不同育性三角梅品种之间的形态、花粉活力、造访昆虫及黄酮醇含量的比较研究（英文）

三角梅高度不育,到目前为止其不育机理仍未理解透彻。本研究通过比较三角梅中可育和不育品种之间的生殖器官特征、花粉的活力、造访昆虫以及花粉中的类黄酮积累差异,为揭示其不育机理提供更多的证据。四个可育和两个不育三角梅品种的花萼管比较结果显示,可育品种的花萼管饱满呈长卵形,而不育品种的花萼管细长管状。可育品种的花粉形态均匀,而不育品种的花粉大小不一。花粉活性结果显示,可育品种的花粉萌发率在11. 1%～46. 5%,不育品种的花粉在相同的培养条件下几乎不萌发。在可育和不育品种间,共有七种昆虫造访,但昆虫的种类没有表现出明显的差异和偏好。类黄酮积累调查结果显示山奈酚/槲皮素糖苷衍生物是花粉中的主要类黄酮组分。利用花粉荧光染料DPBDA对四个可育和两个不育三角梅品种花器官中的黄酮醇含量比较显示,可育材料中的两种黄酮醇的含量显著高于不育材料,花粉管尖端的荧光信号相比花粉管的其他位置更丰富。我们推测黄酮醇含量差异,特别是槲皮素含量可能对三角梅花粉的活力有一定的积极作用。     

不同水稻花粉育性耐高温的差异比较研究

长江中下游一季稻的花粉发育和授粉受精极易受到盛夏高温的危害,是导致一季稻产量不稳定的主要自然因素.选育花粉发育耐高温的品种是提高一季稻稳产性的关键.本研究对190份水稻材料在高温条件下的花粉育性进行了比较,结果显示:MZQA8和MCQA2等花粉可染率高于80％、结实率高于70％的耐高温材料有36个;部分花粉染败、结实率...     

刺五加花粉活力和柱头可授性的研究

用TTC法测定了刺五加花粉的活力和寿命,用联苯胺一过氧化氢法、开花后套袋法测定了其柱头可授期,用扫描电子显微镜观察了刺五加柱头的亚显微形态特征。结果表明,刺五加长花丝植株的花粉活力比中花丝植株的高;花粉活力及其下降快慢随生境不同而有所差异;通常情况下,花粉寿命约4天。刺五加长花丝植株的柱头一直不具有可授性;中花丝植株和短花丝植株的柱头,因所处生镜不同,在开花后5-7、6-8、或7-9天具可授性;生境越郁闭,柱头具可授性的时间越晚。具可授性的柱头有独特的形态特征,即：柱头外翻、5或4裂、湿性、乳突细胞呈猫耳朵状。     

钝裂银莲花花粉活力测定方法的研究

以3种花色（黄色、浅黄色和白色）钝裂银莲花为研究对象,分别采用TTC染色、I2-I染色、无机酸测定和蔗糖萌发4种方法,测定了钝裂银莲花（Anemone obtusiloba）的花粉活力,同时比较了不种方法对花粉活力的测定效果,并了解了花粉活力在一天内的动态变化情况。结果表明：（1）钝裂银莲花花粉可育率很高,达80%左右。花粉直径为28.75~33.75 m 。（2）TTC浓度影响花粉活力的测定,当浓度为0.5%时,所测花粉活力的效果较好。（3）I2-I法的染色效果不理想,染色率仅为8.33%~22.2%,且3种花色花粉活力测定数据间差异不显著。（4）3种花色钝裂银莲花花粉活力有差异,黄色最高,浅黄色次之,白色最低。TTC染色法是简单快速测定钝裂银莲花花粉活力的最适方法。一天内花粉活力在12:00~14:00最大。     

甘草花粉超微鉴定及花粉活力、柱头可授性荧光显微镜观察

对甘草的有性生殖特性进行了研究,利用扫描电子显微镜对乌拉尔甘草、光果甘草和胀果甘草花粉的超微结构进行观察,利用荧光显微镜确定乌拉尔甘草的授粉方式、花粉生活力和柱头活性以及授粉后受精时间.结果表明,花粉超微结构为甘草的鉴别提供了一定的形态学依据;甘草的授粉方式属于闭花受精;花粉生活力在每天12:00时最强,去雄后超过4d的柱头已经不具备接受花粉的能力;对授粉后不同时间的雌蕊进行研究得出授粉后6h花粉管进入胚珠进行受精.     

