Principles of insecticide action on mushroom cropping: incorporation into casing

The incorporation of organophosphorous insecticides into the casing layer of mushroom beds reduces the numbers of mushrooms, according to a logistic relationship with log₁₀ (dose). The cumulative numbers at any flush are affected in this way, and the response of individual flushes may, therefore, be represented by the difference between two logistic curves. This explains the observed increases in numbers in the second and third flushes following diazinon treatment and in the fourth following thionazin, pirimiphos-methyl and pirimiphos-ethyl. No compensation in numbers followed chlorfenvinphos treatment. This decreasing response pattern reflected the increasing residual action of the insecticides. Mushroom size was inversely related to numbers but even when numbers in any flush were unaffected by the treatment, there was usually an increase in size. Thus yield increases occurred in most flushes at commercial concentrations of four insecticides (thionazin compensated only in the fourth flush) and total yields were increased by 8 to 13%.     

The fate, distribution and biological performance of insecticide residues in vegetable crops following seedling treatment

Carrot, cauliflower and radish seedlings raised in sand culture and treated with aqueous suspensions containing chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, iodofenphos or triazophos were planted into the field in 1982 and 1983 to compare the performance against cabbage root fly and carrot fly of these treatments with that of bow-wave applications of granular formulations at sowing. Initial residue concentrations were up to 4100 mg kg^-1 in the seedlings at planting. Thereafter the amounts of insecticides per root system declined. Residue concentrations in mature carrot and radish roots were smaller when plants had been treated as seedlings rather than by bow-wave application. Chlorfenvinphos was the most effective insecticide against both pests. Amounts of insecticide applied in transplanted seedlings were < 5% of the amounts applied by the bow-wave method but short-term control of cabbage root fly on radish was similar. Carrot fly damage was reduced by 60% by some of the seedling treatments after 16 wk in 1982 but in 1983 they were less effective. Pot experiments with chlorfenvinphos showed that most of the insecticide in the seedlings was transferred rapidly into the surrounding soil and it was concluded that the bioactivity resulted mainly from uniform distribution of the released insecticide between and around individual plants.     

Principles of insecticide action on mushroom cropping: incorporation into compost

A series of cropping experiments has demonstrated that mushroom yields show an approximate logistic response to a range of insecticide concentrations incorporated in the compost. This principle applies only to the cumulative yield at any flush, and the response of an individual flush is, therefore, related to the difference between two logistic curves. Increases in crop can thus occur in later flushes, partially compensating for earlier losses. With diazinon treatments, but not thionazin, some of this compensation was due to increases in the size of mushrooms. It is concluded that commercial applications of 50 ppm diazinon could cause up to 2–5 % reduction in crop and that 10 ppm thionazin may cause a 6% loss which must be weighed against the advantages of treatment. Suggestions are made for the design and interpretation of future trials.     

Influence of formulation on chlorfenvinphos uptake and cabbage root fly control on radish

Granular and liquid formulations of chlorfenvinphos were applied to a sandy-loam as continuous logarithmically-changing doses of approximately 0.2 to 4.0 kg a.i./ha and radish were sown immediately and 23 days after treatment. After 62 days, insecticide concentrations in the soil had not diminished detectably in the granule treatment but had declined by about 20% in the liquid treatment. In both sowings, residues in the harvested radish were higher, dose-for-dose, from the granule than from the liquid treatment and with both formulations were lower in the second than in the first sowing. Within treatments there were log-log relationships between the dose of insecticide and residue concentrations in the soil and radish. In both sowings the residues were most variable between replicate soil and crop samples from the granule treatment. In the first sowing, cabbage root fly damage was reduced most by the liquid treatment but in the second sowing equivalent doses of the two formulations gave similar protection. At 2.0, 2.24 or 3.0 kg a.i./ha, chlorfenvinphos incorporated before sowing protected radish better than pre-sowing or pre-emergence applications to the soil surface. When applied before sowing, the liquid formulation gave better protection and lower residue concentrations in the radish than the granules. As a post-emergence spray, chlorfenvinphos was much more effective than fonofos, diazinon or triazophos but it was often phytotoxic, decreased yield significantly, left large residues in the radish in two of the four experiments and, in common with other surface treatments, substantially decreased the Z:E chlorfenvinphos isomer ratio. Although a single application of granules protected two successive radish crops, it was concluded that third and subsequent sowings on the same land should probably be treated with smaller doses to limit terminal residues.     

