YFP-CD18融合蛋白在U937细胞株中的表达与鉴定

目的：构建并表达Mac-1的β链CD18与黄色荧光蛋白（YFP）的融合蛋白YFP-CD18,为进一步直视研究Mac-1在白细胞内的分布、走向及归宿提供物质条件。方法：首先将CD18的全长cDNA与pEYFP-C1进行酶切,构建YFP与CD18的N末端连接的表达载体,并将其转染至U937细胞株中进行表达。通过荧光显微镜观察转染成功后的U937细胞黄色荧光是否存在,以及流式细胞术检测确定PMA刺激后YFP-CD18活化后可否由胞浆内转位至膜上和测定PMA活化前后转染的U937细胞与其配基ICAM-1粘附活性的变化等方面进行鉴定。结果：经酶切鉴定,pYFP-CD18构建正确,转染U937细胞株后,可见YFP-CD18融合蛋白发出的黄色荧光。结论：构建完成YFP-CD18融合基因并可以在U937细胞株中进行表达。     

Mac-1在细胞内走向的直视研究

分别构建荧光蛋白(FP, fluorescence protein)与Mac-1的两个亚基(CD11b, CD18)融合蛋白表达载体, 并在鉴定pYFP-CD18和pCD11b-BFP共转染的CHO细胞(CHO-Mac-1-FP)表达的Mac-1-FP(Mac-1 fused with fluorescence protein)具有与正常白细胞表达的野生型Mac-1基本一致的结构与功能的基础上, 结合应用PE标记的CD11b单抗, 通过激光共聚焦显微镜观测CD11b, CD18在PMA刺激和ICAM-1结合后于胞内的走向与归宿. 结果显示: (ⅰ) 在静态的细胞膜上看不到Mac-1, PMA活化后1 h, 胞膜上可见CD11b-PE和YFP-CD18群集, 2 h后内吞, 内吞后YFP-CD18的荧光减弱, 提示Mac-1有部分降解; 24 h后PMA再次活化, 部分CD11b-PE与YFP-CD18可再次出现在膜上, 说明Mac-1还可以被循环利用. (ⅱ) ICAM-1包被磁珠与Mac-1-FP-CHO细胞作用后, 4 h内粘附增加, 同时伴有Mac-1-FP的群集, 8 h后粘附减少, 同时伴有Mac-1-FP的荧光逐渐减弱, 这一过程与PMA活化后Mac-1-FP的变化过程类似, 提示ICAM-1作用后也可能出现内吞并降解. 由以上结果可以得出结论, Mac-1活化后的走向是由胞浆内转位到质膜上, 然后内吞, 内吞后被降解或可被再利用, 与此同时粘附活性亦发生相应的变化, 提示受体介导性内吞是白细胞粘附活性降低的重要机制之一.     

可稳定表达ZsGreen1基因的正常细胞来源单核细胞株的构建

为探索构建可表达外源基因的正常细胞来源单核细胞株的可行方案,该研究分别尝试以脂质体转染法、腺病毒载体感染法和含Tet-On调控元件的慢病毒载体感染法,构建可表达绿色荧光蛋白的SC细胞株。经慢病毒感染和靶向扩增获得稳定表达目的基因的SC细胞后,该研究进而验证了该细胞可否在PMA诱导下分化为典型的巨噬细胞。研究结果显示,脂质体转染法和腺病毒载体感染法未能有效导入外源基因至SC细胞;经慢病毒感染和靶向扩增,该研究成功构建了2株可稳定表达ZsGreen1基因的SC细胞株(SC-ZsGreen1),其ZsGreen1阳性表达率均高于95%; SCZsGreen1细胞与SC细胞经PMA处理后均具相似的巨噬细胞表型特征,包括CD11b和CD14表达升高、吞噬能力上调和趋化因子IL-8分泌水平上升。综上,该研究报道了一种构建可稳定表达外源基因的正常人外周血来源单核细胞株的可行方案。     

