Identification and characterization of the vitellogenin receptor in Macrobrachium rosenbergii and its expression during vitellogenesis

In oviparous organisms, oocyte maturation depends on massive production of the egg yolk-precursor protein, vitellogenin (Vg). Vg is taken up by the developing oocytes through receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), a process essential to successful reproduction. The aims of this study were to identify and characterize the yet-unknown vitellogenin receptor (VgR) from the pleocyamate crustacean Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and to investigate its expression levels during vitellogenesis and its interaction with Vg. The VgR gene was cloned, and its translated protein was specifically located at the oocyte membrane. Moreover, for the first time, a VgR protein was identified and sequenced by mass spectrometry. The putative MrVgR displayed high sequence similarity to VgRs from crustaceans, insects, and vertebrates, and its structure includes typical elements, such as an extracellular, lipoprotein-binding domain (LBD), EGF-like, and O-glycosylation domains, a transmembrane domain, and a short, C-terminal, cytosolic tail. In this article, we identify the first crustacean VgR protein, and present data demonstrating its high affinity for a Vg column followed by elution with suramin and EDTA. Additionally we demonstrate that VgR expression in the oocyte is elevated during vitellogenesis. Our results contribute to the fundamental understanding of oocyte maturation in crustaceans, and particularly elucidate Vg uptake through RME via the VgR.     

烟粉虱MEAM1隐种卵黄原蛋白受体基因cDNA的克隆、 序列分析及在不同发育时期的表达

卵黄原蛋白受体（vitellogenin receptor, VgR）是卵黄原蛋白被卵母细胞摄取的关键因子, 在卵黄发生和卵母细胞发育等生理过程中发挥着重要作用。为探讨烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci VgR的功能, 我们采用RT-PCR和RACE等技术扩增了烟粉虱MEAM1隐种B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MAEM1) 的VgR基因cDNA 全长序列。生物信息学分析表明, 烟粉虱MEAM1隐种的VgR基因cDNA全长5 774 bp, 编码1 919个氨基酸, 推测分子量约201 kDa, N-端前31个氨基酸为信号肽。烟粉虱MEAM1隐种的VgR属于低密度脂蛋白受体（low density lipoprotein receptor, LDLR）家族, 蛋白质三维结构预测分析表明, 该受体具有LDLR家族基因典型的保守功能结构域。通过实时荧光定量PCR技术研究了烟粉虱MEAM1隐种VgR基因不同发育时期的表达, 结果表明VgR基因在伪蛹期开始表达, 并在羽化后1 d达到高峰, 此后逐渐降低, 3 d后又逐渐升高, 直至羽化后7 d达到峰值。研究结果丰富了卵黄原蛋白受体家族基因的数据库, 为今后深入研究并揭示烟粉虱卵黄发生的调控机制奠定了基础。     

家蚕卵黄原蛋白及其受体基因

家蚕小卵突变体 (Smalleggmutant ,sm) ,其卵体积仅及正常卵的 2 / 3,不能受精而致死。因其卵母细胞不能正常吸收卵黄原蛋白 (Vg) ,人们认为其原因可能是卵黄原蛋白受体基因 (VgR)突变所致。本研究首先通过克隆筛选和基因组序列分析 ,获得了 2 5 6 4bp含有 ployA的家蚕卵黄原蛋白受体基因 (BmVgR)片段。将该基因片段的预测蛋白与其它物种的VgR/YPR和低密度脂蛋白受体 (LDLR)家族比较 ,发现该基因具有LDLR家族的基本结构特征。其次 ,经RT PCR检测 ,结果表明BmVgR在sm的不同时期的卵母细胞中都能正常转录。最后 ,分别对sm不同发育时期的体液和卵的总蛋白进行SDS PAGE分析 ,发现该突变体的卵母细胞不能正常摄取体液蛋白 (包括Vg)。综合分析 ,sm不能正常摄取Vg ,可能并不是VgR的功能异常导致 ,而是与滤泡细胞异常有关     

