仿生养殖鳖与温室养殖鳖形态特征的比较

对体重为531－615g仿生养殖鳖与体重575－613g的温室养殖鳖进行形态观测,结果表明,在等背甲长、宽时,仿生养殖鳖的体高显著较温室养殖鳖为小,裙边宽显著较温室养殖鳖为大,呈更扁平的体型;仿生养殖鳖的爪型较尖,温室养鳖的爪尖圆钝;在等体重的鳖中,温室养殖鳖组织中的成形脂肪块重和肝脏重均显著高于仿生养殖鳖（P＜0．01）,表明温室养殖鳖可食部分中脂肪含量增加,同时发现温室养殖鳖往往有脂肪肝异变现象。     

中华鳖生化组成的分析──Ⅰ.一般营养成分的含量及肌肉脂肪酸的组成

本文对中华鳖的稚鳖（体重11．5－18．0g）、一龄鳖（体重100.0－125．5g）、二龄鳖（体重220．0－263．0g）和三龄鳖（体重450．0－480．0g）的肌肉、背甲、裙边和油脂块等不同部位中的水分、灰分、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量及其肌肉中的脂肪酸的组成进行了分析,结果表明：中华鳖的肌肉、裙边和背甲中的蛋白质的含量高达18．33％－23．44％,脂肪含量较低。肌肉中高度不饱和脂肪酸含量占脂肪酸总量的32．69％,DHA（C22:6）与EPA（C20:5）分别占脂肪酸总量的8．30％和6．97％左右。本研究在分析与比较的基础上评价了中华鳖的营养价值和药用价值,为中华鳖配合饲料的开发提供了理论依据。     

完全失神经面瘫I／t曲线的对数相关性及预后

肌电图检测完全失神经面瘫３０例,同时检测患侧额肌、口轮匝肌Ｉ／ｔ曲线６０条,有扭结１９条,直线４１条。计算额肌、口轮匝肌Ｉ／ｔ曲线对数回归直线方程分别为：ＬｏｇＹ＝－０．６４ＬｏｇＸ＋０．９８（ｒ＝０．９９９６,Ｐ＜０．００１）和ＬｏｇＹ＝－０．７６ｌｏｇＸ＋０．８４（ｒ＝０．９９８９,Ｐ＜０．００１）。３０例患者随访１至３年,Ｈｏｕｓｅ－ＢｒａｃｈｍａｎｎⅠ级３例,２３例留有后遗症和并发症,Ⅲ级１０例,Ⅳ级１３例。出现面部明显运动时间病后２至５个月,手术损份４例未恢复。结论：完全失神经面瘫Ｉ／ｔ曲线,随脉宽减小,强度值呈直线上升;两条曲线的建立对于评定面瘫的神经损伤程度、预后及比较不同治疗方法优越性提供了依据。     

中华鳖生化组成的分析

本语文对中华鳖的稚鳖、一龄鳖、二龄鳖和三龄鳖的肌肉、背甲、裙边和油脂块等不同部位中的水分、灰分、蛋白南含量、脂含量及其肌肉中的脂肪酸的组成进行了分析,结果表明;中华鳖的肌肉、裙边和背甲中的蛋白质的含量高达１８．３３－２３．４４％,脂肪含量较低。肌肉中高度不饱和脂肪酸含量占脂肪酸总量的３２．６９％,ＤＨＡ与ＥＰＡ分别占脂肪酸总量的８．３０％和６．９７％左右。本研究在分析与比较的基础上评价了中华鳖的营     

翡翠贻贝壳长与体重关系的研究

本实验研究了翡翠贻贝（Ｐｅｒｎａｖｉｒｉｄｉｓ）的壳长Ｌ（ｃｍ）与整体湿重Ｗ（ｇ）、贝壳干重Ｓ（ｇ）、软体组织干重Ｔ（ｇ）三者之间的关系。结果表明,采自中科院南海海洋研究所海洋生物综合实验站（ＭＢＲＳ）（东山）的贻贝符合关系式：Ｗ＝０．１１２４８８×Ｌ２．７００３８,Ｓ＝０．０４４１６０６×Ｌ２．７１５８３,Ｔ＝０．００３７２４４３×Ｌ２．５２８６;采自惠阳县大亚湾水产资源增殖站（澳头）的贻贝则符合：Ｗ＝０．１６１７９４×Ｌ２．５１５８,Ｓ＝０．０６２２１６３×Ｌ２．５４６３４,Ｔ＝０．０１０４６１×Ｌ２．１３９９４。从两个地点采集的贻贝之间的差别,可解释为营养条件的差异     

