that the attachment area controls the extent of biofilm accumulation. Specific succinic acid (SA) productivities, based on the total biomass amount, exhibited a substantial decrease with decreasing D. An SA volumetric productivity of 10.8 g L^?1 h^?1 was obtained at D?=?0.7 h^?1—the highest value reported to date in Actinobacillus succinogenes fermentations. SA yields on glucose increased with decreasing D, with a yield of 0.90?±?0.01 g g^?1 obtained at a D of 0.054 h^?1. Production of formic acid approached zero with decreasing D, while the succinic to acetic acid ratio increased with decreasing D, resulting in an increasing SA yield on glucose.     

Respiratory glycerol metabolism of Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z for succinate production

Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z naturally produces among the highest levels of succinate from a variety of inexpensive carbon substrates. A few studies have demonstrated that A. succinogenes can anaerobically metabolize glycerol, a waste product of biodiesel manufacture and an inexpensive feedstock, to produce high yields of succinate. However, all these studies were performed in the presence of yeast extract, which largely removes the redox constraints associated with fermenting glycerol, a highly reduced molecule. We demonstrated that A. succinogenes cannot ferment glycerol in minimal medium, but that it can metabolize glycerol by aerobic or anaerobic respiration. These results were expected based on the A. succinogenes genome, which encodes respiratory enzymes, but no pathway for 1,3-propanediol production. We investigated A. succinogenes’s glycerol metabolism in minimal medium in a variety of respiratory conditions by comparing growth, metabolite production, and in vitro activity of terminal oxidoreductases. Nitrate inhibited succinate production by inhibiting fumarate reductase expression. In contrast, growth in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide and in microaerobic conditions allowed high succinate yields. The highest succinate yield was 0.75 mol/mol glycerol (75 % of the maximum theoretical yield) in continuous microaerobic cultures. A. succinogenes could also grow and produce succinate on partially refined glycerols obtained directly from biodiesel manufacture. Finally, by expressing a heterologous 1,3-propanediol synthesis pathway in A. succinogenes, we provide the first proof of concept that A. succinogenes can be engineered to grow fermentatively on glycerol.     

Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z厌氧发酵产丁二酸条件初步研究

对Actinobacillus succinogenes130Z厌氧发酵产丁二酸的培养条件进行了初步研究。研究了不同有机氮源,不同碳、氮源浓度配比、CO2供体、培养温度,培养基起始pH值对菌株生长和产酸的影响,并在5 L发酵罐中进行了放大试验。结果表明最佳培养基配方为(g/L):葡萄糖10,酵母膏5,NaHCO310,Na2HPO40.3,NaH2PO4.2H2O 9.6,K2HPO43,MgCl20.2,MnCl20.2,NaCl 0.1;pH7.0。在最佳条件下,血清瓶37℃培养24 h,丁二酸产量达到8.3 g/L,在5 L发酵罐中培养,葡萄糖质量浓度分别为10和100 g/L时,丁二酸产量分别达到8.2和45.6 g/L,收率分别为80%和65%。     

基因组改组技术选育耐酸性琥珀酸放线杆菌

以琥珀酸产生菌Actinobacillus succinogenes CGMCC 1593为出发菌,分别经过紫外线-甲基磺酸乙酯(UV-EMS)和紫外线-硫酸二乙酯(UV-DES)诱变处理,得到7株耐酸性有所提高的突变株.以此作为候选菌库,经3轮原生质体递进融合,筛选获得4株可以在pH 5.6下生长的改组菌株.其中改组菌株F3-21在pH 5.6的完全液体培养基中生长的OD值是原始菌的7倍,在pH 5.2条件下仍能生长;其摇瓶发酵48h琥珀酸产量较原始菌株提高48%.在5L发酵罐中进行分批发酵,当控制pH在较低值(5.6～6.0)时,F3-21厌氧发酵48h积累琥珀酸38.1g/L,较出发菌株提高了45%;当控制pH在6.5～7.0时,F3-21厌氧发酵32h积累琥珀酸40.7g/L.F3-21在5L发酵罐中进行补料分批发酵,厌氧发酵72h,产琥珀酸达67.4g/L.结果说明基因组改组技术能够改进琥珀酸放线菌的耐酸性能及其琥珀酸的产量.     

