试论现代公立医院内控制度

本文着重分析了现代公立医院内控制度的定义、内控环境以及如何建立现代公立医院内控制度,对加强医院经营管理有一定借鉴作用。     

Adaptive computer control of anesthesia in humans

This paper presents an efficient computer control technique for regulation of anesthesia in humans. The anesthetic used is propofol and the objective is to control the degree of hypnosis of the patient. The paper describes the basic hardware/software setup of the system and the closed-loop methodologies. The bispectral index (BIS) is considered as the feedback signal. The control methods proposed here are based in the use of proportional integral controllers with dead-time compensation to avoid undesirable oscillations in the BIS signal during the process. The compensation is based on the Smith predictor. To guarantee the applicability of the method to different patients, an adaptive module to tune the compensator is developed. Some real and simulated results are presented in this work to attest the efficiency of the methods used.     

Biological tools for control of larval stages of malaria vectors – a review

The two main interventions presently being deployed for control of malaria vectors, that is, long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) involve the use of chemical insecticides and target adult mosquitoes. Meanwhile, the potential of larval control is increasingly being acknowledged for the reduction of insecticide-resistant and/or exophagic Anopheles populations. Larval control has proven to be cost-effective and ideal for localities where mosquito-breeding sites are well defined and approachable. Utilising biological control tools to control anopheline larvae can lower the problem of resistance development, a common feature of chemical control. Fortunately, there are many options of biological larval control tools. Besides their direct impact on mortality, the effects of these tools can reach beyond the larval stage. Anopheline adults that develop from larvae exposed to biological control tools, such as entomopathogenic fungi, show reduced longevity, fecundity and susceptibility to Plasmodium infections. Combining two or more larval control tools can increase their efficacy against anopheline larvae. However, despite the identification of larval control potential in the laboratory, and in few cases in the field, many potential biological control tools have not been utilised to their fullest extent. This review provides an overview of the existing and potential biological larval control options for malaria vectors and discusses the advantages and requirements to develop them for malaria vector control.     

Histone H1

Linker histones of which histone H1 is a representative are a diverse family of architectural proteins within the eukaryotic nucleus. These proteins have a variety of structures, but invariably contain a region enriched in lysine, serine, alanine and profine. All metazoan histone His also include a structured domain that binds to DNA through a helix-turn-helix motif. By binding to the linker DNA flanking the nucleosome core they contribute to the assembly of higher-order chromatin structures. Surprisingly, the use of “knockout” technology to eliminate histone H1 in isolated cells and Xenopus does not prevent the assembly of chromosomes or nuclei, however specific genes are activated or repressed indicative of targeted regulatory functions. A dual role for histone HI in chromatin structure and gene regulation might contribute to epigenetic phenomena in which heritable states of gene activity are maintained through mechanisms independent of gene sequence. This may have important implications for biotechnological and medical research.     

Absolute and relational control of a sequential auditory discrimination by pigeons (Columba livia)

Recent evidence indicates that pigeons can readily learn visual discriminations based on both absolute and relational stimulus factors. To examine how these two types of control function in their non-dominant auditory modality, we tested four pigeons in a go/no-go sequential auditory discrimination in which both absolute and relational cues were redundantly available. In this task, sequences of different sounds created from one set of pitches were reinforced, while different sequences created from another set of pitches and any same sequences made from either set of pitches were not. Across three experiments, we independently varied the relative discriminability of the absolute and relational components. The pigeons were consistently and primarily controlled by the absolute fundamental pitch of our notes in all of the experiments, although this was influenced by the range and arrangement of the pitches used in each set. A majority of the pigeons also demonstrated relational control when this component was made more salient. The more robust control exhibited by absolute factors is consistent with the comparative hypothesis that birds in general may have a well-developed aptitude for processing absolute pitch in many auditory settings. The relational control is consistent with our recent evidence of same/different auditory learning by pigeons.     