三突花蛛对茶小绿叶蝉的捕食作用及其模拟模型的研究

在室内条件下,测定结果表明三突花株亚成蛛对茶小绿叶蝉若虫及成虫的日捕食量分别为１８．３头／ｄ,１７．３头／ｄ,对成虫的功能反应曲线可用ＨＯｌｌｎｇ圆盘方程模拟：Ｎａ＝１．０５５８６Ｎｔ／（１＋０．０１３６５／Ｎｔ）自身密度反应用Ｈａｓｓｅｌ－Ｖａｒｌｅｙ模型拟合,Ｅ＝０．５１７Ｐ＾－０．６５６７,经Ｘ＾２检验,以上各方程理论值与实际值误差不显著（〈Ｐ０．１０）。温度（Ｔ）对功能反应的影响可用以下方     

孵化期间鹌鹑蛋各成分的水分变化及胚胎生长

孵化期间鹌鹑蛋中黄和蛋白的含水量变化呈互补性，即蛋黄含水多时，蛋白含水量少，蛋黄含水少时，蛋白含水量多，但人孵前蛋黄含水同出壳时剩余蛋黄含水量无显著差异，孵化期间胚胎含水是逐渐减少的，第９日龄前胚胎生长缓慢，第９日龄后胚胎呈直线生长，湿重的生长模型为Ｙ＝０．０００４Ｘ＾３．５９（ｒ＝０．９９，Ｐ〈０．０１），干重的生长模型为Ｙ＝０．００００２Ｘ＾４．１０８４（ｒ＝０．９９，Ｐ〈０．０１）。     

温度对中华鳖卵孵化和胚胎发育的影响

在25℃,27．5℃,30℃,32．5℃和35℃条件下,分别研究了中华鳖（Trionyx sinensis)卵的孵化和胚胎的发育。卵黄和卵壳的湿重分别占卵重的85．10％和14．90％,含水量分别为76．63％和21．01％。中华鳖胚胎重随孵化时间呈逻辑斯谛曲线增长,孵化温度越高,胚胎发育速度r越大。25℃－30℃的胚胎发育仅表现为‘S’型生长曲线的前,中段,在孵化后期发育速度未受到明显的抑制,32．5℃和35℃温度条件下,后期发育速度受到了较大的影响。孵出稚鳖湿重和干重均与初始孵重存在极显著的经性相关关系。孵化温度对孵出稚鳖湿重没有显著影响,但对孵出稚鳖干重的影响极显著。随孵化温度的升高,孵出稚鳖干重吾‘U’形变化,在适中温度下,胚胎的生长效率最低。卵黄干重随孵化时间呈指数递减,温度越高,孵黄的利用速度越快。在孵化过程中,卵重,卵干重和卵内水总量都随孵化时间的延长,孵化温度的上升而略有下降。孵化期随温度升高呈双曲线缩短,其相关关系可用方程I＝30．6＋109／（T－22．5）来表示。中华鳖卵的最适孵化温度在32．5℃左右,胚胎孵化后期比早期对温度的需求可能要低一些。     

滇池太湖新银鱼的生长特性与资源量关系的研究

为了滇池中太源新银鱼（ＮｅｏｓａｌａｎｘｔａｉｈｕｅｎｓｉｓＣｈｅｎ）达到稳产,高产,优质,高效的目的,管理部门急需寻求一个合理的资源平衡点,经３１个月的连续采样调查,应用ＶｏｎＢｅｒｔａｌａｎｆｆｙ生长方程,得到太湖新银鱼１９８９年和１９９０年生长方程分别为：Ｌ＝６．７０（１－ｅ＾－０．１９８（ｔ－０．２２５）,Ｗ＝１．７８（１－ｅ＾－０．１９８（ｔ－０．２２５））＾３和Ｌ＝７．４８（１－ｅ＾－     