昆虫卵黄原蛋白受体的研究进展

昆虫卵黄发生的一个重要过程是卵黄蛋白的摄取,已有的研究表明脂肪体合成的卵黄原蛋白(vitellogenin,Vg)是通过受体介导的内吞作用(receptor mediated endocytosis,RME)被正在发育的卵母细胞所摄取。昆虫卵黄原蛋白受体(vitellogenin receptor,VgR)是介导昆虫卵黄原蛋白胞吞作用主要受体,它属于低密度脂蛋白家族,在结构与特性上具低密度脂蛋白家族的共性。卵黄原蛋白及其受体在昆虫生殖过程中起着重要的作用,本文综述了昆虫VgR的基本特性、分子结构及表达调控等方面的研究进展。     

Expression of vitellogenin receptor gene in the ovary of wild and captive Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)

The cDNA sequences of vitellogenin receptor proteins (VgR(+) and VgR(-)), containing or lacking the O-linked sugar domain, were determined in Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.). VgR(-) gene expression in the ovary was compared in captive-reared and wild Atlantic bluefin tuna during the reproductive cycle. Gonad samples from adult fish were sampled from 2008 to 2010 from stocks reared in captivity at different commercial fattening operations in the Mediterranean Sea and from wild individuals caught either by traditional tuna traps during their migration towards the spawning grounds in the Mediterranean Sea or by the long-line artisanal fishery. In addition, juvenile male and female Atlantic bluefin tuna were sampled from a farming facility, to obtain baseline information and pre-adulthood amounts of VgR(-). The total length of VgR(+) cDNA was 4006 nucleotides (nt) and that of VgR(-) was 3946 nt. Relative amounts of VgR(-) were greater in juvenile females and in those adults having only previtellogenic oocytes (119 ± 55 and 146 ± 26 folds more than juvenile males, respectively). Amounts of VgR(-) were less in individuals with yolked oocytes (ripening stage, May-June) and increased after spawning in July (92 ± 20 and 113 ± 13 folds more than juvenile males in ripening and post-spawning fish, respectively). These data suggest that regulation of VgR(-) is not under oestrogen control. During the ripening period, greater VgR(-) gene expression was observed in wild fish than in fish reared in captivity, possibly because of (a) differences in water temperature exposure and/or energy storage, and/or (b) an inadequate diet in reared Atlantic bluefin tuna.     

From hepatopancreas to ovary: molecular characterization of a shrimp vitellogenin receptor involved in the processing of vitellogenin

We report the first cloning and characterization of cDNA encoding a putative vitellogenin (Vg) receptor (VgR) from the shrimp, Penaeus monodon. The shrimp VgR cDNA is 6.8 kb; the deduced protein has 1943 amino acids with a molecular weight of 211 kDa. VgR is ovary specific and consists of conserved cysteine-rich domains, epidermal growth factor-like domains, and YWTD motifs similar to the low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, and VgR of insects and vertebrates. VgR expression level in the ovary is low during early vitellogenesis and increases to maximum levels in females with a gonadosomatic index of 3-4, presumably when needed for receptor-mediated endocytosis during the rapid phase of extraovarian Vg production by the hepatopancreas. A peptide from the C-terminal end of VgR was synthesized for antibody production. Anti-VgR antibody recognized an ovarian membrane protein, and the level of this protein was high when extraovarian production of Vg reached peak levels. By immunohistochemical analysis, VgR was detected strongly in the membranes of larger oocytes. VgR expression was knocked down after the shrimp were injected with VgR double-stranded RNA, leading to a decrease in VgR protein content in the ovary, but an increase in the hemolymph level of Vg. This study represents the first report of the functional analysis of a putative VgR in a crustacean.     

Molecular characterization of the vitellogenin receptor from the tick,Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae)

We have identified the full-length cDNA encoding a vitellogenin receptor (VgR) from the African bont tick Amblyomma hebraeum Koch (1844). VgRs are members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor superfamily that promote the uptake of the yolk protein vitellogenin (Vg), from the haemolymph. The AhVgR (GenBank accession No. JX846592) is 5703 bp, and encodes an 1801 aa protein with a 196.5 kDa molecular mass following cleavage of a 22 aa signal peptide. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that AhVgR is highly similar to other tick VgRs. AhVgR is expressed in only the ovary of mated, engorged females, and is absent in all other female tissues and in both fed and unfed males. Unfed, adult females injected with a VgR-dsRNA probe to knock-down VgR expression experienced a significant delay in ovary development and started oviposition significantly later than controls. These results indicate that the expression of AhVgR is important for the uptake of Vg and subsequent maturation of the oocytes.     