长效山羊促卵泡素类似物真核表达载体的构建及其在CHO细胞内的稳定表达

通过PCR重叠延伸法将人绒毛膜促性腺激素（hCG）的羧基末端延长肽（CTP）基因连接至山羊促卵泡素（FSH）15亚基的羧基末端,克隆入双表达载体pVITRO,测序证实后将表达载体转染CHO细胞,用潮霉素B筛选稳定表达的CHO细胞株。结果表明获得了长效山羊FSH基因,并得到稳定表达的CHO细胞株,表达量为0．105mU／mL,为进一步研究CTP结构与功能的关系,以及长效激素的理化特性奠定了基础。     

食欲素1受体与胆囊收缩素2受体在细胞内的相互作用分析

食欲素1受体(orexin 1 receptor,OX1R)与胆囊收缩素2受体(cholecystokinin receptor,CCK2R)在结肠癌细胞中高表达,且异常表达的OX1R、CCK2R与其配体诱导的结肠癌细胞增殖密切相关,但具体机制尚不清楚。以前的研究证实,OX1R与CCK1R在HT-29细胞中能以二聚体的形式发挥作用。本文利用多种(荧光)共振能量转移技术(FRET)结合免疫共沉淀(Co-IP),进一步研究活细胞中OX1R与CCK2R是否发生相互作用。生物发光能量共振转移(BRET)结果显示,在控制供体(OX1R-Rluc)量不变,而逐渐增加受体(CCK2R-e YFP)转染量时,与无刺激的(对照)细胞比较,食欲素或胃泌素刺激HEK293T细胞5 min,BRET信号伴随受体表达量的增加而增加,并达到最大值。采用荧光共振能量转移技术在HEK293T细胞中,能够检测到OX1R-e YFP与CCK2Re CFP明显的FRET信号。同时,受体漂白FRET(ap FRET)结果揭示,在同时表达OX1R-e YFP和CCK2R-e CFP的细胞膜特定区域,进行受体蛋白(OX1R-e YFP)完全光漂白、破坏了受体-供体之间的相互作用和能量传递后,由于供体(CCK2R-e CFP)荧光强度比漂白前明显增强,其荧光共振能量转移效率(FREPe)明显增加,是对照转染细胞的3.7倍(P0.05)。此外,基因转染结合Co-IP结果显示,仅有在共转染HA-OX1R与Myc-CCK2R的HEK293T细胞提取液的免疫沉淀物中,可同时检出HA-OX1R、Myc-CCK2R融合蛋白,而在未转染或单转Myc-CCK2R的细胞提取液沉淀物中,却不能同时检出两种融合蛋白。以上结果表明,在活细胞生理条件下,OX1R可与CCK2R相互作用,这为进一步探讨二者相互作用在结肠癌细胞增殖中的作用及相关信号通路提供了新的线索。     

食欲素1受体与胆囊收缩素2受体在细胞内的相互作用分析北大核心CSCD

食欲素1受体(orexin 1 receptor,OX1R)与胆囊收缩素2受体(cholecystokinin receptor,CCK2R)在结肠癌细胞中高表达,且异常表达的OX1R、CCK2R与其配体诱导的结肠癌细胞增殖密切相关,但具体机制尚不清楚。以前的研究证实,OX1R与CCK1R在HT-29细胞中能以二聚体的形式发挥作用。本文利用多种(荧光)共振能量转移技术(FRET)结合免疫共沉淀(Co-IP),进一步研究活细胞中OX1R与CCK2R是否发生相互作用。生物发光能量共振转移(BRET)结果显示,在控制供体(OX1R-Rluc)量不变,而逐渐增加受体(CCK2R-e YFP)转染量时,与无刺激的(对照)细胞比较,食欲素或胃泌素刺激HEK293T细胞5 min,BRET信号伴随受体表达量的增加而增加,并达到最大值。采用荧光共振能量转移技术在HEK293T细胞中,能够检测到OX1R-e YFP与CCK2Re CFP明显的FRET信号。同时,受体漂白FRET(ap FRET)结果揭示,在同时表达OX1R-e YFP和CCK2R-e CFP的细胞膜特定区域,进行受体蛋白(OX1R-e YFP)完全光漂白、破坏了受体-供体之间的相互作用和能量传递后,由于供体(CCK2R-e CFP)荧光强度比漂白前明显增强,其荧光共振能量转移效率(FREPe)明显增加,是对照转染细胞的3.7倍(P<0.05)。此外,基因转染结合Co-IP结果显示,仅有在共转染HA-OX1R与Myc-CCK2R的HEK293T细胞提取液的免疫沉淀物中,可同时检出HA-OX1R、Myc-CCK2R融合蛋白,而在未转染或单转Myc-CCK2R的细胞提取液沉淀物中,却不能同时检出两种融合蛋白。以上结果表明,在活细胞生理条件下,OX1R可与CCK2R相互作用,这为进一步探讨二者相互作用在结肠癌细胞增殖中的作用及相关信号通路提供了新的线索。     