Control of potato cyst-nematode, Heterodera rostochiensis, in silt and peat loams by ten pesticides applied to the soil at planting time

Incorporated in silt or peat loam top-soil in spring before susceptible potatoes were planted, three carbamoyl oximes, aldicarb, Tirpate (2,4-dimethyl-2-formyl 1-1,3-dithiolane oxime iV-methylcarbamate) and Du Pont 1410 (S-methyl i-(dimethylcarbamoyl)-N-((methylcarbamoyl) oxy) thioformimidate) and one organophosphate, Nemacur (O-ethyl-O-(3-methyl-4-methylthiophenyl)-isopropylamidophosphate) all at n-2 kg a.i./ha greatly increased the yield of tubers and effectively controlled potato cyst-nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.). At the same dosage thionazin was as effective in the peat loam but was ineffective in the silt loam; phorate and Mocap (O-ethyl S,S-dipropyl phosphorodithioate) were less effective and chlorfenvinphos, diazinon and a coarse granule formulation of fensulphothion were ineffective in controlling potato cyst-nematode.     

The protection of carrots against carrot fly (Psila rosae) with granular and emulsifiable concentrate formulations of chlorfenvinphos incorporated in gels used for drilling pre germinated seed in a sandy loam

Field experiments were done in a sandy loam in 1979 and 1980 to investigate the performance against carrot fly on carrots of e. c. and granular formulations of chlorfenvinphos incorporated in gels used for drilling pre-germinated seed. With 9·4–66·7 mg a. i./m row, the two formulations performed similarly in a natural hydrocolloid and a mineral colloid gel. Thus the emergence of carrot seedlings 6–7 wk after drilling was similar on plots with untreated gel and those with insecticide-treated gel and, about 6 months after drilling when > 90% of carrots grown without insecticide were damaged by carrot fly larvae, an approximately six-fold increase in dose of both formulations increased the estimated larval mortality from about 70 to 95%. Mean concentrations of residues of total (Z + E) isomers of chlorfenvinphos in harvested carrots treated with 9·4–56·5 mg a. i./m row were50% of the insecticide had been released into both gels.     

A laboratory method for studying the biology and control of pests in mushroom compost

A Petri dish technique, devised by Eger (1960, 1962) for studying mycelial growth through mushroom compost and casing material, has been modified for pest investigations. The method provides a sensitive test for phytotoxic and insecticidal action of applied chemicals, and experiments are described which indicate that thionazin is a suitable insecticide for use against Heteropeza pygmaea Winnertz (Dipt.: Cecidomyiidae). Examples are also given of the use of this method in the study of the biology and population dynamics of paedogenetic Cecidomyiidae.     

Physiological studies of a hybrid between populations of Dactylis glomerata from contrasting climatic regions. II. Intra population variation

Mushroom compost was treated with nematicides and infested with Aphelenchoides composticola at the time of filling into growing containers. Yields of mushrooms from infested untreated control composts were reduced to 40–60% of yields from uninfested control compost. Yields from infested compost treated with fenamiphos emulsifiable concentrate (e.c.) at 10 or 20 mg a.i./kg, thiabendazole wettable powder at 40 or 60 mg a.i./kg or oxamyl granules at 20 mg a.i./kg were as high as from uninfested controls. Compost treated with granules of AC 64,475 up to 20 mg a.i./kg or ethoprophos or thionazin up to 80 mg a.i./kg gave yields significantly lower than uninfested controls. Numbers of nematodes rose to about 10⁶/20 g of compost in untreated compost and then fell, and a similar peak occurred in treatments in which yields were substantially reduced by nematode damage. Treatments which yielded as well as the uninfested controls held maximum nematode numbers down to about 10V20 g of compost but populations stayed at this level or tended to rise while numbers in untreated compost fell. Incorporation of fenamiphos in casing or its application to the surface of beds 3 wk after cropping began gave lower yields than the uninfested control but mushrooms were being produced late in the cropping cycle. Fenamiphos e.c. at 20 mg ai./kg incorporated in compost is considered a practical preventive measure for control of A. composticola.     