Impact of different densities of Neohydronomus affinis (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) on Pistia stratiotes (Araceae) under laboratory conditions

In Senegal, a laboratory study was conducted in 2005 to ascertain the effect that different numbers of the host-specific weevil Neohydronomus affinis Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) per plant had on selected plant growth parameters of its target weed, water lettuce Pistia stratiotes Linnaeus (Araceae). Compared to the control, the weevil caused a significant reduction in all parameters measured, except for daughter plant production. There were no significant differences in impact on the plant between the three different densities of weevil (one, two and three pairs per plant). Under laboratory conditions one pair per plant is deemed sufficient to effect complete control of water lettuce over a six-week period.     

Suggestions for unifying the terminology in biological control

This paper gives suggestions forunifying the terminology in biological controlacross different research disciplines, such asbiological control of arthropods, weeds andplant pathogens. It is suggested that use ofthe term `biological control' is restricted tothe use of living organisms. Four strategiesof biological control are outlined anddefined: (1) Classical biological control, (2) Inoculation biological control, (3) Inundationbiological control, and (4) Conservationbiological control. It is proposed to usethese four terms as defined, and avoid usageof the term `augmentation'. Terms for specificprocesses and modes of action (for example,`parasitoid' and `competitor') can be definedby usage within the different biologicalcontrol disciplines. Microbial control usuallyindicates biological control of invertebratesusing microbes and, as such, is a subdivisionof biological control. Use of additionalauxiliary terms such as biopesticide isdiscussed.     

Parametric and non-parametric prediction intervals based phase II control charts for repeated bioassay data

Quality control for repeated bioassay runs can be performed by phase II control charts, well-known from industrial quality control. The value of interest is the potency, of which a single value per run is available. Parametric and non-parametric prediction intervals are described to estimate quality control intervals for future re-test runs. Violations against the normal distribution occur in real data frequently, particularly outliers. The non-parametric prediction intervals are limited to not too small sample sizes in both the historical and future sampling phases. Therefore, robust prediction intervals based on winsorization are proposed. R-functions for all prediction intervals are provided.     

Microbial control of plant-parasitic nematodes: a five-party interaction

Plant-parasitic nematodes cause significant economic losses to a wide variety of crops. Chemical control is a widely used option for plant-parasitic nematode management. However, chemical nematicides are now being reappraised in respect of environmental hazard, high costs, limited availability in many developing countries or their diminished effectiveness following repeated applications. This review presents progress made in the field of microbial antagonists of plant-parasitic nematodes, including nematophagous fungi, endophytic fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria. A wide variety of microorganisms are capable of repelling, inhibiting or killing plant-parasitic nematodes, but the commercialisation of these microorganisms lags far behind their resource investigation. One limiting factor is their inconsistent performance in the field. No matter how well suited a nematode antagonist is to a target nematode in a laboratory test, rational management decision can be made only by analysing the interactions naturally occurring among “host plant–nematode target–soil–microbial control agent (MCA)–environment”. As we begin to develop a better understanding of the complex interactions, microbial control of nematodes will be more fine-tuned. Multidisciplinary collaboration and integration of biological control with other control methods will␣also contribute to more successful control practices.     

Susceptibility of nymphs and adults of Diaphorina citri to the entomophathogenic fungus Hirsutella citriformis

The susceptibility of nymphs and adults of Diaphorina citri to infection by Hirsutella citriformis was evaluated. We also studied the ability of adult D. citri that had been contaminated with fungal conidia to transmit infection to nymphs. Diaphorina citri nymphs were more susceptible than adults. Adults were not able to transmit conidia to nymphs and cause infection.     