Effect of Overexpression of Actinobacillus succinogenes Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase on Succinate Production in Escherichia coli

Succinate fermentation was investigated in Escherichia coli strains overexpressing Actinobacillus succinogenes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). In E. coli K-12, PEPCK overexpression had no effect on succinate fermentation. In contrast, in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase mutant E. coli strain K-12 ppc::kan, PEPCK overexpression increased succinate production 6.5-fold.     

Succinic Acid Turnover and Propionate Production in the Bovine Rumen

High velocity constants for conversion of added succinate to propionate, together with estimations of pool size, showed that extracellular succinate is the major precursor of the propionate formed in the rumen. Some bacteria give off succinate as a final fermentation product which is decarboxylated by others to propionate.     

产琥珀酸放线杆菌的原生质体制备与再生

基因组重组技术是一项重要的菌种改造技术,原生质体制备和再生是进行基因组重组的前提和基础。目前少有关于产琥珀酸放线杆菌(Actinobacillus succinogenes)CGMCC2650原生质体研究的报道。为了优化该菌的原生质体制备和再生条件,及利用基因组重组技术构建优良菌种提供参考,研究了甘氨酸预处理,菌龄,酶浓度,作用时间,温度对产琥珀酸放线杆菌原生质体制备和再生的影响,并考察了不同渗透压稳定剂对其再生的影响。结果表明,菌体在添加了0.6mg/ml甘氨酸的TSB培养基中培养5h后收集,用SMM稀释到OD660=1.0,用0.025mg/ml溶菌酶在37℃下酶解45min制备原生质体,将原生质体涂布于含0.3mol/L蔗糖的再生培养基中,再生率最大,达到40.9%。确定了产琥珀酸放线杆菌原生质体制备和再生的最佳条件,所用的原生质体制备的方法对琥珀酸的产生没有影响,这为进一步开展该菌的原生质体诱变及基因组重组等研究奠定了基础。     

Genome-Based Metabolic Engineering of Mannheimia succiniciproducens for Succinic Acid Production

Succinic acid is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid produced as one of the fermentation products of anaerobic metabolism. Based on the complete genome sequence of a capnophilic succinic acid-producing rumen bacterium, Mannheimia succiniciproducens, gene knockout studies were carried out to understand its anaerobic fermentative metabolism and consequently to develop a metabolically engineered strain capable of producing succinic acid without by-product formation. Among three different CO₂-fixing metabolic reactions catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase, PEP carboxylase, and malic enzyme, PEP carboxykinase was the most important for the anaerobic growth of M. succiniciproducens and succinic acid production. Oxaloacetate formed by carboxylation of PEP was found to be converted to succinic acid by three sequential reactions catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase, fumarase, and fumarate reductase. Major metabolic pathways leading to by-product formation were successfully removed by disrupting the ldhA, pflB, pta, and ackA genes. This metabolically engineered LPK7 strain was able to produce 13.4 g/liter of succinic acid from 20 g/liter glucose with little or no formation of acetic, formic, and lactic acids, resulting in a succinic acid yield of 0.97 mol succinic acid per mol glucose. Fed-batch culture of M. succiniciproducens LPK7 with intermittent glucose feeding allowed the production of 52.4 g/liter of succinic acid, with a succinic acid yield of 1.16 mol succinic acid per mol glucose and a succinic acid productivity of 1.8 g/liter/h, which should be useful for industrial production of succinic acid.     

琥珀酸放线杆菌的耐高浓度钠离子菌株选育

以琥珀酸放线杆菌Actinobacillus succinogenes CGMCC 1593为出发菌,经过紫外线和甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变处理,选育出一株耐高浓度钠离子菌株SE-6.该菌株在5 L发酵罐中进行分批发酵,单独使用Na2CO3控制发酵过程pH,发酵48 h琥珀酸产量达到35.8g/L,较出发菌(26.0 g/L)提高了37.7%;若采用MgCO3和Na2CO3共同调控发酵过程pH,发酵48 h琥珀酸产量达到45.0 g/L,较出发菌(37.4g/L)提高了20.4%.     