Biology and control of the sciarid Lycoriella auripila Winn. (Diptera: Lycoriidae) in mushroom culture

The life-history of L. auripila, as a pest of mushrooms, is outlined and an explanation is given of the different types of damage caused. The most satisfactory control is based on the incorporation of insecticides in compost at spawning. Emulsions of chlorfenvinphos and diazinon at 50 ppm are lethal to young larvae for at least 7 weeks but granular formulations of the former must be applied at 100 ppm to achieve comparable results. Drenches of 0–01% malathion, applied at about 40 gal/1000 ft², are effective against larvae in the casing.     

Mushroom mycelium and compost substrates in relation to the survival of the larva of the sciarid Lycoriella auripila

The development of sciarids was reduced in old casing and in casing to which a commercial composting additive was added in large amounts. In laboratory tests, adding water, soya bean, cotton seed or oatmeal to finished mushroom composts reduced the mean development time of the larvae of Lycoriella auripila. Soya bean meal significantly increased the number of adult sciarids which matured. While the presence of mushroom mycelium in large quantities inhibited the development of sciarids, smaller amounts increased either the number of larvae maturing or their rate of development in different tests. Larvae were seen to feed on mycelium. The addition of sucrose solution either reduced or prolonged development time in different tests. Nitrogenous additives encouraged the growth of ‘weed moulds’. Both these and the number of sciarids which developed were reduced by adding a solution of calcium nitrate. The results suggested that more selective composts, favouring rapid mycelial colonization, would provide ‘cultural’ control of mushroom sciarids.     

Monitoring on Insecticide Resistance of the Brown Planthopper and the White Backed Planthopper in Asia

Annual change in insecticide susceptibility of the long-range migrating rice insects, the brown planthopper (BPH) and the white backed planthopper (WBPH), monitored by topical application was reviewed covering temperate and tropical Asia. Monitoring in Japan revealed consistent increase in topical LD₅₀ of BPH for various insecticides during the period between 1967 and 1983 with small peak in 1979 and abrupt increase occurred in 1984 and 1985 with the highest peak ever observed, and then recovered to the 1979 level and remain unchanged to the present. The WBPH showed no obvious change until 1984 when marked increase in LD₃₀, especially for the organoosphates occurred and gradual increase still continues. In the tropics, recent data on BPH obtained from Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia shows apparent development of insecticide resistance with remarkable increase in LD₅₀ as compared to the late 1970's data. Present level of insecticide susceptibility is close to those in temperate Asia. WBPH from those tropical zone also showed remarkable increase in LD₅₀ during the last two decades.     

Spectrum of cross-resistance to insecticides in field samples of the primary sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina

Hughes P. B. (1981) Spectrum of cross-resistance to insecticides in field samples of the primary sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. Internationaljournal for Parasitology11:475–479. Resistance to the organophosphorous (OP) insecticide, diazinon, is due to a major gene on chromosome 4. To examine the spectrum of cross-resistance in field populations of Lucilia cuprina, larvae from 41 field samples were exposed to the susceptible discriminating doses of five insecticides. A comparison of the mortalities produced by diazinon to those caused by the other OPs tested (fenthion-ethyl, chlorfenvinphos and coumaphos) indicates that the diazinon resistance gene may confer cross-resistance to other OPs used for blowfly control. However, two samples were found to be resistant to diazinon but susceptible to coumaphos. The OP resistance gene is present at a high frequency in field populations, with a mean frequency of 0–82. Mortalities produced by the carbamate, butacarb, did not relate to those due to diazinon. It seems that a separate mechanism for carbamate resistance is also present in the field. No indication of resistance was found to the insect growth regulator Vetrazin^® in any sample tested.     

Organophosphorus diazinon induced toxicity in the fish anguilla angvilla L.