Nematode Problems Affecting Agriculture in the Philippines

Nematodes are considered major pests on most economic crops in the Philippines, particularly on banana, pineapple, citrus, tomato, ramie, and sugarcane. Radopholus similis is the most destructive nematode on banana, while Meloidogyne spp. are more serious on various vegetable crops such as tomato, okra, and celery and on fiber crops such as ramie. Tylenchulus semipenetrans is a problem on citrus and Rotylenchulus reniformis on pineapple and some legume crops. Hirschmanniella oryzae and Aphelenchoides besseyi are becoming serious on rice, and Pratylenchus zeae is affecting corn in some areas. Lately, Globodera rostochiensis has been causing serious damage on potato in the highlands. Control measures such as crop rotation, planting resistant varieties, chemical nematicide application, and biological control have been recommended to control these nematodes.     

A note on the role of Kachuga tectum gray (Reptilia: Chelonia) in controlling aquatic weeds

The herbivorous turtle Kachuga tectum consumes on wide variety of aquatic weeds and has potential as a biological agent against obnoxious weed growths.     

Juvenile hormone-mediated reproduction induced by a sublethal concentration of imidacloprid in Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Hemiptera: Miridae)

The Hemipteran predator, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, feeds on the eggs and nymphs of rice planthoppers and leafhoppers. We previously demonstrated that sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid stimulated the reproduction of C. lividipennis. Considering the essential roles of juvenile hormone (JH) in insect reproduction, we speculated that sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid may stimulate the reproduction of C. lividipennis by regulating JH level. To test this, we cloned C. lividipennis JH acid methyl transferase (ClJHAMT) and JH esterase (ClJHE), which are responsible for JH biosynthesis and degradation genes, respectively. We then knocked down ClJHAMT by injecting dsRNA into C. lividipennis nymphs and found that emerging female adults exhibited 88.8% lower expression of the vitellogenin gene (ClVg) and the number of eggs was reduced by 41.5% as compared with controls. Silencing ClJHE increased ClVg mRNA expression by 275.0% but did not affect fecundity. A sublethal concentration of imidacloprid (LC₂₀) increased the JH titer in females by 35.3% and 60.6% at 24 and 48 h post-emergence, respectively. In treatments containing both imidacloprid and dsJHAMT, the silencing of CLJHAMT reduced the number of eggs produced by adult females by 21.4% as compared to the control (imidacloprid + dsGFP). Our results indicated that sublethal concentration of imidacloprid may induce C. lividipennis reproduction by upregulating JH level via JHAMT. The finding could provide valuable information for improved integration of C. lividipennis and insecticides in pest management.     

Altered control of submaximal bite force during bruxism in humans

The control of bite force during varying submaximal loads was examined in patients suffering from bruxism compared to healthy humans not showing these symptoms. The subjects raised a bar (preload) with their incisor teeth and held it between their upper and lower incisors using the minimal bite force required to keep the bar in a horizontal position. Further loading was added during the preload phase. A sham load was also used. Depending on the session, the teeth were loaded by the experimenter or the subject and in one session the subject did not see the load (no visual feedback). The bite force was measured continuously using a calibrated force transducer. In all the subjects, the bite force increased with increasing load. Following the addition of the load, the level of the tonic bite force was reached rapidly with no marked overshoot. The patients with bruxism used significantly higher bite forces to hold the submaximal loads compared to the control subjects. In the control subjects, the holding forces for each submaximal load were identical in the men and the women and were independent of subject maximal bite force. Sham loading evoked no marked responses in biting force. Whether the subject or the experimenter added the load or whether the subject had visual feedback or not were not significant factors in determining the level of bite force. The results indicated that the patients with bruxism used excessively large biting forces for each given submaximal load. This study showed no evidence that the inappropriate control of bite force by patients with bruxism was due to an abnormality in the higher cortical circuits that regulates the function of trigeminal motoneurons in the brainstem. This was shown by a lack of abnormality in coordination of voluntary hand movement with biting force, a lack of abnormal anticipation response to a sham load and a lack of any effect of visual feedback. The results were in line with the hypothesis that afferent input from oral (periodontal or masticatory muscle) tissues does not provide an appropriate control of motor command in bruxism.     

