细胞骨架与血糖调节

细胞骨架由微丝、微管和中间丝构成,参与血糖调节这一复杂的生理过程,在胰岛素分泌、胰岛素功能和糖代谢相关酶类的细胞内分布等方面具有重要的作用。本文将从以上三个方面,对细胞骨架与血糖调节的关系加以综述。     

神经元极化的分子机制

神经元发育过程中轴突和树突的分化和形成是神经元极化建立的标志,也是建立神经信号转导的基础.近年来,神经元极化的分子机制有了重大突破,发现神经元细胞骨架微丝和微管的结构和功能的改变最终调节着极化的建立.其中,细胞内信号转导途径以及一些激酶参与了调节细胞骨架微丝和微管的结构和功能,最终使神经元极化建立.     

胰岛β细胞中钠通道对胰岛素分泌的作用

胰岛β细胞是典型的兴奋性内分泌细胞,能响应机体葡萄糖水平的升高而分泌胰岛素,其功能受损会导致胰岛素分泌异常,进而引发多种疾病的发生,尤其与糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)的发生密切相关。近年来对胰岛素分泌及调控过程的研究受到越来越广泛的关注,尤其在胰岛素分泌相关的离子通道——钾离子、钙离子通道方面,取得了重要进展,但对钠通道研究较少。钠通道是广泛分布于细胞膜上、亚型众多的一类离子通道,它们通过参与动作电位形成、物质运输和胞间通讯等过程影响细胞的多种生理功能。在此,对胰岛β细胞上钠通道的种类、生理特性、功能等方面的研究进展进行综述,从而为后续胰岛β细胞钠通道的相关研究提供新思路。     

药物成瘾中的神经细胞骨架

神经细胞骨架对神经元功能有重要作用。药物成瘾会导致神经细胞病态发生,几乎在所有药物成瘾的蛋白质组学的研究中都能检测到细胞骨架蛋白的变化,细胞骨架蛋白在这个过程涉及神经细胞结构、突触可塑性、信号转导、功能蛋白的降解或修饰以及能量代谢等方面。本文综述了神经细胞骨架在药物成瘾中的研究。     

分子伴侣结构与功能的研究进展

分子伴侣是细胞内一类能够协助其他多肽进行正常折叠、组装、转运、降解的蛋白,并在 DNA的复制、转录,细胞骨架功能,细胞内的信号转导等广泛的领域,都发挥着重要的生理作用,其结构与功能异常会导致多种相关的疾病。简要综述了分子伴侣结构与功能方面的研究进展。     

新型细胞骨架分隔丝的结构和功能研究进展

细胞骨架是细胞内的蛋白纤维网状结构,包括人们熟知的微管、微丝和中间纤维.目前研究表明分隔丝(septin filaments)是一类在真核生物中广泛分布的蛋白纤维,逐渐被认为是一种新型细胞骨架结构.分隔丝由可结合GTP的分隔丝蛋白单体(Septin)聚合形成异源复合体,进一步组装成纤维丝.分隔丝可形成纤维束,环状或笼状等结构,并与细胞膜或其他细胞骨架成分发生相互作用.在细胞内,分隔丝参与胞质分裂、细胞迁移、神经元发育和免疫等重要生理及病理过程.分隔丝结构或功能的异常与多种人类疾病如肿瘤等密切相关.本文将从分隔丝的结构、组装调控、功能及与人类疾病的关系等方面综述近年的研究进展.     

胰岛素对生长激素的分泌和细胞内信号传导的影响（英文）

生长激素(growth hormone,GH)在行使其功能时需要经历一系列的过程,包括从垂体分泌和进入血液循环到达靶器官或细胞(受体前过程)以及和生长激素受体(GH receptor,GHR)结合并引发细胞内信号转导(受体后过程)。胰岛素可以直接或间接地影响这些过程。GH从垂体的生长激素分泌细胞中分泌需要依赖于下丘脑释放的生长激素释放激素(GH-releasing hor-mone,GHRH)和生长激素抑制素(somatostatin,SS),在生理或病理条件下,胰岛素可以对这两种激素以及GH分泌细胞施加不同影响,从而干预GH的分泌及循环水平。血糖、血脂以及饮食习惯都可以改变胰岛素对GH的影响。胰岛素还能通过影响GHR的敏感性,以及影响胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor 1,IGF-1),进而影响GH。受体后过程也是GH行使功能的重要一环,细胞内信号转导依赖于信号通路完成。GH信号转导通路和胰岛素的信号通路有部分交叉,这使得两者的信号可以相互作用,胰岛素通过这种作用对GH的信号转导产生影响。还有很多因素可以改变胰岛素对GH的影响,包括细胞因子信号抑制物、GHR敏感性以及JAK2蛋白和胰岛素受体底物间的相互作用,且随着胰岛素浓度升高和作用时间延长,胰岛素对GH的影响趋向于增强。但胰岛素的浓度和时间对GH分泌和细胞内信号转导的具体影响还未完全阐明。胰岛素和SS的关系也有待进一步研究。     

钙离子信号对胰岛素分泌的调控

胰岛素的分泌及其分泌的调控是维持机体内葡萄糖平衡的重要机制,胰岛素分泌量的不足会导致非胰岛素依赖的糖尿病的发生.胰岛素包裹在致密核心大囊泡中,胰腺β细胞通过调控致密核心大囊泡的胞吐过程来调节胰岛素的分泌.胞内Ca2 浓度是影响胰岛素分泌的重要因素.胰腺β细胞主要通过质膜上的ATP敏感的钾通道、钙通道和胞内钙库的活动改变胞内Ca2 浓度,从而调控β细胞胰岛素的分泌活动.     