Vitellogenin transcytosis in follicular cells of the honeybee <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apis mellifera</Emphasis> and the wasp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Polistes simillimus</Emphasis>

Vitellogenin receptor (VgR) is a low-density lipoprotein receptor responsible for the mediated endocytosis of vitellogenin (Vg) during egg formation in insects. The maturing oocyte is enveloped by a follicular epithelium, which has large intercellular spaces during Vg accumulation (patency). However, Vg has been reported in the cytoplasm of follicular cells, indicating that there may be a transcellular route for its transport. This study verified the presence of VgR in the follicular cells of the ovaries of the honeybee Apis mellifera and the wasp Polistes simillimus in order to evaluate if Vg is transported via transcytosis in these insects. Antibodies specific for vitellogenin receptor (anti-VgR), vitellogenin (anti-Vg), and clathrin (anti-Clt) were used for immunolocalization. The results showed the presence of VgR on the apical and basal plasma membranes of follicular cells of the vitellogenic follicles in both species, indicating that VgR may have been transported from the basal to the apical cell domain, followed by its release into the perivitelline space, evidenced by the presence of apical plasma membrane projections containing VgR. Co-localization proved that Vg bind to VgR and that the transport of this protein is mediated by clathrin. These data suggest that, in these social insects, Vg is transported via clathrin-mediated VgR transcytosis in follicular cells.     

黑尾叶蝉卵黄原蛋白受体基因cDNA的克隆、序列分析及表达模式

【目的】卵黄原蛋白受体(vitellogenin receptor,VgR)属于低密度脂蛋白受体,通过介导内吞作用为发育中的卵母细胞摄取卵黄原蛋白,为胚胎发育提供营养物质,在昆虫生殖过程中发挥关键作用。为研究黑尾叶蝉Nephotettix cincticeps VgR(NcVgR)基因的生理功能及其在生殖中的作用,本研究克隆并解析了NcVgR基因的序列,并对其时空表达进行了研究。【方法】根据黑尾叶蝉转录组数据信息,利用RT-PCR克隆了NcVgR基因,并进行了生物信息学分析;利用实时荧光定量PCR研究了不同发育时期、成虫不同组织NcVgR的表达水平。【结果】NcVgR c DNA序列全长6 676 bp,开放阅读框长度5 568 bp,编码1 855个氨基酸,预测编码蛋白的分子量为206 k D,N端前17个氨基酸为信号肽。序列分析显示,NcVgR具有低密度脂蛋白家族的5个经典保守域,即:配体结合域(ligand-binding domain,LBD)、表皮生长因子前体同源域(EGF-precursor homology domain,EGFP)、O-糖链结构域(O-linked sugar domain,OLSD)、跨膜域(transmembrane domain,TMD)和胞质尾域(cytoplasmic domain)。系统发育分析表明,NcVgR与褐飞虱N.lugens VgR亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,NcVgR转录起始时间为5龄若虫,羽化后转录水平逐渐上升,至羽化后8 d达到峰值,随后下降。有意思的是,随着黑尾叶蝉产卵,NcVgR转录水平再次上升,至羽化后16 d达到最高水平。组织定位结果显示,NcVgR在黑尾叶蝉雌成虫卵巢中特异性高表达,而在雌成虫脂肪体和肠道中微量表达,在雌成虫脑及雄成虫中均未检测到表达。【结论】NcVgR在黑尾叶蝉雌成虫卵巢中特异性表达,并且不同发育时期具有不同的表达量,这为研究黑尾叶蝉的生殖调控机理提供了分子信息。     

Molecular characterization and functional analysis of the vitellogenin receptor in the rice stem borer,Chilo suppressalis