中华鳖幼鳖的空气呼吸静止代谢率,气体交换比及其与温度的关系

本文观测了２３、２５、２８、３０、３３、３５℃下体重２０－６０ｇ中华鳖幼鳖陆上呼吸时的静止代谢率Ｖ〔ｍｌＯ２／（ｋｇ·ｈ）〕和呼吸气体交换比ＲＥ,探讨了二者与温度Ｔ（℃）的关系。幼鳖在空气中的静止代谢率随温度升高而增加,其相关关系可用下式表示：Ｖ＝８．２２１７×１０＾－．０４５９Ｔ,Ｒ＾２＝０．９８。Ｑ１０在实验温度范围内并不是固定不变的,但２３￣３０℃之间Ｑ１０约为２．５,而在３０￣３５℃之间则     

Quantitative trait loci for body size components in mice

Do body size components, such as weights of internal organs and long bone lengths, with different functions and different developmental histories also have different genetic architectures and pleiotropic patterns? We examine murine quantitative trait loci (QTL) for necropsy weight, four long bone lengths, and four organ weights in the LG/J × SM/J intercross. Differences between trait categories were found in number of QTL, dominance, and pleiotropic patterns. Ninety-seven QTLs for individual traits were identified: 52 for long bone lengths, 30 for organ weights, and 15 for necropsy weight. Results for long bones are typically more highly significant than for organs. Organ weights were more frequently over- or underdominant than long bone lengths or necropsy weight. The single-trait QTLs map to 35 pleiotropic loci. Long bones are much more frequently affected in groups while organs tend to be affected singly or in pairs. Organs and long bones are found at the same locus in only 11 cases, 8 of which also include necropsy weight. Our results suggest mainly separate genetic modules for organ weights and long bone lengths, with a few loci that affect overall body size. Antagonistic pleiotropy, in which a locus has opposite effects on different characteristics, is uncommon.     

Isolation and characterization of outer membranes of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron grown on different carbohydrates.

To determine whether certain outer membrane proteins are associated with growth of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron on polysaccharides, we developed a procedure for separating outer membranes from inner membranes by sucrose density centrifugation. Cell extracts in 10% (wt/vol) sucrose-10 mM HEPES buffer (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid) (pH 7.4) were separated into two fractions on a two-step (37 and 70% [wt/vol]) sucrose gradient. These fractions were further resolved into outer membranes (p = 1.21 g/cm3) and inner membranes (p = 1.14 g/cm3) on sucrose gradients. About 20 to 26% of the total 3-hydroxy fatty acids from lipopolysaccharide and 2 to 3% of the total cellular succinate dehydrogenase activity were recovered in the outer membrane preparation. The inner membrane preparation contained 22 to 49% of the total succinate dehydrogenase activity and 2 to 3% of the total 3-hydroxy fatty acids from lipopolysaccharide. Outer membranes contained a lower concentration of protein (0.34 mg/mg [dry weight]) than did the inner membranes (0.68 mg/mg [dry weight]). Molecular weights of inner membrane polypeptides ranged from 11,000 to 133,000. The most prominent polypeptides had molecular weights ranging from 11,000 to 26,000. In contrast, the molecular weights of outer membrane polypeptides ranged from 17,000 to 117,000. The most prominent polypeptides had molecular weights ranging from 42,000 to 117,000. There were several polypeptides in the outer membranes of bacteria grown on polysaccharides (chondroitin sulfate, arabinogalactan, or polygalacturonic acid) which were not detected or were not as prominent in outer membranes of bacteria grown on monosaccharide components of these polysaccharides.     

黄羊消化道形态和结构的特征

研究了51副黄羊消化道的形态结构特征。腮腺（g）占体重（kg）的比率为1.035,整个胃组织重占体重的比率为2.74%～2.89% , 瘤胃最大,占整个胃组织重量的72%～76%,其次是网胃（9%～10%）、皱胃（8%～10%）和瓣胃（5%～6%）,除瘤胃与体重呈线性正相关外,其它3个分胃与体重呈线性负相关,瘤胃表面扩张系数（SEF）值为8.52,瘤胃粘膜乳突密度为89,整个肠道长度是体长的17.8倍,肠重占体重的比率为4.96%,从消化道的形态结构特征分析,黄羊属于混饲者。     

