The occrrence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in barley and wheat grown in some Danish soils with different fertilizer treatments

Summary Soil samples, roots and shoots were collected from barley crops at three locations which had received different combinations of N and P for 10 years, and from long-term fertilizer experiments on barley in a sandy soil and on barley and wheat in a loamy soil.Soils were analysed for available P by an anion exchange resin procedure, roots were examined for intensity of VAM infection, and shoots wee analysed for N and P.Vesicualr-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection was found at all locations. It was most abundant at the three locations with least soil-P and lightest at the two locations high in soil-P. Within loocations an inverse relation was found between soil-P level and intensity of infection. Infection was also intensity. by increasing N-fertilizer. Spore counts from selected samples correlated well with infection intensity. Shoot-P did not differ significantly between treatments in spite of significant differences in soil-P. This points to the significance of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza: a lower soil-P level accompanied by a higher infection intensity seem to counterbalance each other to a certain extent.     

Supplementation with organic or inorganic selenium in heat-distressed quail

The present study was carried out to determine the effects of different sources of selenium (Se; sodium selenite [Na₂SeO₃] or selenomethionine [Se-Met]) supplementation on egg production, egg quality, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and Se in serum and egg yolk in heat-stressed Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The birds (n = 360; 55 days old) were randomly assigned to 12 treatment groups consisting of six replicates of five birds each in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (temperatures, selenium sources, selenium levels). Birds were kept in wire cages in a temperature-controlled room at either 22 (thermoneutral) or 34°C (heat stress) for 8 h/day (09:00–17:00; till the end of study) and fed a basal (control) diet or the basal diet supplemented with either 0.15 or 0.30 mg of Na₂SeO₃ or selenomethionine/kg of diet. Heat exposure decreased live weight, feed intake, feed efficiency, egg production, and egg quality when basal diet was fed (P < 0.0001). A linear increase in feed intake (P = 0.001) and body weight (P = 0.001), egg production (P = 0.001), and improvement in feed efficiency (P = 0.001) and egg quality (P = 0.001) were found in Se-supplemented quail reared under heat stress conditions. Serum, egg white, and egg yolk Se (P ≤ 0.001) concentrations increased linearly, whereas serum, liver, and egg yolk MDA concentrations decreased linearly (P = 0.001) as dietary Na₂SeO₃ or Se-Met supplementation increased. An interaction between dietary Se sources, temperature, and levels of supplementation (P ≤ 0.05) for these parameters was detected. Supplementation with Se improved egg production, egg quality, and antioxidant status of birds, and the effects of Se-Met were relatively greater than Na₂SeO₃ in heat-stressed quail. Results of the present study suggest that supplementation with Se-Met can be considered to be more protective than Na₂SeO₃ by reducing the negative effects of oxidative stress induced by heat stress in quail.     

Potassium transport in wheat seedlings grown with different potassium supplies.

The K⁺(⁸⁶Rb) uptake into the roots and the translocation to the shoots of 11-day-old intact wheat seedlings ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Martonvásári 8) were investigated using plants grown with different K⁺ supplies. The effects of environmental conditions (darkness, humidity) and of metabolic and transport inhibitors (oligomycin, disalicylidene-propanediamine, 2,4-dinitriphenol, diethylstilbestrol, colchicine) were also studied. Plants with K content of about 0.2 mmol/g dry weight in the root and 0.5 mmol/g dry weight in the shoot (low K status) showed high K⁺ uptake into the roots and high translocation rates to the shoots. Both transport processes were very low in plants with K content of more than 1.5 and 2.2 mmol/g dry weight in the root and shoot, respectively (high K status).
Darkness and a relative humidity of the air of 100% did not influence K⁺ uptake by roots, but did inhibit upward translocation and water transport. Inhibition of photosynthesis and treatments with diethylstilbestrol (10⁻⁵ mol/dm³), as well as with colchicine resulted in inhibition of translocation in plants of low K status, but these inhibitors had little effect on K⁺ uptake by the roots. Oligomycin, 2,4-dinitrophenol and diethylstilbestrol (10⁻⁴ mol/dm³), however, inhibited K⁺ uptake by the roots. In general, K⁺ transport processes were almost unchanged in plants of high K status. It is concluded that only plants of low K status operating with active K⁺ transport mechanisms are responsive to environmental factors. In high K⁺ plants the transport processes are passive and are uncoupled from the metabolic energy flow.     

