Mesenchymal stem cells in maxillary sinus augmentation: A systematic review with meta-analysis

AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in maxillary sinus augmentation (MSA), with various scaffold materials.METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE and SCOPUS were searched using keywords such as sinus graft, MSA, maxillary sinus lift, sinus floor elevation, MSC and cell-based, in different combinations. The searches included full text articles written in English, published over a 10-year period (2004-2014). Inclusion criteria were clinical/radiographic and histologic/ histomorphometric studies in humans and animals, on the use of MSCs in MSA. Meta-analysis was performed only for experimental studies (randomized controlled trials and controlled trials) involving MSA, with an outcome measurement of histologic evaluation with histomorphometric analysis reported. Mean and standard deviation values of newly formed bone from each study were used, and weighted mean values were assessed to account for the difference in the number of subjects among the different studies. To compare the results between the test and the control groups, the differences of regenerated bone in mean and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.RESULTS: Thirty-nine studies (18 animal studies and 21 human studies) published over a 10-year period (between 2004 and 2014) were considered to be eligible for inclusion in the present literature review. These studies demonstrated considerable variation with respect to study type, study design, follow-up, and results. Meta-analysis was performed on 9 studies (7 animal studies and 2 human studies). The weighted mean difference estimate from a random-effect model was 9.5% (95%CI: 3.6%-15.4%), suggesting a positive effect of stem cells on bone regeneration. Heterogeneity was measured by the I² index. The formal test confirmed the presence of substantial heterogeneity (I² = 83%, P < 0.0001). In attempt to explain the substantial heterogeneity observed, we considered a meta-regression model with publication year, support type (animal vs humans) and follow-up length (8 or 12 wk) as covariates. After adding publication year, support type and follow-up length to the meta-regression model, heterogeneity was no longer significant (I² = 33%, P = 0.25).CONCLUSION: Several studies have demonstrated the potential for cell-based approaches in MSA; further clinical trials are needed to confirm these results.     

A multiple imputation approach to Cox regression with interval-censored data

We propose a general semiparametric method based on multiple imputation for Cox regression with interval-censored data. The method consists of iterating the following two steps. First, from finite-interval-censored (but not right-censored) data, exact failure times are imputed using Tanner and Wei's poor man's or asymptotic normal data augmentation scheme based on the current estimates of the regression coefficient and the baseline survival curve. Second, a standard statistical procedure for right-censored data, such as the Cox partial likelihood method, is applied to imputed data to update the estimates. Through simulation, we demonstrate that the resulting estimate of the regression coefficient and its associated standard error provide a promising alternative to the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimate. Our proposal is easily implemented by taking advantage of existing computer programs for right-censored data.     

Improved rearing and release procedures forCotesia melanoscela (Hym.: Braconidae), an early season parasitoid ofLymantria dispar (Lep.: Lymantriidae)

Rearing and release procedures forCotesia melanoscela (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an early-season parasitoid ofLymantria dispar (L.), were evaluated in 1995 and 1996 at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA. Mass rearing procedures were developed during the winter/spring of 1995/1996 to produce diapausingC. melanoscela cocoons for experimentation. Program efficiency as measured by percent adult emergence was estimated to be 84% with a measured sex ratio of 48:52 M:F, at an estimated cost per 1 000 cocoons of U.S. $5.26 for materials and a labor requirement of approximately 6 hours. A host larvae:female parasitoid ratio of 100:1 was found to be most efficient in terms of number of parasitoid cocoons produced per female parasitoid, but a ratio of 100:2 was most efficient in terms of number of cocoons per rearing cup. OverwinteringC. melanoscela cocoons under natural conditions for 25 weeks (November placements) before expectedL. dispar egg hatch (mid-April) resulted in excellent synchrony with host egg hatch. Alternatively, holdingC. melanoscela cocoons in cold storage for 23 or more weeks at 5°C resulted in adult parasitoid emergence beginning 10 days after removal from cold storage, and proper timing of removal would result in similar synchrony of adult emergence with host egg hatch. These alternative release strategies give managers increased program flexibility.     

Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy in older adults improves indices of arterial stiffness

Serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) concentrations decrease approximately 80% between ages 25 and 75 year. Aging also results in an increase in arterial stiffness, which is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and mortality. Therefore, it is conceivable that DHEA replacement in older adults could reduce arterial stiffness. We sought to determine whether DHEA replacement therapy in older adults reduces carotid augmentation index (AI) and carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) as indices of arterial stiffness. A randomized, double‐blind trial was conducted to study the effects of 50 mg day^?1 DHEA replacement on AI (n = 92) and PWV (n = 51) in women and men aged 65–75 year. Inflammatory cytokines and sex hormones were measured in fasting serum. AI decreased in the DHEA group, but not in the placebo group (difference between groups, ?6 ± 2 AI units, P = 0.002). Pulse wave velocity also decreased (difference between groups, ?3.5 ± 1.0 m s^?1, P = 0.001); however, after adjusting for baseline values, the between‐group comparison became nonsignificant (P = 0.20). The reductions in AI and PWV were accompanied by decreases in inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α and IL‐6, P < 0.05) and correlated with increases in serum DHEAS (r = ?0.31 and ?0.37, respectively, P < 0.05). The reductions in AI also correlated with free testosterone index (r = ?0.23, P = 0.03). In conclusion, DHEA replacement in elderly men and women improves indices of arterial stiffness. Arterial stiffness increases with age and is an independent risk factor for CVD. Therefore, the improvements observed in this study suggest that DHEA replacement might partly reverse arterial aging and reduce CVD risk.     

Increasing the yield and viscosity of exopolysaccharides secreted by Sphingomonas by augmentation of chromosomal genes with multiple copies of cloned biosynthetic genes

Certain bacteria of the Sphingomonas genus secrete structurally related capsular polysaccharides. Due to their unique properties, three (gellan, welan and rhamsan) are produced commercially by submerged fermentation and are used as modifiers of aqueous rheology and as gelling agents. However, conversion of glucose into these polysaccharides is relatively inefficient. To identify general methods for increasing the productivity of Sphingomonas, we augmented the normal chromosomal copy of the phosphoglucomutase gene (pgm) and the cluster of genes (sps) required for assembly of the carbohydrate repeat unit for strain S7 with multiple copies of plasmids carrying these genes. Although a sixfold increase in Pgm activity only lead to a small percentage increase in conversion of glucose to the S-7 polysaccharide, multiple sps genes caused a nearly 20% increase in the yield from glucose and an even larger increase in culture viscosity. The increased viscosity was accompanied by a change in the sugar composition of the secreted polymer. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 25, 49–57. Received 18 February 2000/ Accepted in revised form 29 April 2000     

Seasonal abundance of the crapemyrtle aphid,Sarucallis kahawaluokalani,in relation to the pecan aphids,Monellia caryella andMonelliopsis pecanis and their common predators

The seasonal abundance of the crapemyrtle aphid,Sarucallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy), and the majority of its predators that are common with the yellow pecan aphid,Monelliopsis pecanis Bissel, and the blackmargined aphid,Monellia caryella (Fitch), were determined in norh Florida.S. kahawaluokalani populations were tri — and bimodal in the 2 years studied and peak populations ofS. kahawaluokalani preceeded those of the pecan aphid complex. Peaks in predator populations consisting of Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae and Anthocoridae, either coincided with or occurred just afterS. kahawaluokalani peaks. The implications of the findings with respect to use ofS. kahawaluokalani as an alternate host of predators of pecan aphids and the potential for manipulation of the system to enhance biological control in pecan are discussed. The use of this system is advocated for augmentation and manipulation of generalist predators in other crop systems. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series N^o 7294.     