不同食性甲虫的含能值、含水量及其变动规律研究

以干旱地区的肉食性步甲科(Carabidae)和植食性拟步甲科(Tenebrionidae)昆虫成体为材料,测定鞘翅目甲虫的含能值和含水量,分析其含能值和含水量的相互关系及其变动规律.结果表明,肉食性步甲科昆虫的含能值(22.64 J/mg无灰干重)显著高于植食性拟步甲科昆虫(20.55 J/mg无灰干重)(P<0.05),相反,前者的含水量(54.96%)却显著地低于后者(63.28%)(P<0.05).步甲科和拟步甲科昆虫的含能值都与其含水量成显著负相关(r=-0.5962,P<0.05).步甲科和拟步甲科昆虫的含能值或含水量具有明显的季节变动规律,两科的变动规律基本相同,其中,含能值在秋季最高(22.80 J/mg无灰干重),春季最低(20.42 J/mg无灰干重),含水量则相反,秋季最低(54.93%),春季最高(61.88%)(P<0.05).步甲科和拟步甲科昆虫的头、胸、腹和附肢不同体区的含能值具有显著差异(P<0.05),其中,腹部的含能值最高(22.65 J/mg无灰干重),其次为胸部(21.33 J/mg无灰干重),头部和附肢的含能值最低(20.89 J/mg无灰干重和20.60 J/mg无灰干重).不同体区的含能值也具有同样的季节变动,即含能值在秋季最高(22.30 J/mg无灰干重),春季最低(19.46 J/mg无灰干重)(P<0.05).步甲科和拟步甲科昆虫的个体含能值与其头、胸、腹和附肢各体区的含能值成正相关,相关系数分别为0.718、0.846、0.897和0.604(P<0.05);其中个体含能值与腹部或胸部体区含能值的相关系数显著地高于它们与头部和附肢含能值的相关系数(P<0.05);这些结果说明,脂质在甲虫腹部和胸部的积聚是引起甲虫个体含能值提高的主要原因.本文对不同食性甲虫含能值产生差异的原因,甲虫含能值和含水量变动的影响因素也进行了分析;并结合最佳摄食理论,就甲虫作为猎物,其含能值和含水量的这些变动规律对食虫动物食物选择所可能产生的影响也进行了探讨,就今后进一步检验食虫动物摄食对策所应开展的猎物喂养食虫动物的实验提出建议.     

Effects of dietary fat and zinc on adiposity,serum leptin and adipose fatty acid composition in C57BL/6J mice

Zinc (Zn) has been implicated in altered adipose metabolism, insulin resistance and obesity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects dietary Zn deficiency and supplementation on adiposity, serum leptin and fatty acid composition of adipose triglycerides and phospholipid in C57BL/6J mice fed low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diets for a 16 week period. Weanling C57BL/6J mice were fed LF (16% kcal from soybean oil) or HF (39% kcal from lard and 16% kcal from soybean oil) diets containing 3, 30 or 150 mg Zn/kg diet (ZD = Zn-deficient, ZC = Zn control and ZS = Zn-supplemented, respectively). HF-fed mice had higher fat pad weights and lower adipose Zn concentrations than the LF-fed mice. The ZD and ZS groups had a reduced content of fatty acids in adipose triglycerides compared to the ZC group, suggesting that zinc status may influence fatty acid accumulation in adipose tissue. Serum leptin concentration was positively correlated with body weight and body fat, and negatively correlated with adipose Zn concentration. Dietary fat, but not dietary Zn, altered the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue phospholipid and triglyceride despite differences in Zn status assessed by femur Zn concentrations. The fatty acid profile of adipose triglycerides generally reflected the diets. HF-fed mice had a higher percentage of C20:4 n-6, elevated ratio of n-6/n-3, lower ratio of PUFA/SAT and reduced percentage of total n-3 fatty acids in adipose phospholipid, a fatty acid profile associated with obesity-induced risks for insulin resistance and impaired glucose transport. In summary, the reduced adipose Zn concentrations in HF-fed mice and the negative correlation between serum leptin and adipose Zn concentrations support an interrelationship among obesity, leptin and Zn metabolism.     

Body Mass Parameters,Lipid Profiles and Protein Contents of Zebrafish Embryos and Effects of 2,4-Dinitrophenol Exposure