人重组白细胞介素12在CHO细胞中的表达

将人白细胞介素12（interleukin 12, IL-12）两条链p35及p40全长cDNA分别亚克隆至真核表达载体pcDNA3中,构建了pcDNA3/p35a,pcDNA3/p40a,pcDNA3/p35b,pcDNA3/p40b四种真核细胞重组表达质粒,利用磷酸钙共沉淀法转染中国苍鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞. 通过对阳性克隆的筛选鉴定,获得了稳定表达人IL-12的CHO细胞株,活性最高的一株表达量为105 U/ml.此细胞株经半年的传代培养,能够稳定地分泌IL-12.结果显示：IL-12在CHO细胞中的稳定表达受到重组质粒结构、DNA整合、mRNA转录、蛋白质翻译等多因素的影响,IL-12两个亚基在CHO细胞中的共同表达是产生有生物活性IL-12的基础.     

重组人pLXSN-CD80逆转录病毒载体的构建及在CHO和PA317细胞中的表达

CD80是表达于抗原提呈细胞表面的分化抗原,它提供T细胞活化的协同刺激信号,并在抗肿瘤免疫应答中起着重要作用。我们在克隆了CD80全长。cDNA的基础上,将其与逆转录病毒pLXSN表达载体连接,构建成表达质粒,并用磷酸钙沉淀法将其转染PA317和CHO细胞,经G_(418)筛选获得抗G_(418)的PA317和CHO细胞克隆。以RIA,FACs和Westernblot检测CD80分子在PA317和CHO细胞上的表达、分布和分子量,结果显示,pLXSN-CD80转染的CHO细胞可表达较高丰度的CD80分子,其表观分子量为40kD。pLXSN-CD80转染的PA317和CHO细胞经5个月连续传代培养,无论存在G_(418)的选择压力与否,仍然持续表达CD80分子,表明我们构建的pLXSN-CD80表达载体具有应用于试验性治疗的潜能。     

白血病抑制因子受体细胞内区对HL-60细胞表达CD14和CD15的影响

观察白血病抑制因子 (LIF)受体gp190亚基完整的细胞内区和gp190胞内区C末端片段(190CT)对人白血病系HL 6 0表达CD14、CD15的影响 ,进一步了解LIF引发白血病细胞增殖抑制和分化的关系 .用基因重组技术将LIF另一亚基gp130的细胞内区换成gp190的细胞内区 ,用PCR技术扩增gp190细胞内区C末端的一个多肽的编码序列 ,构成嵌合体受体基因 130 /190及 190CT片段 ,并分别在HL 6 0细胞表达 .用免疫组化和流式细胞术检测分析在LIF的诱导下 ,HL 6 0细胞表达CD14、CD15的水平 .转染pcDNA130 /190的HL 6 0细胞 ,CD15表达量明显增高 ;转染pcDNA190CT的细胞 ,CD15的表达量降低 ;但 2组细胞的CD14表达量均较低且水平接近 .LIF可能诱导HL 6 0细胞向粒细胞而不向单核细胞分化 ,该效应是由gp190亚基细胞内区介导的 ,而gp190C末端片段可干扰LIFα受体介导的信号传导效应 .     