1. Acute toxicity effects of diazinon on European eel (Anguilla anguilla) were examined using short-term exposures in static conditions.2. The lc₅₀ values found were: 0.16, 0.11, 0.09 and 0.08 mg/1 at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr exposure, respectively.3. Eels were exposed to 0.056 mg/l of diazinon and the bioaccumulation and elimination of this insecticide in liver, muscle, gill and blood tissues were studied.4. BCF were 800 in liver, 1600 in muscle tissue and 2300 and 2730 in gill and blood tissue, respectively.5. The BCF₁ were 0.30 for liver, 0.60 for muscle and 0.84 for gill. Higher accumulation capacity of the gill was observed for the first hour of exposure.6. Diazinon elimination from the selected tissues was rapid, diazinon levels were not detected in any tissue after 24 hr in clean water.7. The excretion rate constants (K₂) of this insecticide were 0.023 hr⁻¹ for liver, 0.005 hr⁻¹ for gill and 0.019 ⁻¹ for muscle.8. Diazinon half-lives were calculated as 30.6, 32.2 and 38.3 hr for liver, muscle and gill, respectively.     

Susceptibility of mushroom pests to the insect-parasitic nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis heliothidis

The potential of two species of insect-parasitic rhabditid nematodes (Steinernema feltiae, Heterorhabditis heliothidis) for biological control of mushroom flies was studied in pot trials. Three Diptera that commonly infest mushroom crops were used; the larvae of Megaselia halterata (Phoridae), Heteropeza pygmaea (Cecidomyiidae) and Lycoriella auripila (Sciaridae) were all susceptible to parasitism by both nematode species. Fewer adult phorids and sciarids emerged when compost was nematode-treated and, for L. auripila, the effects of nematode applications at spawning, casing or on both occasions were compared. Casing treatments were more effective than spawning treatments; little extra benefit was gained from applying the nematodes twice. Populations of paedogenetic larvae of H. pygmaea built up rapidly in untreated compost, but were reduced when S. feltiae was applied, and were eradicated by H. heliothidis. Because they can penetrate insect cuticle, as well as natural body openings, Heterorhabditis spp. may be more suitable than Steinernema spp. for the control of mushroom fly larvae.     

Effects of pesticide treatments on the yield of swedes

The effects of insecticide and fungicide applications to swedes (Brassica napus var. napobrassica) were examined at 15 sites in England from 1974 to 1978. Several different pesticide combinations were applied including carbofuran granules at drilling (63 mg a. i./m of row), demeton-S-methyl sprays (0·24 kg a. i./ha) and fluotrimazole sprays (0·18 kg a. i./ha). The best treatments, which varied in different years, gave significantly higher yields than no treatment in 12 out of a total of 15 trials, with varying levels of damage attributable to cabbage root fly (Delia brassicae), aphids (Myzus persicae) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum) in each of the 4 years. In 10 of 12 trials, plots receiving a complete insecticide and fungicide programme yielded on average 40% (range 21–61%) more than untreated plots, mainly through control of root fly and aphids in 1975 and of aphids and mildew in 1976. Aphid damage to swedes was exceptionally severe in both years. Granular formulations of aldicarb, carbofuran, chlorfenvinphos or fonofos used alone to prevent cabbage root fly damage gave significant yield benefits in only 8 of the 15 trials, with least effect in 1977 and 1978 when growing conditions for swedes were good and damage relatively light.     

Control of insecticide resistance in a field population of houseflies,Musca domestica,by releasing susceptible flies

Susceptible houseflies, Musca domestica, were released at a waste disposal site to control insecticide resistance in a field housefly population. In the first experiment, a total of 163,000 pupae of the susceptible Takatsuki strain were released in October–November 1977. LD₅₀ values to fenitrothion and diazinon decreased to about one-sixth in April 1978, five months after the releases, of those before the releases. For the second experiment, a susceptible colony was derived by cross and backcross between a white-eyed substrain of the Takatsuki and a field colony. This susceptible colony consisted of whiteeyed flies with low activity and normal-eyed flies bearing no or one white eye gene. The results of large cage experiments suggested that the normal-eyed males of the susceptible colony had half the mating competitiveness of wild males. Approximately 31,000–46,000 susceptible pupae were used in each of five releases from October to November 1980. The population number of each sex, estimated by a mark-release-recapture method, increased from 12,000 in late September to 35,000–43,000 in middle November and then decreased to 5,000–8,000 in early December. The frequency of field-collected males bearing one white eye gene and those bearing one male determining factor, which were characteristics of the susceptible colony released, increased gradually during the period of releases. The susceptibility of the field population to fenitrothion and diazinon was examined five times in the period from September to December 1980. With time, the dosage-mortality regression gradually shifted towards that of the susceptible colony after starting the releases. LD₅₀ values to fenitrothion and diazinon decreased to about one-sixth and one-fifth, respectively, in June 1981, six months after the second series of susceptible fly releases, of those before the releases. Ratios of the wild flies to the released fiies were estimated to be between 4.7∶1 and 9.8∶1 in males and between 3.0∶1 and 3.9∶1 in females by taking the quality of the released colony and the population parameters of the field houseflies into consideration. Under several assumptions, the manner of resistant phenotype reduction was discussed, based on the dosage-mortality regressions and the ratios of released flies. These results showed that the releases of susceptible flies were successful in suppression of insecticide resistance in the field housefly population.     