Nitrogen dynamics in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems with inorganic fertilizer or legume nitrogen inputs

Summary Nitrogen (N) dynamics were studied in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems on the Georgia Piedmont. Nitrogen inputs in the form of ammonium nitrate (95 kg-N/ha) and winter legume (crimson clover) residues were compared. The legume provided adequate N for summer crop (grain sorghum) production, but water use by the legume reduced the ability of sorghum to utilize the N. Legume N inputs became availabe to plants more gradually than fertilizer inputs. Weed growth and potential denitrification activity were higher in legume-N treatments than in fertilizer-N treatments. Tillage affected the timing of N avaialbility more than the total amount of available N. Summer crops took up more N under conventional tillage while winter crops took up more N under no-tillage. Denitrification activity was higher under no-tillage but was not a significant output from the agroecosystems. Leaching losses of N differed seasonally between treatments but were not significant in any of the agroecosystems.     

不同施肥水平下小麦籽粒中部分微量元素含量的研究

在不同肥力水平和结构下对不同肥量籽粒中部分微量元素含量变化进行研究,结果表明：施肥量大小和肥料构成对小麦籽粒中微量元素含量有明显的影响,在低肥水平下籽粒中Mn、Zn和Fe含量增加,其中Zn的增幅超过1倍,Cu和Al含量降低;在中肥水平下微肥用量增加1倍,籽粒中Mn含量高11．2％,Al和Zn含量分别降低50％和30．1％,Fe和Cu元素含量变化不大,调节其它肥料量和结构,籽粒中Mn、Zn、Cu含量降低;在高肥水平下增加钾肥,有利于籽粒中Mn、Zn、Fe、Al含量积累,分别高23．2％、16．2％、33．9％和58．6％,而Cu含量变化不大。在中肥投入水平下调节氮肥籽粒中微量元素含量随着肥力水平提高而降低,在高肥投入水平下减少氮肥用量有利于籽粒中Fe、Al和Zn的积累,Fe含量变化最大,增加2．14～2．63倍,Al含量高63．7％～65．7％,锌含量高13．3％～17．5％,铜的含量变化不大。锰含量随着磷肥用量的增加而增加。     

Changes in gene expression and biochemical composition of Haematococcus pluvialis grown under different light colors

Journal of Applied Phycology - The present study evaluated the effect of blue, red, and white light on the expression of four carotenogenic genes (psy, lyc, bkt, and crtr-r); one gene related to...     

不同生态区烟草的叶面腺毛基因表达

利用cDNA芯片技术,对同一烟草品种（Nicotina tabacum L cv. K326）、不同生态区(典型的浓香型烟区-河南平顶山和典型的清香型烟区-云南玉溪)、同一叶位(中部叶)、相同叶龄（60天）的叶片腺毛基因表达谱进行了比较研究,共发现有效差异表达基因445个。其中,与光合色素代谢、光合作用以及类萜生物合成相关基因在河南烟叶腺毛中高表达,与碳水化合物、蛋白质分解代谢过程相关的基因在云南烟叶腺毛中高表达;防御过程相关基因在两生态区均有高表达。该结果表明, 烟草叶面腺毛的基因表达水平受到生态因素的调控,生态因素有可能通过影响腺毛的物质代谢和分泌,从而对烟叶风格形成产生一定的影响。     

Preferential utilization of organic and inorganic sources of phosphorus by wheat plant

On soils of low P supply organic P (Po) makes up a similar or even larger part in soil solution than inorganic P (Pi). The ability of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Star) plants to hydrolyze and absorb this Po in comparison to similar concentrations of Pi was studied. Four concentration levels of Pi and Po were obtained by extracting two soils with deionized water in a ratio of 1:1 and concentrating the resulting filtrate by freeze drying to different degrees. The concentration of Pi varied between 5 and 36 μM and Po between 3 and 22 μM. Wheat seedlings were grown in these solutions for 12 and 24 h and acid and alkaline phosphatase activity determined. The reduction of Po concentration in solution expressed on a root length basis gave the rate of Po hydrolysis and the reduction in concentration of Pi and Po gave the P inflow into the roots. No alkaline phosphatase activity was detected. The activity of wheat root acid phosphatase increased with Po concentration in solution. Phosphorus uptake was 2 to 6 fold higher from Pi than from Po at similar concentrations of both. The rate of uptake from Pi, the inflow, as well as the rate of hydrolysis of Po increased linearly with concentration but at similar concentration the inflow was 2 to 4 times higher than the rate of Po hydrolysis. Results suggest that plants can utilize Po after hydrolysis by phosphatase, but Pi is more important and preferentially used by plants; Po may be essential for plant nutrition especially in high P-fixing soils.     