Review and analysis of Australian macropod translocations 1969–2006

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Increase in activity density and species number of carabid beetles in cereals as a result of strip-management

In 1990 and 1991, we monitored the abundance of a carabid community in a 8 ha winter cereal field. The field was subdivided by five 1.5 m wide weed-strips leaving 12, 24 and 36 m between the strips. In 1990 significantly higher activity densities and number of species were found in the strips. In 1991, however, both number of species and activity densities of ground beetles in the weed-strips and the cereal parts in between were similar. In 1991, activity density in cereal parts between weed-strips was significantly higher than in a bordering control area. Most of the activity densities of all 23 abundant species were significantly higher in the strip-managed area than in the control area. Furthermore, the number of species in the strip-managed area was higher. In addition, most sampling dates (1990 and 1991) revealed a significant negative regression between activity density and distance from the first strip, i.e. width of the cereal parts between the strips. Strip-management seems to be a way to increase ground beetle densities considerably by providing better food supplies and more suitable overwintering sites.     

Effect of enzyme additions on methane production and lignin degradation of landfilled sample of municipal solid waste

Operation of waste cells as landfill bioreactors with leachate recirculation is known to accelerate waste degradation and landfill gas generation. However, waste degradation rates in landfill bioreactors decrease with time, with the accumulation of difficult to degrade materials, such as lignin-rich waste. Although, potential exists to modify the leachate quality to promote further degradation of such waste, very little information is available in literature. The objective of this study was to determine the viability of augmenting leachate with enzymes to increase the rate of degradation of lignin-rich waste materials. Among the enzymes evaluated MnP enzyme showed the best performance in terms of methane yield and substrate (lignin) utilization. Methane production of 200 mL CH₄/g VS was observed for the MnP amended reactor as compared to 5.7 mL CH₄/g VS for the control reactor. The lignin reduction in the MnP amended reactor and control reactor was 68.4% and 6.2%, respectively.     

Using adult groups of red-cockaded woodpeckers for translocations and population augmentation

The red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis; hereafter RCW) was listed as federally endangered in 1973 after a population decline due primarily to habitat loss. Habitat fragmentation produces isolated populations of RCWs and managers often translocate subadult birds to augment existing populations. Although several studies have examined success of translocating subadults, detailed studies examining translocations of adults have been limited. We evaluated the feasibility and success of using adult RCWs for translocation and augmentation of existing populations in Morehouse Parish, Louisiana, 2006–2009. We translocated 41 primarily adult RCWs, consisting of 12 potential breeding groups (PBGs) and 5 single bird groups to suitable habitat at the Morehouse Parish Conservation Area (MPCA). Fifty-nine percent of translocated RCWs remained on the MPCA and 45% became breeders. Thirty-four percent of translocated RCWs were breeding after being on the MPCA for 2 breeding seasons, suggesting that translocated adult RCWs can augment the breeding population within 2 years of translocation. Fledglings contributed by translocated RCWs ranged from 11% to 30% of the total fledglings on the MPCA. There were 5 PBGs established on the MPCA from translocated RCWs and 20% of the fledglings had at least 1 translocated parent. Success rates for translocation of adults in our study were lower than previous studies where subadults were used. However, previous research suggested that demographically isolated groups have a high risk of abandonment and extirpation, and thus do not contribute to the recovery of the species. The success rates we observed suggest that translocating adult groups may be a useful tool in RCW recovery, and hence should be considered by managers when demographically isolated groups occur. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.     

Factors affecting the establishment and dispersal of nymphs of Pristhesancus plagipennis Walker (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) when released onto soybean, cotton and sunflower crops

Abstract A problem with augmenting predatory bugs through mass release is the logistical difficulty of delivering nymphs onto the foliage of field crops. In this paper we examine postrelease establishment and dispersal of the nymphs of the predatory bug Pristhesancus plagipennis on soybean, cotton and sunflower in an effort to devise an appropriate strategy for field release. The effects of predator stadia and release rates on field establishment and within-crop-canopy dispersal after hand release were recorded in soybean, cotton and sunflower. Field establishment improved with the release of more-developed nymphs, with third instars providing the most appropriate compromise between field hardiness and rearing cost. Increased nymphal density at the point of release had little effect on nymphal dispersal throughout the crop canopy. The patterns of nymphal dispersal observed on the three crops suggest that crop-canopy architecture may have an effect on the ability of nymphs to spread out postrelease, as nymphs dispersed poorly in cotton and sunflower compared to soybean. To overcome poor dispersal of nymphs after release, a mechanical release method, where nymphs were mixed with vermiculite and delivered onto a target crop through a spinning disk fertiliser spreader, was tested, and provided similar nymph establishment rates and dispersal patterns as releasing nymphs individually by hand. The implications of nymph dispersal and field hardiness in regard to inundative field release techniques are discussed.     