糖基化磷脂酰肌醇锚定型EGFP真核表达质粒的构建及表达

构建与增强型绿色荧光蛋白基因相连的糖基化磷脂酰肌醇(glycosyl phosphatidylinositol,GPI)序列的真核表达质粒,并检测其在A549细胞中的表达.分离人外周血淋巴细胞,提取总RNA,以RT-PCR法扩增CD24基因的243 bp GPI锚定序列,双酶切后定向克隆入pEGFP-C1质粒中,构建并鉴定pEGFP-C1-GPI质粒.经脂质体介导转染A549细胞后,在荧光显微镜下观察目的蛋白在真核细胞内的表达情况.经酶切和测序鉴定证实,所克隆的CD24 GPI序列正确,荧光显微镜观察pEGFP-C1-GPI质粒转染A549细胞可见围绕细胞膜的强绿色荧光,而对照pEGFP-C1质粒转染A549细胞仅见胞内均匀荧光.成功构建与EGFP相连的GPI真核表达质粒,且能在A549细胞膜上锚定表达EGFP-GPI融合蛋白,为构建锚定表达型肿瘤疫苗奠定基础.     

Study on intracellular trafficking of Mac-1 by direct visualization

Previously, we constructed DNA vectors containing cDNAof Mac-1 subunits (CD11b or CD18b) fused with fluorescence protein (FP). cDNA fragments and the DNA constructs were then transfected into CHO cells (as CHO-Mac-1-FP). The structure and function of Mac-1-FP obtained from the CHO-Mac-1-FP cells are nearly identical to that expressed in wild type leukocytes. In the present study, the intracellular trafficking of Mac-1 was visualized directly by monitoring the fluorescent intensities of YFP-CD18 and PE-conjugated monoclonal antibody against CD11b under a confocal microscope in CHO-Mac-1-FP cells. The results indicate that: (i) although Mac-1 was not detected in the cell membrane at resting state, it had been translocated and clustered into the cell membrane by 1 h and internalized 2 h after PMA stimulation, at which point the fluorescence intensity began to diminish gradually, probably due to partial degradation of Mac-1. The fluorescence of CD18 and CD11b reappeared on the cell membrane 1 h after re-treatment with PMA, suggesting the recycling of non-degraded Mac-1. (ii) The adhesion rate of CHO-Mac-1-FP to magnetic beads coupled ICAM-1 increased within 4 h after their initial interaction, accompanied by the clustering of Mac-1-FP. After 8 h, the adhesion rate declined and fluorescence also decreased simultaneously. The pattern of change in fluorescence in CHO-Mac-1-FP cells elicited by ICAM-1 beads was similar to that elicited by PMA, suggesting that endocytosis and degradation of Mac-1 occurred after the interaction with ICAM-1. Thus, we conclude that the intracellular trafficking of Mac-1 after activation is associated with membrane translocation, endocytosis, degradation and recycling. These changes are in parallel with the adhesion of CHO-Mac-1-FP cells with ICAM-1, and may be involved in the adhesion and detachment of leukocytes. The detachment of leukocytes may be caused by endocytosis of Mac-1.     

Study on intracellular trafficking of Mac-1 by direct visualization

Mac-1 (macrophage differentiation antigen asso-ciated with complement three receptor function), alsonamed CD11b/CD18, an adhesion molecule belongingresting leukocytes and at the surface of activated leu-kocytes (macrophages and neutrophils). Mac-1 playsan important role in the migration, chemotaxis and 2 Methodsphagocytosis of leukocytes[1]. Although there have 2.1 Observation of PMA-stimulated Mac-1 traffick-been several reports on the role of Mac-1 in neutrophil ingadh…     

Detection of constitutive heterodimerization of the integrin Mac-1 subunits by fluorescence resonance energy transfer in living cells

Macrophage differentiation antigen associated with complement three receptor function (Mac-1) belongs to beta2 subfamily of integrins that mediate important cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Biochemical studies have indicated that Mac-1 is a constitutive heterodimer in vitro. Here, we detected the heterodimerization of Mac-1 subunits in living cells by means of two fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques (fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy) and our results demonstrated that there is constitutive heterodimerization of the Mac-1 subunits and this constitutive heterodimerization of the Mac-1 subunits is cell-type independent. Through FRET imaging, we found that heterodimers of Mac-1 mainly localized in plasma membrane, perinuclear, and Golgi area in living cells. Furthermore, through analysis of the estimated physical distances between cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fused to Mac-1 subunits, we suggested that the conformation of Mac-1 subunits is not affected by the fusion of CFP or YFP and inferred that Mac-1 subunits take different conformation when expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells, respectively.     