增施有机肥对冬小麦同化物积累与分配的影响

基于¹³CO₂脉冲标记法,设置单施化肥(CF)和有机肥+化肥(OF)两个处理,通过分析不同施肥模式对麦田土壤和小麦植株中的有机碳含量、光合特性和同化物转化的影响,探讨增施有机肥对冬小麦同化物积累与分配的影响.结果表明: OF处理有利于提高麦田土壤有机碳含量和小麦光合特性,从而提高了小麦植株有机碳含量和干物质积累总量.同一时期标记至成熟与标记后第7天相比,两个施肥处理下叶和茎鞘中的¹³C含量与¹³C分配率均减少;穗部¹³C含量在拔节期和灌浆期均增加,开花期均减少,¹³C分配率各时期均增加.两个施肥处理相比,OF处理有利于灌浆期光合碳向穗部转运与积累,提高小麦穗部的¹³C分配率.相关分析结果表明,干物质积累量与净输入¹³C含量、净输入¹³C分配率呈极显著正相关关系,与植株中有机碳含量呈负相关关系;净输入¹³C含量与净输入¹³C分配率呈极显著正相关关系,与光系统II的最大光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)和净光合速率(P_n)呈负相关关系.综上,增施有机肥能增加麦田土壤有机碳含量,提高小麦的光合能力和光合产物向穗部的转运,最终有利于小麦穗部的同化物积累.     

耕层调控与有机肥处理下麦田土壤和小麦冠层结构特性及其相互关系

本研究基于5年的耕作定位试验,设置深耕(DT)、深耕有机肥(DTF)、浅耕(ST)、浅耕有机肥(STF)、免耕(NT)和免耕有机肥(NTF)处理,以期通过改良耕层土壤结构,优化小麦冠层结构特性.结果表明: 同一耕作处理下,增施有机肥可降低土壤容重、提高土壤孔隙度,提高20～40 cm土层2～5和0.25～2 mm粒级土壤团聚体含量,降低>5 mm粒级团聚体含量、>0.25 mm粒级团聚体的平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD).与其他处理相比,NTF处理改善了0～20 cm土层土壤容重、增加土壤孔隙度;DTF处理降低了40～60 cm土壤容重和>0.25 mm粒级机械团聚体的稳定性,增加了土壤透气性.花后各时期,有机肥处理的叶片角度指数降低,叶面积指数(LAI)和旗叶净光合速率(P_n)提高.STF处理的角度指数最低,DTF处理的P_n最高,显著大于其他处理.通径分析表明,自变量容重、孔隙度、>0.25 mm粒级团聚体的数量(R_0.25)和MWD对因变量角度指数、LAI和P_n的直接通径系数均达到极显著水平.0～20 cm土层,MWD值增大有利于P_n和LAI的提高;20～40 cm土层,土壤容重在一定范围内的增加可优化叶夹角,提高冠层透光率;40～60 cm土层,高的土壤容重和低的孔隙度限制了LAI和P_n的增加.综上,豫中补灌区增施有机肥下的深耕或浅耕处理有利于改良土壤结构、增加土壤通透性,优化冠层结构,提高冠层受光率、叶面积指数和光合速率.     