Macroinvertebrate cycles of decline and recovery in Swan Coastal Plain (Western Australia) wetlands affected by drought-induced acidification

Management of wetlands influenced by the Gnangara groundwater mound, Western Australia, is becoming increasingly challenging due to an ongoing decline in the regional groundwater table. A number of these groundwater-dependent wetlands have acidified (with adverse effects on the extant macroinvertebrate fauna) due to the oxidation of pyritic sediments. One management option in such cases is artificial augmentation of surface water in order to maintain or reinstate anaerobia in the sediments. This paper documents cycles of macroinvertebrate decline and recovery over 12 years of monitoring in three Gnangara mound wetlands affected by drought-induced acidification, one of which is being artificially augmented. Acidification did not result in a reduction of the total number of macroinvertebrate families present, however, there were clearly identifiable groups of acid-sensitive taxa (amphipods and isopods, ostracods, chydorid and daphnid cladocerans, mayflies, oligochaetes, clams and snails) and acid-tolerant taxa (sandfly larvae, macrothricid cladocerans and water boatmen). In the artificially augmented wetland, the effects of acidification were reversed: acid-sensitive taxa reappeared and acid-tolerant taxa decreased in numbers. Moreover, there were a number of taxa that appeared for the first time since augmentation, and summer family richness increased markedly. This study has shown that artificial augmentation of wetland water levels can be a successful recovery strategy for recently acidified systems, but this will depend on a number of factors, and the ‘recovered’ state will be at least slightly different from the original state. Handling editor: R. Bailey     

Collaboration of a dentist and speech-language pathologist in the rehabilitation of a stroke patient with dysarthria: a case study

Objective: To elucidate the effectiveness of the collaboration of a dentist and speech‐language pathologist (SLP) in the rehabilitation of a stroke patient with dysarthria. Design: A clinical case report treated in the rehabilitation hospital and dental surgery. Subject: A 71‐year‐old Japanese man who was admitted to the rehabilitation hospital for speech rehabilitation 2 years and 5 months after a stroke. Methods: Provision of prosthesis (palatal lift prosthesis + palatal augmentation prosthesis) for improving velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) and articulation by dentist, and speech behavioural management by SLP including self‐monitoring and bio‐feedback training using the See‐Scape. Results: Speech behavioural management proved useful for promoting improvement in speech intelligibility to a functionally sufficient level after improving VPI by prosthesis. Conclusion: The collaborative efforts of the dentist and SLP in the rehabilitation of post‐stroke patients with velopharyngeal incompetence should be encouraged.     

强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的策略及其机制

重金属对生态环境、农业生产、人类健康等诸多方面造成重要危害。植物修复因其具有经济有效、绿色生态等优点,已经成为土壤重金属污染修复研究领域的热点。由于植物重金属毒害、修复耗时过长等因素致使植物修复技术受限于研究阶段而不能广泛应用于实践。采用科学合理的强化措施提高植物修复的效率可能是解决该矛盾的关键之一。讨论了根瘤菌、丛枝菌根真菌、溶磷微生物和内生真菌构建的微生物-植物共生系统在强化植物修复过程中的具体应用;概述了EDTA、EDDS等螯合剂在改变土壤中重金属可溶态,促进重金属从土壤向植株转运的重要作用;介绍了植物中编码金属转运蛋白、金属硫蛋白、植物螯合肽等与重金属转运和代谢相关的基因在植物修复领域的实际应用;归纳了上述强化策略主要机制为微生物促进植物生长、缓解重金属植物毒性以及提高了土壤中重金属生物利用度,从而促进重金属在富集植物中积累和植物生物量的增加;最后总结并展望了植物修复强化技术在今后研究的重点及存在的问题。综述植物修复技术采用的主要强化策略及其机制,旨在为利用植物修复技术治理土壤重金属污染提供重要参考。     