As a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) superfamily, vitellogenin (Vg) receptor (VgR) is responsible for the uptake of Vg into developing oocytes and is a potential target for pest control. Here, a full-length VgR complementary DNA (named as CsVgR) was isolated and characterized in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. The composite CsVgR gene contained an open reading frame of 5,484 bp encoding a protein of 1,827 amino acid residues. Structural analysis revealed that CsVgR contained two ligand-binding domains (LBDs) with four Class A (LDLR_A) repeats in LBD1 and seven in LBD2, which was structurally different from most non-Lepidopteran insect VgRs having five repeats in LBD1 and eight in LBD2. The developmental expression analysis showed that CsVgR messenger RNA expression was first detectable in 3-day-old pupae, sharply increased in newly emerged female adults, and reached a peak in 2-day-old female adults. Consistent with most other insects VgRs, CsVgR was exclusively expressed in the ovary. Notably, injection of dsCsVgR into late pupae resulted in fewer follicles in the ovarioles as well as reduced fecundity, suggesting a critical role of CsVgR in female reproduction. These results may contribute to the development of RNA interference-mediated disruption of reproduction as a control strategy of C. suppressalis.     

Ceramide glucosyltransferase of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is involved in oocyte formation and in early embryonic cell division

Ceramide glucosyltransferase (Ugcg) [uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose:N-acylsphingosine D-glucosyltransferase or UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (GlcT): EC 2.4.1.80] catalyzes formation of glucosylceramide (GlcCer) from ceramide and UDP-glucose. There is only one Ugcg gene in the mouse genome, which is essential in embryogenesis and brain development. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has three Ugcg genes (cgt-1, cgt-2 and cgt-3), and double RNAi of the cgt-1 and cgt-3 genes results in lethality at the L1 larval stage. In this study, we isolated knockout worms for the three genes and characterized the gene functions. Each gene product showed active enzymatic activity when expressed in GM95 cells deficient in glycosphingolipids (GSLs). When each gene function was disrupted, the brood size of the animal markedly decreased, and abnormal oocytes and multinucleated embryos were formed. The CGT-3 protein had the highest Ugcg activity, and knockout of its gene resulted in the severest phenotype. When cgt-3 RNAi was performed on rrf-1 worms lacking somatic RNAi machinery but with intact germline RNAi machinery, a number of abnormal oocytes and multinucleated eggs were observed, although the somatic phenotype, i.e., L1 lethal effects of cgt-1/cgt-3 RNAi, was completely suppressed. Cell surface expression of GSLs and sphingomyelin, which are important components of membrane domains, was affected in the RNAi-treated embryos. In the embryos, an abnormality in cytokinesis was also observed. From these results, we concluded that the Ugcg gene is indispensable in the germline and that an ample supply of GlcCer is needed for oocytes and fertilized eggs to maintain normal membranes and to proceed through the normal cell cycle.     

Abscisic acid plays an important role in the regulation of strawberry fruit ripening

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been suggested to play a role in fruit development, but supporting genetic evidence has been lacking. Here, we report that ABA promotes strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) fruit ripening. Using a newly established Tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing technique in strawberry fruit, the expression of a 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene (FaNCED1), which is key to ABA biosynthesis, was down-regulated, resulting in a significant decrease in ABA levels and uncolored fruits. Interestingly, a similar uncolored phenotype was observed in the transgenic RNA interference (RNAi) fruits, in which the expression of a putative ABA receptor gene encoding the magnesium chelatase H subunit (FaCHLH/ABAR) was down-regulated by virus-induced gene silencing. More importantly, the uncolored phenotype of the FaNCED1-down-regulated RNAi fruits could be rescued by exogenous ABA, but the ABA treatment could not reverse the uncolored phenotype of the FaCHLH/ABAR-down-regulated RNAi fruits. We observed that down-regulation of the FaCHLH/ABAR gene in the RNAi fruit altered both ABA levels and sugar content as well as a set of ABA- and/or sugar-responsive genes. Additionally, we showed that exogenous sugars, particularly sucrose, can significantly promote ripening while stimulating ABA accumulation. These data provide evidence that ABA is a signal molecule that promotes strawberry ripening and that the putative ABA receptor, FaCHLH/ABAR, is a positive regulator of ripening in response to ABA.