The photostability of different chlorophyll forms in dark grown leaves of wheat

Formulae were developed for calculation of the relative amount of different pigment forms of dark grown leaves of wheat, present before and after photoreduction of the protochlorophyllide. Three pigment forms were calculated from in vivo absorption spectra: the photoreducible protochlorophyllide with absorption maximum at 650 nm and the two chlorophyll(ide) forms with absorption maximum at 684 nm and 673 nm, respectively. The formulae were used to study the changes of the pigment forms at repeated photoreduction of the protochlorophyllide, and at a repeated treatment involving photoreduction of the protochlorophyllide followed by partial photo-decomposition of the chlorophyllide formed. Five consecutive photoreductions and reaccumulations of protochlorophyllide were carried out by high intensity irradiations of one second (red light, 700 W m^-2) given at intervals of 3 h. The results show that the pool size of reaccumulated protochlorophyllide decreased sharply with the number of photoreductions performed. The absorption spectrum of the chlorophyllide formed at each photoreduction proceeded through the Shibata shift (transformation of the 684-form to the 673-form) and the late red-shift (transformation of the 673-form to other pigment form(s) in the dark). High intensity irradiation for ten minutes (red light, 700 W m^-2) immediately after each phototransformation caused a photodecomposition of about three quarters of the newly formed chlorophyllide (which was in the 684-form) while the earlier formed chlorophyll(ide) (in the 673-form) appeared not to be decomposed. This partial photodecomposition of the chlorophyllide had no effect on further accumulation of protochlorophyllide in the dark, and the absorption spectrum of the remaining chlorophyllide proceeded through the Shibata shift. The partial photodecomposition caused an inhibition of the late red-shift, and the accumulated chlorophyll(ide) remained in the 673-form.     

长期有机无机肥配施对稻田杂草生长动态的影响

利用中国农业科学院红壤实验站红壤稻田长期定位试验,于2011年研究了在以无机肥(化肥NPK)与有机肥(M)氮磷钾养分等量条件下,长期有机无机肥配施水稻生育期间杂草种类和生物量变化。结果表明:30a后,早稻和晚稻施肥处理中:PK+M处理下杂草种类最多,NPK+M处理下杂草种类和优势杂草种类较少,且种类数量稳定,早稻和晚稻杂草种类数量前者比后者分别高出19.7%和9.8%;施肥处理中:两季杂草总生物量NPK+M处理最高,NP+M处理最低,且NPK+M、NK+M、PK+M和CK处理比NP+M处理分别高出31.3%、26.5%、8.3%和5.6%,早稻NPK+M处理杂草总生物量和浮生杂草总生物量最多,NK+M处理湿生杂草总生物量最多,晚稻NK+M处理杂草总生物量和湿生杂草总生物量最多,NPK+M处理浮生杂草总生物量最多;土壤碱解氮和有效磷与杂草总生物量、湿生杂草总生物量、浮生杂草总生物量显著正相关(相关系数依次分别为0.508*和0.578**、0.552*和0.453*、0.410*和0.802**),p H值与三者显著负相关(相关系数依次分别为-0.516*、-0.531*和-0.698*)。土壤p H受土壤有效磷和碱解氮及其他因子的共同作用对杂草总生物量产生影响。通过施肥措施调节土壤适宜p H及碱解氮和有效磷含量,能有效调控农田中湿生和浮生杂草生长,使杂草种类和生物量在农业生产中达到有益平衡。     

氮肥减施与配施有机肥对冬小麦土壤线虫群落结构的影响

土壤线虫是指示土壤健康的典型生物之一,为了揭示氮肥减施对土壤健康的影响,以冬小麦土壤为对象,研究了氮肥减施和配施有机肥对拔节期冬小麦土壤线虫群落结构的影响.共设置了6个施肥处理:CF(315 kgN ·hm-2,常规施肥量)、N240 (240 kg N·hm-2)、N210(210 kg N·hm-2)、N180(1...     

施用有机无机复混肥对夏玉米生长和水分利用的影响

对农业废弃物无害化处理后,添加一定的无机肥后制作成有机无机复混肥,使其肥料化资源利用.为了进一步研究有机无机复混肥的肥效,2001～2003年在夏玉米上进行了连续3年田间试验,试验结果表明,有机无机复混肥可以促进玉米生长,增加玉米生物产量1958.0～2770.5kg·hm-2,改善玉米产量结构,提高玉米籽粒产量866.0～1144.5kg·hm-2.并能降低玉米耗水系数,提高玉米水分利用效率2.680～3.399kg/ mm·hm2 .在旱地施用有机无机复混肥,可以提高旱地水资源的利用效率.