磷脂酰肌醇3激酶与胰岛素抵抗

胰岛素(Insulin,INS)通过胰岛素信号转导途径发挥其促进合成代谢、稳定血糖的生理作用,磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(phos-phatidylinositol-3-kinase,PI-3K)是胰岛素信号转导中的关键分子.PI-3K是由催化和调节亚基构成的异源二聚体.催化和调节亚基在数量上保持平衡,此平衡的紊乱可以改变PI-3K的活性.研究表明调节亚基p85α与胰岛素的敏感性成负相关,动物和人胰岛素抵抗(Insulin resistance,IR)发生调节亚基p85α的过度表达.     

胰岛素信号转导、昆虫发育与老化

胰岛素及其信号转导的探讨为当代生物学一大热点,研究显示:从线虫到果蝇、小鼠及其人类其胰岛素信号转导路径十分类似。昆虫胰岛素的研究开始于家蚕,在20世纪80年代,日本学者在分离家蚕促前胸腺激素(prothoracictropic hormone,简称PTTH)时,发现所纯化的为一称为家蚕素的神经激素,该激素之氨基酸排列顺序与高等动物体内的胰岛素部分相似,但是家蚕素的生理功能至今仍不是很清楚。而果蝇的分子遗传学研究则显示,胰岛素及其信号转导调控果蝇的生长、发育、寿命等许许多多的生理现象。专一性地改变果蝇前胸腺之胰岛素信号转导,会严重影响幼虫的蜕皮与变态。而作者利用家蚕所进行的研究更显示,将牛的胰岛素注射于家蚕幼虫体内可显着提高其蜕皮激素的分泌,离体培养前胸腺时加入牛胰岛素也可直接增加其激素的分泌,牛胰岛素可直接活化家蚕前胸腺细胞之胰岛素受体及信号分子Akt的磷酸化。另外,从线虫、果蝇到小鼠胰岛素及其信号转导突变体的研究结果显示了胰岛素信号转导调控寿命的重要性。利用猴子及人所进行的研究结果显示,低卡路里摄取之所以会延长寿命是因为卡路里的摄取与胰岛素信号转导的变化有关。因此,不同物种利用相同的胰岛素信号转导通路调控发育及老化机制,该发现大大鼓舞了科学家们利用低等的生物来研究复杂的生命现象。     

Membrane-initiated actions of thyroid hormones on the male reproductive system

The presence of specific nuclear receptors to thyroid hormones, described in prepubertal Sertoli cells, implies the existence of an early and critical influence of these hormones on testis development. Although the mechanism of action thyroid hormones has been classically established as a genomic action regulating testis development, our research group has demonstrated that these hormones exert several effects in Sertoli cells lacking nuclear receptor activation. These findings led to the identification of non-classical thyroid hormone binding elements in the plasma membrane of testicular cells. Through binding to these sites, thyroid hormones could exert nongenomic effects, including those on ion fluxes at the plasma membrane, on signal transduction via kinase pathways, on amino acid accumulation, on modulation of extracellular nucleotide levels and on vimentin cytoskeleton. The evidence of the participation of different K(+), Ca(2+) and Cl(-) channels in the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones, characterizes the plasma membrane as an important microenvironment able to coordinate strategic signal transduction pathways in rat testis. The physiological responses of the Sertoli cells to hormones are dependent on continuous cross-talking of different signal transduction pathways. Apparently, the choice of the signaling pathways to be activated after the interaction of the hormone with cell surface binding sites is directly related to the physiological action to be accomplished. Yet, the enormous complexity of the nongenomic actions of thyroid hormones implies that different specific binding sites located on the plasma membrane or in the cytosol are believed to initiate specific cell responses.     

KATP channels gated by intracellular nucleotides and phospholipids.

The KATP channel is a heterooctamer composed of two different subunits, four inwardly rectifying K+ channel subunits, either Kir6. 1 or Kir6.2, and four sulfonylurea receptors (SUR), which belong to the family of ABC transporters. This unusual molecular architecture is related to the complex gating behaviour of these channels. Intracellular ATP inhibits KATP channels by binding to the Kir6.x subunits, whereas Mg-ADP increases channel activity by a hydrolysis reaction at the SUR. This ATP/ADP dependence allows KATP channels to link metabolism to excitability, which is important for many physiological functions, such as insulin secretion and cell protection during periods of ischemic stress. Recent work has uncovered a new class of regulatory molecules for KATP channel gating. Membrane phospholipids such as phosphoinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositiol 4-monophosphate were found to interact with KATP channels resulting in increased open probability and markedly reduced ATP sensitivity. The membrane concentration of these phospholipids is regulated by a set of enzymes comprising phospholipases, phospholipid phosphatases and phospholipid kinases providing a possible mechanism for control of cell excitability through signal transduction pathways that modulate activity of these enzymes. This review discusses the mechanisms and molecular determinants that underlie gating of KATP channel by nucleotides and phospholipids and their physiological implications.     