Toxicity and neurophysiological effects of fipronil and fipronil sulfone on the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Fipronil is a member of the relatively new phenylpyrazole insecticide class that is active at the neuro‐inhibitory gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)‐gated chloride channel/ionopore complex. The toxicity and neurophysiological effects of fipronil and its oxidative sulfone metabolite [5‐amino‐1‐(2,6‐dichloro‐4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)‐3‐cyano‐4‐trifluoromethylsulfonylpyrazole] were investigated by using an insecticide‐susceptible western corn rootworm population. In topical bioassays using adult rootworms, fipronil was toxic at very low doses (LD₅₀ = 0.07; LD₉₀ = 0.33 ng/mg). At the LD₉₀, pre‐treatment with the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor piperonyl butoxide led to mild antagonism of fipronil toxicity (LD₉₀ = 0.42 ng/mg), while the sulfone analog had greater toxicity (LD₉₀ = 0.22 ng/mg). In neurophysiological studies of spontaneous electrical activity, adult and larval rootworms were equally affected by fipronil and the sulfone analog at 10 μM (in the presence of 5 mM GABA) in comparison to GABA‐treated baselines. Using larval rootworms, insensitivity of the GABA receptor to binding by picrotoxinin or dieldrin (10 μM ) was not apparent in the presence of 5 mM GABA. Further neurophysiological investigation using a range of concentrations (0.625–20.0 μM) on larval rootworms indicated concentration‐dependent effects on bursting activity for both fipronil and the sulfone analog; however, subtle differences were observed between these two compounds. Results indicate that both fipronil and its oxidative sulfone metabolite have similar toxicological and neurological effects on rootworms. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 40:150–156, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Microbial characteristics of sandy soils exposed to diazinon under laboratory conditions

Changes in microbiological characteristics in response to diazinon, applied at three different dosages of 7, 35 and 700 mg kg^?1 soil, were studied in pots filled with sandy soils of different texture. The insecticide dosages corresponded to the maximum predicted environmental concentration (PEC) in field conditions and five or hundred times this rate, respectively. To ascertain these changes, activities of selected soil enzymes, numbers of some microbial populations and bacterial community structure (r/K-strategists) were determined. Acid phosphatase activity and concentrations of ammonium ions either increased or were unaffected by the diazinon dosages. In contrast, nitrate ions, alkaline phosphatase, urease and especially dehydrogenase activities decreased in both soils treated with the higher dosages of the insecticide. The diazinon treatments increased the numbers of culturable bacteria and fungi; however, N-fixing bacteria and nitrifiers (but not denitrifiers) were decreased in both soils. When the high concentration of diazinon (100-times PEC) was added to the loamy sand soil (LS), simulating an undiluted chemical spill, the bacterial community structure shifted towards domination of K-strategists over time. However, r-strategists dominated in the community exposed to the same dosage of the insecticide in the sandy loam soil (SL). Generally, SL soil characteristics were more suitable for microbial activity and growth than those of LS soil were. The results indicate that except a situation of undiluted spill diazinon seems to be a non-hazardous chemical for the culturable soil microorganisms when applied at recommended concentrations.     