芍药花粉活力和柱头可授性的研究

用TTC法测定了芍药花粉的活力和寿命,用联苯胺—过氧化氢法测定了其柱头的可授期。结果表明,栽培芍药单瓣花植株的花粉活力和重瓣花植株的花粉活力在开花初期(1～2d)无明显差别,但重瓣花植株的花粉活力比单瓣花植株的花粉活力下降快;通常情况下,花粉寿命约为7d。栽培品种的柱头有个体差异,单瓣花植株有的开花后2h即可分泌粘液,而重瓣花植株的柱头在开花后,有的一直不分泌粘液,有的在开花后两天才分泌粘液;单瓣花植株的柱头可授性比重瓣花植株的强,一般分别在开花后6d和3d之内具可授性。移栽的野生芍药植株的花粉活力比栽培品种下降的慢,其寿命也较长,一般为15d;柱头的可授性和粘液分泌比栽培植株强。     

萝卜叶绿体DNA花粉育性特异片段的定位

本实验采用萝卜细胞质雄性不育系401A及其同核保持系401B为材料,利用BamH I、EcoR I、BglI和HindⅡ四种内切酶酶解其叶绿体：DNA。除HindⅡ外,其余三种内切酶电泳图谱中均显示两系之间的明显差异。将BamH I的5个差异片段分别与载体pBR322进行体外连接,获得4种重组体克隆。利用3种膜蛋白质基因探针,分别与两系的叶绿体DNA杂交,杂交均未出现在差异片段所在部位,这说明,两系之间的差别可能与这3种基因无关。将重组体质粒分别与P700叶绿素a脱辅基蛋白质基因探针及反向重复区内rRNA基因区探针杂交,结果表明,有3种重组体质粒所携带的差异片段与rRNA基因探针在杂交中显示出明显的阳性反应。也就是说,这3个差异片段均位于rRNA基因所在的叶绿体基因组的反向重复区中。     

七叶树花粉活力和柱头可授性变化的研究

采用花粉离体萌发法研究不同蔗糖浓度、硼酸浓度和不同温度对七叶树花粉萌发的影响及花粉活力测定,用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性.结果表明:七叶树花粉萌发的最佳培养基是12％蔗糖+30 mg/L硼酸,花粉萌发的最适温度为25℃.雄花在开花当天花粉活力最高达75.69％,并在开花当天的上午10:00时,花粉活力最强,10:00～16:00花粉活力保持较高活力,是最佳授粉时段.两性花的柱头可授期持续时间较长,为8～9 d,开花3d达到最强,开花1～4 d柱头可授性保持较高水平,为授粉的最佳时间段.因此,从七叶树的花部特征、花粉活力与柱头可授性及花粉萌发的条件看,在长期的自然选择下七叶树在花部结构和开花生理上都是相配合的,以保障生殖成功.     