胰高血糖素样肽1受体--治疗糖尿病新药的研究热点

胰高血糖素样肽l(glucagon—like peptide—l,GLP-1)与胰岛素分泌和糖代谢调节密切相关。GLP-1与其受体(GLP-1receptor,GLP-1R)结合后,主要通过cAMP和P13K两条信号途径,促进胰岛素的分泌,刺激胰岛β细胞的增殖和分化。对GLP-1R结构和信号传导机制的研究,有助于了解其在糖尿病病理进程中的作用,为开发新型糖尿病治疗药物指明方向。     

Zinc signals are essential for lipopolysaccharide-induced signal transduction in monocytes

Cytosolic alterations of calcium ion concentrations are an integral part of signal transduction. Similar functions have been hypothesized for other metal ions, in particular zinc (Zn(2+)), but this still awaits experimental verification. Zn(2+) is important for multiple cellular functions, especially in the immune system. Among other effects, it influences formation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha. Here we demonstrate that these effects are due to a physiological signaling system involving intracellular Zn(2+) signals. An increase of the intracellular zinc ion concentration occurs upon stimulation of human leukocytes with Escherichia coli, LPS, Pam(3)CSK(4), TNF-alpha, or insulin, predominantly in monocytes. Chelating this zinc signal with the membrane permeable zinc-specific chelator TPEN (N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-(2-pyridyl-methyl)ethylenediamine) completely blocks activation of LPS-induced signaling pathways involving p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and NF-kappaB, and abrogates the release of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-alpha. This function of Zn(2+) is not limited to monocytes or even the immune system, but seems to be another generalized signaling system based on intracellular fluctuations of metal ion concentrations, acting parallel to Ca(2+).     

Different signaling pathways involved in glucose- and cell swelling-induced insulin secretion by rat pancreatic islets in vitro.

BACKGROUND: The objective was to compare signal transduction pathways exploited by glucose and cell swelling in stimulating insulin secretion. METHODS: Isolated rat (Wistar) pancreatic islets were stimulated in vitro by 20 mmol/l glucose or 30% hypotonic medium (202 mOsm/kg) in various experimental conditions. RESULTS: Glucose did not stimulate insulin release in calcium free medium. Cell swelling-induced insulin release in calcium free medium, even in the presence of the membrane permeable calcium chelator BAPTA/AM (10 micromol/l). Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide VIII (1 micromol/l) abolished the stimulation of insulin secretion by glucose but did not affect the swelling-induced insulin release. PKC activator phorbol 12-13-dibutyrate (1 micromol/l) stimulated insulin secretion in medium containing Ca2+ and did not potentiate insulin secretion stimulated by hypotonic extracellular fluid. Dilution of the medium (10-30%) had an additive effect on the glucose-induced insulin secretion. Noradrenaline (1 micromol/l) abolished glucose-induced insulin secretion but did not inhibit hypotonic stimulation either in presence or absence of Ca2+. CONCLUSION: Glucose- and swelling-induce insulin secretion through separate signal transduction pathways. Hyposmotic stimulation is independent from both the extracellular and intracellular Ca2+, does not involve PKC activation, and could not be inhibited by noradrenaline. These data indicate a novel signaling pathway for stimulation of insulin secretion exploited by cell swelling.     

光敏色素分子及其信号转导途径

作为植物体内的一种光受体,光敏色素在植物的光形态建成过程中意义重大。植物光敏色素及由它介导的信号传导途径是目前细胞生物学、发育生物学和分子生物学研究的热点之一。本文介绍了光敏色素的分子特性、生理功能和信号转导途径等方面的研究进展。     

Structure, regulation and function of PKB/AKT--a major therapeutic target

Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation play a major role in intracellular signal transduction activated by extracellular stimuli. Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) is a central player in the signal transduction pathways activated in response to growth factors or insulin and is thought to contribute to several cellular functions including nutrient metabolism, cell growth and apoptosis. Recently, several significant publications have described novel mechanisms used to regulate PKB. Since the alteration of PKB activity is associated with several human diseases, including cancer and diabetes, understanding PKB regulation is an important task if we are to develop successful therapeutics.     

外周5-羟色胺在胰岛素抵抗中的作用研究进展

5-羟色胺（5-HT）作为一种神经递质在中枢神经系统中具有重要的作用,同时在外周组织系统中5-HT也发挥多种重要的生物功能, 如广泛参与机体的糖脂代谢、肝再生、胃肠运动等。综述外周5-HT诱导胰岛素抵抗的作用机制研究新进展,重点介绍5-HT对胰岛素信 号转导、糖脂代谢等方面的影响。