Divergent effect of mammalian PLCζ in generating Ca²⁺ oscillations in somatic cells compared with eggs

Sperm PLCζ (phospholipase Cζ) is a distinct phosphoinositide-specific PLC isoform that is proposed to be the physiological trigger of egg activation and embryo development at mammalian fertilization. Recombinant PLCζ has the ability to trigger Ca2? oscillations when expressed in eggs, but it is not known how PLCζ activity is regulated in sperm or eggs. In the present study, we have transfected CHO (Chinese-hamster ovary) cells with PLCζ fused with either YFP (yellow fluorescent protein) or luciferase and found that PLCζ-transfected cells did not display cytoplasmic Ca2? oscillations any differently from control cells. PLCζ expression was not associated with changes in CHO cell resting Ca2? levels, nor with a significantly changed Ca2? response to extracellular ATP compared with control cells transfected with either YFP alone, a catalytically inactive PLCζ or luciferase alone. Sperm extracts containing PLCζ also failed to cause Ca2? oscillations in CHO cells. Despite these findings, PLCζ-transfected CHO cell extracts exhibited high recombinant protein expression and PLC activity. Furthermore, either PLCζ-transfected CHO cells or derived cell extracts could specifically cause cytoplasmic Ca2? oscillations when microinjected into mouse eggs. These data suggest that PLCζ-mediated Ca2? oscillations may require specific factors that are only present within the egg cytoplasm or be inhibited by factors present only in somatic cell lines.     

ICAM-1-CD18 interaction mediates neutrophil cytotoxicity through protease release

Interaction ofthe ₂-integrin complex on thepolymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) with intercellular adhesionmolecule-1 (ICAM-1) has been implicated in PMN-mediated cytotoxicity.This study examined interaction of the CD11a, CD11b, and CD18 subunitsof the ₂-integrin with ICAM-1,transfected into Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells to avoid effectsof other adhesion molecules. Incubation of quiescent PMNs withwild-type and ICAM-1-transfected CHO cells produced nominal cell lysis.Similarly, when phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-activated PMNs wereincubated with wild-type CHO cells, minimal cytotoxicity was produced.However, when ICAM-1-transfected CHO cells were incubated withPMA-activated PMNs, 40% cell lysis occurred. Blockade with amonoclonal antibody (MAb) to ICAM-1 or MAbs to CD11a, CD11b, or CD18reduced PMN-mediated cytotoxicity to baseline. To examine the role ofadhesion in cytotoxicity, we studied₂-integrin-mediated PMNadhesion to ICAM-1-transfected CHO cells and found that MAbs for CD11a,CD11b, and CD18 all abrogated PMN cytotoxicity despite disparateeffects on adhesion. To assess the role of CD18,₂-integrin subunits werecross-linked, and CD18 alone mediated protease release. Moreover,ICAM-1 was immunoprecipitated from transfected CHO cells and incubatedwith PMNs. This soluble ICAM-1 provoked elastase release, similar toPMA, which could be inhibited by MAbs to CD18 but not MAbs to other₂-integrin subunits. Inaddition, coincubation with protease inhibitors eglin C and AAPVCKreduced PMN-mediated cytotoxicity to control levels. Finally,ICAM-1-transfected CHO cells were exposed to activated PMNs from apatient with chronic granulomatous disease that caused significant celllysis, equivalent to that of PMNs from normal donors. Collectively,these data suggest that ICAM-1 provokes PMN-mediated cytotoxicity viaCD18-mediated protease release.