Development of a Markerless Knockout Method for Actinobacillus succinogenes

Actinobacillus succinogenes is one of the best natural succinate-producing organisms, but it still needs engineering to further increase succinate yield and productivity. In this study, we developed a markerless knockout method for A. succinogenes using natural transformation or electroporation. The Escherichia coli isocitrate dehydrogenase gene with flanking flippase recognition target sites was used as the positive selection marker, making use of A. succinogenes''s auxotrophy for glutamate to select for growth on isocitrate. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae flippase recombinase (Flp) was used to remove the selection marker, allowing its reuse. Finally, the plasmid expressing flp was cured using acridine orange. We demonstrate that at least two consecutive deletions can be introduced into the same strain using this approach, that no more than a total of 1 kb of DNA is needed on each side of the selection cassette to protect from exonuclease activity during transformation, and that no more than 200 bp of homologous DNA is needed on each side for efficient recombination. We also demonstrate that electroporation can be used as an alternative transformation method to obtain knockout mutants and that an enriched defined medium can be used for direct selection of knockout mutants on agar plates with high efficiency. Single-knockout mutants of the fumarate reductase and of the pyruvate formate lyase-encoding genes were obtained using this knockout strategy. Double-knockout mutants were also obtained by deleting the citrate lyase-, β-galactosidase-, and aconitase-encoding genes in the pyruvate formate lyase knockout mutant strain.     

Enhanced production of succinic acid by Actinobacillus succinogenes with reductive carbon source

Carbon sources with different oxidation states were used to investigate the possibility increasing the availability of NADH and the NADH/NAD⁺ ratio and to determine the effect of this manipulation on the distribution of metabolites in Actinobacillus succinogenes NJ113. The sugars glucose, sorbitol and gluconate were each used at an initial concentration of 40 g/L.The yield of succinic acid (0.75) and the ratio of succinic acid to acetic acid (5.06) were both higher for sorbitol than the values obtained with glucose (0.66 and 2.68, respectively). In contrast, with gluconate as the carbon source the yield of succinic acid was 0.54 and the ratio of succinic acid to acetic acid was only 1.70. This work showed that different levels of NADH availability and the NADH/NAD⁺ ratio can be achieved by using carbon sources that have different oxidation states.Highly reduced sorbitol was examined as a possible carbon substrate for maximizing the redox potential during the production of succinic acid.     

响应面优化产琥珀酸放线杆菌生产丁二酸

丁二酸是一种重要的C4化合物平台,可以合成一系列重要化合物。文中对产琥珀酸放线杆菌Actinobacillus succinogenes GXAS137发酵生产丁二酸培养基成分进行优化。通过单因素和Plackett-Burman试验设计筛选出影响丁二酸发酵的重要参数,采用最陡爬坡实验逼近最大丁二酸生产区域后,利用Box-Behnken设计确定重要参数的最佳水平。筛选结果表明,影响丁二酸产量的重要参数是葡萄糖、酵母提取物和碱式碳酸镁浓度。最佳条件为(g/L)：葡萄糖70.00,酵母提取物9.20,碱式碳酸镁58.10。优化后丁二酸产量达到47.64 g/L。与初始条件 (36.89 g/L) 相比,丁二酸浓度提高了30 %。在最佳工艺条件下得到的试验结果与模型预测值很吻合,说明建立的模型是有效的。     

重组大肠杆菌产琥珀酸研究进展

琥珀酸作为一种优秀的C4平台化合物, 广泛用于生物高分子、食品与医药等行业, 市场潜在需求量巨大。采用微生物发酵法生产琥珀酸, 可利用廉价的可再生资源, 实现石油的原料替代, 而且过程污染小, 环境友好, 且在发酵过程中可吸收固定温室气体CO2, 开辟了其利用的新途径, 近年来引起了广泛关注。在丁二酸生产菌株中, 大肠杆菌由于其遗传背景清楚, 易操作易调 控, 培养基要求简单, 生长迅速等优点, 近年来被广泛用于研究以获得产琥珀酸优秀生产菌株。本工作系统综述了产琥珀酸大肠杆菌构建中所采用的基因工程策略及代谢工程技术, 并探讨了今后研究的方向。     

大肠杆菌产琥珀酸基因工程研究进展

生物合成琥珀酸摆脱了对不可再生战略资源石油的依赖,以其社会、经济和环境效益展现出良好的发展前景。野生型大肠杆菌的琥珀酸生产强度难以满足生物合成琥珀酸工业化的要求,但遗传背景清楚,容易改造。近年来,人们深入研究了大肠杆菌的琥珀酸代谢途径,通过强化大肠杆菌琥珀酸合成途径、抑制琥珀酸旁路代谢途径、构建产琥珀酸乙醛酸循环和有氧生产体系等多种基因工程策略,对大肠杆菌进行菌株改造和代谢进化筛选,提高了琥珀酸产量。综述了大肠杆菌产琥珀酸的基因工程研究进展。