Effects of Selected Chemical Pesticides on Agamermis unka (Nematoda: Mermithidae), a Parasite of the Brown Plant Hopper,Nilaparvata lugens

Selected commercial and technical grade pesticides were tested against the egg, preparasite and adult stages of Agamermis unka , a nematode parasite of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens . The commercial insecticide, diazinon (LC = 0.37 ppm), was most toxic to the 50 preparasites, followed by phenthoate (LC = 0.43 ppm), BPMC (LC = 0.44 ppm), IBP 50 50 (LC = 0.46 ppm), cartap hydrochloride (LC = 0.82 ppm) and buprofezin + isoprocarb 50 50 (LC = 1.11 ppm). The least toxic commercial pesticide tested was the fungicide, pencycuron 50 (LC = 2.19 ppm). Out of 12 technical grade insecticides tested, phenthoate, monocrotophos, 50 diazinon and carbofuran (LC = 0.37-0.46 ppm) were highly toxic to the preparasites, followed by 50 buprofezin, BPMC and fenitrothion (LC = 0.74-0.86 ppm). Fenthion, etofenprox, chlorpyrifos, 50 imidacloprid and MIPC (LC = 1.11-2.19 ppm) were the technical grade insecticides least toxic 50 to the preparasites. Most preparasites survived for up to 24 h at the low insecticide concentrations (0.63 and 0.31 ppm). Preparasites that were exposed to BPMC for 24 h at concentrations as high as 5.0 ppm and survived the treatments infected brown planthopper nymphs. Four selected insecticides-chlorpyrifos, BPMC, imidacloprid and carbofuran-had significant adverse effects on A. unka egg hatching. Eggs that were in the insecticide solution for 168 h fared poorly with imidacloprid having the best survival ( > 2% of the eggs hatching at 0.04 ppm). No eggs hatched from the other insecticide treatments. Three selected insecticides, BPMC, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos, tested against adult A. unka showed that most adults survived the exposure to the insecticides between 0.31 and 2.5 ppm. At 5.0 ppm of BPMC or chlorpyrifos none of the adults survived, whereas with imidacloprid 70% of the adults survived. Egg deposition by the surviving adults was greatly reduced in those treated with the insecticides compared with those in the controls. Imidacloprid had some negative impact on the preparasites' ability to infect BPH nymphs, but it had the least detrimental effect of the insecticides tested on preparasite survival and on the eggs and adults of A. unka .     

网粒体超疏水性在茶小绿叶蝉防杀虫剂渗透中的屏障效应

【目的】茶小绿叶蝉Empoasca onukii体表覆盖的网粒体具有超疏水性，杀虫剂喷雾触碰虫体后药滴动态是否受网粒体影响尚未完全清楚。本研究旨在明确网粒体在茶小绿叶蝉成虫抵御杀虫剂雾滴渗透的屏障作用。【方法】以罗丹明B(RhB)作为指示剂添加到测试的杀虫剂(联苯菊酯和茚虫威)中，利用可拍照显微镜观察记录联苯菊酯(1.25 mg/L和0.05 mg/L)和茚虫威(0.006 mg/L和0.0009 mg/L)喷雾处理后24 h，茶小绿叶蝉成虫翅面药滴滚落、蒸发、被抖动扫除等行为动态，分析翅面药滴大小与蒸发后固化形态的关系；测定网粒体移除前后药滴与翅面的接触角，统计不同疏水性翅面上的网粒体分布密度；收集并利用扫描电镜分析叶蝉体表抖落的药滴及药剂颗粒是否含有网粒体，同时观察网粒体与翅面残留溶质接触的显微形态。【结果】药滴动态观察显示，圆球状药滴在茶小绿叶蝉成虫翅面不会自行滚落，72.0%成虫静止等待翅面药滴蒸发，蒸发后形成药剂颗粒或不规则药斑与药滴大小无关，而与虫体翅面的疏水类型有关，蒸发后24 h内翅面的药剂颗粒都被叶蝉抖动扫除；在叶蝉疏水性强翅面上，药滴的静态接触角为141.63±8.06°，药滴蒸发后形成药剂颗粒，网粒体分布密度为6.1±1.2粒/μm²，而疏水性弱的翅面上药滴蒸发形成药斑，网粒体分布密度为2.2±0.9粒/μm²；SEM图片显示被茶小绿叶蝉抖落的药滴和药剂颗粒表面均带有网粒体，药斑和药剂颗粒的显微结构显示网粒体出现聚集并与残留溶质相融合。【结论】超疏水性网粒体的均匀分布决定药滴触碰茶小绿叶蝉成虫翅面后形成圆球状，网粒体的亲油性及团聚性促使药滴蒸发后形成药剂颗粒，网粒体的脱落性使药剂颗粒可被茶小绿叶蝉成虫抖动扫除。