     

Leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells

The adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium is a physiological phenomenon which is the first step for leukocyte emigration. The adhesion can be dramatically increased in pathological situations such as inflammation and vascular diseases. The molecular basis of leukocyte-endothelium interaction has been largely investigated in the last ten years. Using monoclonal antibodies it is possible to characterize the leukocyte adhesion molecule (LeuCAM) also named CD11/CD18 complex. These molecules responsible for leukocyte adhesion are heterodimers consisting of a common beta subunit and different subunit CD11a/CD18 corresponding to LFA-1; CD11b/CD18 to Mac1/Mol; CD11c/CD18 to GP150-95. Beside these receptors, other leukocyte structures such as the fibronectin receptors are involved in the adhesive process. On the endothelial cell side specialized structures implicated in leukocyte adhesion have been identified. Structures like Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM) are expressed on endothelial cells in the absence of stimulation, while other receptors Endothelial Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule (ELAM) are only detectable on activated endothelial cells. Cytokines such as IL-1 induced the expression of ELAM, increased the number of ICAM and Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) DR, DP, DQ. In various pathological circumstances, namely extracorporeal circulation, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus increased leukocyte adhesion has been reported and is potentially responsible for vascular damage. Therefore, the modulation of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions is a possible target for antithrombotic and antiatherosclerotic therapy.     

Occupancy of CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) divalent ion binding site(s) induces leukocyte adhesion

The group of leukocyte integrins CD11a-c/CD18 coordinate disparate adhesion reactions in the immune system through a regulated process of ligand recognition. The participation of the receptor divalent ion binding site(s) in this mechanism of ligand binding has been investigated. As compared with other divalent cations, Mn2+ ions have the unique property to dramatically stimulate the adhesive functions of the leukocyte integrin CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1), expressed on myelo-monocytic cells. This is reflected in a three- to fivefold increased early monocyte adhesion (less than 20 min) to resting, unperturbed endothelial cells, and increased association of CD11b/CD18 with its soluble ligands fibrinogen and factor X. CD11b/CD18 ligand recognition in the presence of Mn2+ ions is specific, time and concentration dependent, and inhibited by anti-CD11b mAb. At variance with Ca(2+)-containing reactions where CD11b/CD18 functions as an inducible receptor activated by adenine nucleotides or chemoattractants, Mn2+ ions induce per se a constitutive maximal ligand binding capacity of CD11b/CD18, that is not further modulated by cell stimulation. Rather than quantitative changes in surface density, Mn2+ ions increase the affinity of CD11b/CD18 for its complementary ligands up to 10-fold, as judged by Scatchard plot analysis of receptor:ligand interaction under these conditions. Furthermore, monocyte exposure to Mn2+ ions induces the expression of activation-dependent neo-antigenic epitopes on CD11b/CD18, selectively recognized by mAb 7E3. These data suggest that in addition to cell-activating stimuli, favorable engagement of divalent ion binding site(s) can provide an alternative pathway to rapidly regulate the receptor affinity of leukocyte integrins.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel CD1 gene from the pig.

Much effort is underway to define the immunological functions of the CD1 multigene family, which encodes a separate lineage of Ag presentation molecules capable of presenting lipid and glycolipid Ags. To identify porcine CD1 homologues, a cosmid library was constructed and screened with a degenerate CD1 alpha3 domain probe. One porcine CD1 gene (pCD1.1) was isolated and fully characterized. The pCD1.1 gene is organized similarly to MHC class I and other CD1 genes and contains an open reading frame of 1020 bp encoding 339 amino acids. Expression of pCD1.1 mRNA was observed in CD3- thymocytes, B lymphocytes, and tissue macrophages and dendritic cells. The pCD1.1 cDNA was transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells, and subsequent FACS analysis demonstrated that mAb 76-7-4, previously suggested to be a pig CD1 mAb, recognizes cell surface pCD1.1. Structurally, the pCD1.1 alpha1 and alpha2 domains are relatively dissimilar to those of other CD1 molecules, whereas the alpha3 domain is conserved. Overall, pCD1.1 bears the highest similarity with human CD1a, and the ectodomain sequences characteristically encode a hydrophobic Ag-binding pocket. Distinct from other CD1 molecules, pCD1.1 contains a putative serine phosphorylation motif similar to that found in human, pig, and mouse MHC class Ia molecules and to that found in rodent, but not human, MHC class-I related (MR1) cytoplasmic tail sequences. Thus, pCD1.1 encodes a molecule with a conventional CD1 ectodomain and an MHC class I-like cytoplasmic tail. The unique features of pCD1.1 provoke intriguing questions about the immunologic functions of CD1 and the evolution of Ag presentation gene families.