萝卜叶绿体DNA花粉育性有关的特异片段的部分序列组成

本实验序列分析并精确定位了萝卜(Raphanus sativus)叶绿体DNA花粉育性片段B_(21)的部分序列(ZL1)。结果表明,ZL1片段长474bp,其碱基组成是AT丰富的。与烟草全序列的比较分析发现,该片段位于烟草全序列中反向重复区IR_A的142330到142803、IR_B的100199到99726区段,其核苷酸序列与相应的烟草序列比较有96.6%的同源性。该片段具有rps12—rps7操纵子的一部分结构,分别编码核糖体小亚基蛋白S12的C-末端的7个氨基酸残基和S7的N-末端的93个氨基酸残基。两者的氨基酸序列与烟草、玉米、地钱、眼虫藻,大肠杆菌及蓝细菌相应序列的同源性分别为71.4—100%及40—95.5%。 上述结果意味着叶绿体核糖体蛋白质可能和细胞质雄性不育性存在某种联系。     

Flower Structure and Reproductive Biology of Bougainvillea stipitata (Nyctaginaceae)

Abstract: Bougainvillea stipitata displays inflorescences with three pendant greenish flowers. Flowers open at sunset and last five days. Flower perianth is constricted in the middle and forms a tube that ends in five lobes. Fragrance is emitted by the papillae located on the lobe margins of the perianth. The nectary is located at the base of the staminal tube. It secretes fructose-dominant nectar with amino acids, phenols and reduced acids. Nectar secretion is continuous during flower lifetime and the flowers do not recover the reward. Mainly moths visit flowers. Pollen load on stigmas indicates that most flowers received more than 50 pollen grains, which are deposited by pollinators within the first two days of the flower life. Although the low natural fruit set of this self-incompatible species may be due to intraplant pollen flow, pollinators play an essential role for B. stipitata fruit production.     

三色(Bougainvillea peruviana‘Thimma’)在转录水平的甜菜色素和类黄酮积累比较

Bougainvillea peruviana‘Thimma’属于三角梅属,该属植物积累甜菜色素而不是像绝大多数高等植物一样积累花青素。该材料特征同株出现3种颜色：白色、洋红色和白/洋红相间。本研究首次使用3种花色特征的花序（红色Yp、混合色的Ym、白色Yw）作为研究材料进行高通量测序。并通过real-time PCR方法对探测到的花色代谢基因进行验证。共获得平均长度为616 bp的73 325条基因。3种材料的差异显示基因（DEGs）中有327个被注释到甜菜色素合成基因,308个被注释到类黄酮合成基因,466个被注释到花青素合成基因。我们选出8个基因：4个甜菜色素合成基因（PPO,CYP76AD1,cDOPA-5-GT,DODA）和4个花青素合成基因（FLS,DFR,LDOX,3-GT）进行验证。其中,4个甜菜色素合成基因在3种花色材料中的表达较好的正相关于甜菜色素含量。花青素合成途径末端的3个基因（DFR,LDOX,3-GT）在B.peruviana中首次被验证。real-time PCR的验证结果很好的吻合转录组测序的结果。同时,B.peruviana也提供了一个很好的三角梅属植物的生理、生化和分子生物学研究的工具,有效的摒除其他生物学干扰。     

膏桐花粉活力与柱头可授性及其生殖特性研究

采用TTC法测定了膏桐花粉的活力和寿命,用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定其柱头可授期,以套袋结果检测花粉活力与柱头可授性的变化,以研究柱头颜色变化与柱头可授性的关系以及开花式样对生殖成功的影响.结果表明:(1)膏桐雄花单花花期一般为2 d,花后0~9 h内花粉活力相对较高,24~33 h后花粉活力较低,48 h后花粉基本无活力.(2)膏桐雌花单花期为5~12 d,柱头可授性在花后1~4 d最强,5~8 d可授性开始逐渐降低,第9天基本失去可授性.(3)膏桐柱头表面无明显的渗出物,柱头的可授性与柱头颜色的变化相关,柱头绿色越多,柱头可授性越强;遇降雨时,少量雌花的花瓣展开而柱头仍呈球状,或者花瓣不展开而柱头先伸出,此时柱头可授性较差.(4)膏桐常表现为雄性先熟,尽管雌花数目较少,但开放速率较快,且集中在第3~5天开放,雌花开放完毕也仍有雄花未开放,为展开后的柱头留有较长时间等候昆虫传送花粉,为保障生殖成功提供了机会,但少数花序先开雌花,后开雄花,有支持异交而降低自交的倾向.     