Application of fuzzy control to air conditioning environment

1. 1. The application method of fuzzy control to air conditioning environment is shown taking home and railcar air conditioners as an example.

2. 2. The control system developed by us includes the capacity control as the basic application example, the control to determine a set temperature, and that to correct automatically the set temperature.

Perspectives on the development of biological control agents in Africa

Concern over the impact of chemical pesticides on human health and the environment continues to stimulate the study of alternative, biological pest control agents (BCA). In Africa, use of BCA products is just emerging, primarily in the export sector where growers are using a mixture of products from new African companies and products imported from outside Africa. In contrast, although interest in BCA for use in domestic markets has been widely supported by development funding partners for many years, few products have become available to these growers. The limited uptake of BCA in Africa suggests there may be constraints and issues working against their wider implementation. Here, we focus on non-technical constraints and issues facing microbial BCA applied inundatively, but arguments extend to a greater or lesser degree to all BCA. The challenges to wider BCA availability could be overcome by: a more coherent approach to their regulation across the continent; support for BCA development that is based on evidence of need and applicability; and political advocacy to lobby for necessary resources being made available to all stakeholders.     

基于控制图的医院服务质量持续改进

目的 应用统计过程控制理论分析指导医院服务质量持续改进。方法 联合使用多个控制图方法对医院服务质量评价指标的变化趋势进行监控,及时发现过程中的异常波动,制定针对性措施实施过程改进。结果 找出了影响医院服务质量数据波动的主要原因,制定改进措施,取得了良好的管理效果。结论 控制图可以准确全面反映医院服务质量的总体情况和过程控制情况,根据数据异常分布状态找到潜在的影响服务质量的原因并进行持续改进,是有效的过程管理工具。     

植物内生放线菌研究进展

内生放线菌指存在于健康植物体内,产生系列活性物质并能与宿主植物共同生活的放线菌菌落.就在实际生产中用于生物防治的主要内生放线菌种类,能够防治的主要病害,及其生物防治的机理和生产上已经应用的制剂等多方面进行综述.     

Postprandial blood glucose control using a hybrid adaptive PD controller with insulin-on-board limitation

This paper addresses the design of blood glucose control during the postprandial period for Type 1 diabetes patients. An artificial pancreas for ambulatory purposes has to deal with the delays inherent to the subcutaneous route, the carbohydrate intakes, the metabolic changes, the glucose sensor errors and noise, and the insulin pump constraints. A time response typically obtained in closed-loop insulin delivery shows hyperglycemia in the early postprandial period caused by the lag in the insulin absorbtion, followed by hypoglycemia caused by control over-reaction. A hybrid control system is proposed in this paper to overcome these problems. An insulin bolus is administered prior to the meals like in open-loop control, whereas a PD controller is used for robust glucose regulation. The controller gain is progressively increased after the bolus from zero up to its nominal value as function of the insulin on board, so that the PD controller becomes fully operational just when the insulin on board falls below a prescribed value. An excessive accumulation of active insulin is avoided in this way, drastically reducing the risk of hypoglycemia. The controller gain is adapted by means of a variable structure algorithm, allowing a very simple software implementation. The robust performance of the control algorithm is intensively assessed in silico on a cohort of virtual patients under challenging realistic scenarios considering mixed meals, circadian variations, time-varying uncertainties, discrete measurement and actuation, sensor errors and other disturbances.     

鼠类不育控制的生态学基础

（１）不育控制是与传统的单一化学灭杀截然不同的鼠害防治策略,它着重于降低种群生育率来达到控制鼠类数量的目的。（２）传统不育控制在不育个体对生育个体的竞争性繁殖干扰方面注意不够,低估了不育控制的潜力。（３）本文依据生态学原理,经过数学推理和分析后认为,即使在不考虑竞争性繁殖干扰的情况下,不育控制基本上可以达到同样水平单纯灭杀的控制效果;若再考虑到不育个体的竞争性繁殖干扰作用,不育控制的实际效果将明显