经口咽入路行枕骨大孔扩大术的解剖学基础研究

目的：对枕骨斜坡骨性结构及周围毗邻关系的解剖学测量,为经口咽入路行枕骨大孔扩大术提供详尽的解剖学数据及理论依据。方法：①选取成人干燥颅骨标本40例,分别测量斜坡颅底内面、颅底外面的长度;斜坡咽结节处宽度、斜坡最小厚度、中部厚度和最大厚度;斜坡与水平面的夹角;颈动脉管外口内缘、颈静脉孔内外口内缘、破裂孔内外口内缘、舌下神经内外口内缘、寰枕关节内缘与斜坡中线的距离。②选取完整头颈部标本20例,观察斜坡与周围血管神经的毗邻关系。结果：①斜坡颅底内面长（40.1±2.5）mm,外面长（28.2±3.1）mm;斜坡中部宽度（18.8±2.5）mm,;最小厚度（6.8±2.3）mm,;中部厚度（9.8±2.2）mm,最大厚度（11.5±1.7）mm;咽结节至枕骨大孔前缘距离（12.8±1.5）mm。②斜坡与水平面的夹角（46.8±4.5）°。③颈动脉管外口内缘距离斜坡中线（26.1±3.1）mm,颈静脉孔内口内缘距离斜坡中线（21.8±2.5）mm,颈静脉孔外口内缘距离斜坡中线（25.1±2.7）mm,破裂孔内口内缘距离斜坡中线（10.5±2.9）mm,破裂孔外口内缘距离斜坡中线（11.8±2.5）mm,舌下神经管内口内缘距离斜坡中线（13.8±2.3）mm,舌下神经管外口内缘距离斜坡中线（21.1±2.3）mm,寰枕关节内缘距离斜坡中线（10.5±2.3）mm。④斜坡上部距离后方基底动脉（7.6±1.0）mm,距离后方脑桥（8.3±1.2）mm,斜坡中部距离后方延髓脑桥沟（13.5±1.7）mm,斜坡下部距离后方延髓（6.5±0.8）mm。⑤斜坡上部与后方硬脑膜之间间隙为（1.8±0.2）mm,斜坡中部与后方硬脑膜之间间隙为（1.3±0.1）mm,斜坡下部与后方硬脑、脊膜之间间隙为（1.3±0.1）mm。⑥在斜坡开骨窗的宽度为20mm,高度为15mm,深度为6mm,可以满足经口咽入路枕骨大孔扩大术的要求,并有可靠的安全性。结论：本研究通过对斜坡骨性结构及周围毗邻关系的测量与观察,为临床斜坡区手术提供解剖学数据。     

Augmenting effect of antibiotics on endotoxin activity may cause a safety problem

Enhancing/interfering effect of antibiotics on endotoxin was evaluated using the endotoxin test and the cell line assay in 28SC cells that has a responsiveness consistent with that of human peripheral blood. When a total of 21 products of seven different kinds of antibiotics were tested, none showed any significant effect on the endotoxin test at its therapeutic dose. However, aminoglycosides showed a significant augmenting effect on IL-6 induction of endotoxin in 28SC cells. Detailed examination of the augmenting effect was made on spectinomycin in the in vitro cell line assay and also in the lethal endotoxin challenge assay in D -galactosamine-treated mice. Spectinomycin also enhanced the endotoxin lethality in D -galactosamine-treated mice. A kinetic analysis in endotoxin-sensitized 28SC cells revealed that the augmentation takes place as quickly as 10 min after spectinomycin treatment. Accordingly, a special caution concerning the augmenting effect was assumed necessary for the safety control of antibiotic products as well as for selecting antibiotics for the therapeutic use.     