病理浓度甲醛的累积导致小鼠神经母瘤细胞活力及黏附能力下降

Formaldehyde (FA) plays a role in age-related cognitive impairment. An increase in endogenous FA induced by long-term oral administration of methanol, which triggers Tau hyperphosphorylation in the brain of Macaca mulatta and deteriorates the animal’s working memory. Short-term, high-dose FA treatment induces Tau hyperphosphorylation in the cytoplasm and nucleus of murine neural cells in vivo and in vitro. However, the pathological FA level is lower than that used in those experiments. The long-term effect on neural cells of FA at pathological doses has not yet been investigated. Here, based on the pathological level of endogenous FA in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, we added 10 mmol/l (mM) FA to the medium and incubated murine neuroblastoma (N2a) cells for six days by using a serial passage strategy. FA-induced significant decreases in cell number and viability as well as increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were observed during the culture. Holographic microscopy showed that cells exposed to FA were thicker and smaller, exhibiting a weakened adhesive morphology. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that the pathological dose of FA increases Tau phosphorylation at Threonine (T181) and Serine (S396) epitopes over time. These results indicate that long-term exposure to a pathological concentration of FA causes the cell viability decline and even cell death under the experimental conditions     

棉花洞A雄性不育系花药发育的mRNA差别显示

应用cDNA-AFLP(Amplified fragment length polymorphism）技术,分析了棉花洞A雄性不育和可育材料在花药发育过程中花粉发育相关基因表达的差异。结果表明：在花药发育的相同时期,不育和可育花粉cDNA-AFLP的谱带在单核期的差异大于减数分裂期。在花粉发育过程中,花粉发育相关基因的表达具有时空特异性。共回收了64条差异cDNA片段,随机选择3个片段标记为探针,RNA斑点杂交分析表明,GHA27具有花器官组织特异性,仅在花器官中表达;GHA28、GHA47则具有花药组织特异性且仅在可育花药中表达。序列相关性比较表明：GHA27与植物ADP-ribosylation factor(ARF）基因有较高的相似性,而GHA28、GHA47与已知序列的相似性很低。     

Pollination, Flower Longevity, and Reproductive Biology of Gongora quinquenervis Ruíz and Pavón (Orchidaceae) in an Atlantic Forest Fragment of Pernambuco, Brazil

Abstract: The pollinators, flower longevity, and reproductive success of Gongora quinquenervis were studied in Refúgio Ecológico Charles Darwin, a preserved fragment of Atlantic Forest in Pernambuco. G. quinquenervis is epiphytic, and its flowers have osmophores, glands that produce aromatic volatiles, that are collected by males of Euglossini (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Every flower of an inflorescence opened simultaneously, however, overlaps in floral phases between individuals were low. Pollinaria deposition on the stigma caused immediate wilting of the perianth, while pollinaria removal had no influence on flower longevity. The reproductive system experiments showed that the species is self-compatible. The characteristics of floral morphology and its highly specialized pollination mechanism are efficient in limiting autogamy and geitonogamy and favouring cross-pollination. Three species of Euglossa were found ( E. cordata, E. perpulchra and an undescribed species) visiting the flowers of G. quinquenervis. All these efficiently removed the pollinaria of the flowers, which adhered to the posterior margin of the scutellum. Even though there was a high pollinaria removal rate by pollinators, the reproductive success in the field was extraordinarily low. We suggest that low fruit set, despite high pollinator frequency, is a result of a combination of the particular phonological characteristics of G. quinquenervis, such as short flower longevity and low overlap of flowering phases between individuals, leading to the reduced population of this orchid in the degraded Atlantic Forest. Conservation measures are necessary to guarantee the survival of G. quinquenervis in the northern part of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.