A Hybrid EM and Monte Carlo EM Algorithm and Its Application to Analysis of Transmission of Infectious Diseases

Summary In epidemics of infectious diseases such as influenza, an individual may have one of four possible final states: prior immune, escaped from infection, infected with symptoms, and infected asymptomatically. The exact state is often not observed. In addition, the unobserved transmission times of asymptomatic infections further complicate analysis. Under the assumption of missing at random, data‐augmentation techniques can be used to integrate out such uncertainties. We adapt an importance‐sampling‐based Monte Carlo Expectation‐Maximization (MCEM) algorithm to the setting of an infectious disease transmitted in close contact groups. Assuming the independence between close contact groups, we propose a hybrid EM‐MCEM algorithm that applies the MCEM or the traditional EM algorithms to each close contact group depending on the dimension of missing data in that group, and discuss the variance estimation for this practice. In addition, we propose a bootstrap approach to assess the total Monte Carlo error and factor that error into the variance estimation. The proposed methods are evaluated using simulation studies. We use the hybrid EM‐MCEM algorithm to analyze two influenza epidemics in the late 1970s to assess the effects of age and preseason antibody levels on the transmissibility and pathogenicity of the viruses.     

Effects of Introduced Groundwater on Water Chemistry and Fish Assemblages in Central Florida Lakes

We assessed effects of groundwater pumping to elevate lake levels on lake water chemistry and fish population metrics at seven Florida lakes. Following groundwater pumping, lake level fluctuation was reduced and lake water samples increased in mean pH, total alkalinity, total phosphorus, chloride and Secchi depth compared to historical means, indicating a close resemblance to the chemistry of aquifer water in the region. Fish community metrics from the augmented lakes were compared to 36 non-augmented lakes in Florida. The mean values for catch per unit effort, species richness and biomass of harvestable fishes, determined by electrofishing, were lower in augmented lakes compared to non-augmented lakes. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated a high probability of a low abundance of individual species in augmented lakes compared to a majority of non-augmented lakes. The augmented lake with the lowest pumping rate exhibited less of a shift in limnological variables from historical values, and had fish population characteristics more closely resembling those of non-augmented lakes. Thus, reduced volumes of groundwater introduction could lower impacts to limnological and fish population characteristics. Augmentation allows for lakes to be utilized for recreational activities, and without augmentation some lakes in central Florida would likely go dry due to groundwater withdrawals for water supply. Therefore, allowing more natural water level fluctuations and possible reductions in total pumpage are recommended to reduce impacts to limnological and fish population characteristics, while still allowing sufficient groundwater pumping to preserve lake habitats.     

生物膜法强化净化氨氮污染水体及其微生物群落解析

【目的】比较不同营养条件及挂膜方式下生物膜法对氨氮污染水体的净化效果及其功能微生物群落结构。【方法】设置空白(Blank)、自然成膜(Raw)、预附脱氮菌强化挂膜(PCC)3组生物膜反应器,利用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术和非度量多维标度(NMDS)分析方法对生物膜反应器转化氨氮过程中微生物群落结构及其演替过程进行动态解析。【结果】在C/N=1:1时,除PCC在起始阶段短暂具有较高的氨氮脱除效率外,Blank、Raw和PCC最终均表现出较低的氨氮转化效率(10%-20%)。改变C/N=2:1后,Raw和PCC对人工合成污水中NH4+-N的转化率均提高至95%以上,而且Raw与PCC的群落结构在C/N=2:1时具有较高的相似性,优势菌群主要为γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)和硝化螺菌纲(Nitrospira)。【结论】C/N是影响生物膜反应器氨氮去除效果及驱动生物膜反应器中细菌群落结构发生改变的重要因子。     

Ca2+ augmentation for enhancement of aerobically grown microbial granules in sludge blanket reactors

Two sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactors were concurrently operated to examine the effect of Ca²⁺ augmentation on aerobic granulation. Augmentation with 100 mg Ca²⁺ l^–1 significantly decreased the time to cultivate aerobically grown microbial granules from 32 d to 16 d. Ca²⁺-fed granules were denser and more compact, showed better settling and strength characteristics, and had higher polysaccharide contents.