Morphology and physiology of fish embryos undergo dramatic changes during their development until the onset of feeding, supplied only by endogenous yolk reserves. For obtaining an insight how these restructuring processes are reflected by body mass related parameters, dry weights (dw), contents of the elements carbon and nitrogen and lipid and protein levels were quantified in different stages within the first four days of embryo development of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). The data show age dependent changes in tissue composition. Dry weights decreased significantly from 79μgdw/egg at 0hours post fertilization (hpf) to 61 μgdw/egg after 96 hpf. The amounts of total carbon fluctuated between 460 mg g^-1 and 540 mg g^-1 dw, nitrogen was at about 100 mg g^-1 dw and total fatty acids were between 48–73 mg g^-1 dw. In contrast to these parameters that remained relatively constant, the protein content, which was 240 mg g^-1 at 0 hpf, showed an overall increase of about 40%. Comparisons of intact eggs and dechorionated embryos at stages prior to hatching (24, 30, 48 hpf) showed that the differences seen for dry weight and for carbon and nitrogen contents became smaller at more advanced stages, consistent with transition of material from the chorion to embryo tissue. Further, we determined the effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol at a subacutely toxic concentration (14 μM, LC10) as a model chemical challenge on the examined body mass related parameters. The compound caused significant decreases in phospholipid and glycolipid fatty acid contents along with a decrease in the phospholipid fatty acid unsaturation index. No major changes were observed for the other examined parameters. Lipidomic studies as performed here may thus be useful for determining subacute effects of lipophilic organic compounds on lipid metabolism and on cellular membranes of zebrafish embryos.     

The Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Microalgae: from Strain Selection to Product Purification

A selection programme to increase the cellular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content has been carried out with the microalga Isochrysis galbana. The selection process involved two stages of single selection. EPA content continuously increased from 2·4% dry weight (d.w.) of the ‘parent’ culture to an average value of 5·3% d.w. in the final stage. The proportion of total EPA variation attributable to the genetic variation (heritability in a broad sense) was 0·99 showing the importance of the genome in the determination of this fatty acid. The growth and fatty acid profile of an EPA-rich isolate grown as a chemostat in a cylindrical photobioreactor have been studied. A decrease in EPA content was observed (5·21% w/w to 2·8% w/w) at the lowest dilution rate D = 0·024 h⁻¹, up close to the maximum growth rate, D = 0·038 h⁻¹. At the same time, the biomass concentration also decreased from 1015 mg/litre to 202 mg/litre over the abovementioned range of dilution rate (D). Nonetheless, the EPA productivity increases with D, with a maximum of 15·26 mg/litre/day at D = 0·0208 h⁻¹. Furthermore, steady-state dilution rates may be related to average internal light intensity. Reverse-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) on octadecylsilyl semi-preparative columns was used to separate stearidonic acid (SA), EPA and docosohexaenoic acid (DHA) in polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate obtained by the urea complexation method from a fatty acid solution previously obtained by direct saponification of biomass. Isolate SA, EPA and DHA fraction purity was 94·8, 96·0 and 94·9%, respectively, with yields of 100·0, 99·6 and 94·0%.     

Fatty Acid Composition of Polar Lipids in Ceratodon purpureus and Pleurozium schreberi

The total amount of fatty acids in the mono- (MGDG) and diglycosyl diglyceride (DGDG) and more polar lipid fractions of frozen Ceratodon purpureus shoots was 4.6, 3.4 and 4.0 mg/g dry weight, respectively. The respective values for the tops of frozen Pleurozium schreberi were 2.6, 3.3 and 3.8 mg/g dry weight. The molar ratios MGDG/DGDG and MGDG + DGDG/chlorophyll were 1.3 and 3.7, respectively, for C. purpureus and 0.8 and 3.5 for P. schreberi. In C. purpureus the main fatty acids in the MGDG fraction were C 18:3ω3 (44% of the total fatty acids) and C 16:3ω3 (26%); in the DGDG fraction C 18:3ω3 (70%); and in the more polar lipid fraction C 18: 3ω3 (26%) and C 16:0 (25%). The proportion of C 20 polyunsaturated fatty acids was 15, 12 and 19% of the total fatty acids found in the MGDG, DGDG and more polar lipid fractions, respectively. In P. schreberi the proportion of C 20 polyunsaturated fatty acids was high in all polar lipid fractions (47, 42 and 25% in MGDG, DGDG and more polar lipid fractions, respectively). In addition, MGDG and DGDG fractions contained abundantly C 18:3ω3 (32 and 45%, respectively), and the more polar lipid fraction both C 18: 3ω3 (24%) and C 16:0 (27%).     

Infectivity, growth, development and pathology of Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda) in the golden hamster

Laboratory hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were experimentally infected with 75 ± 15 metacercarial cysts of Echinostoma caproni. Worms were recovered from days 7 to 89 post-infection with eight to 90 (average 37) parasites in the small intestine. Worm wet weights averaged 0.85 mg at 10 days, 1.8 mg at 17 days, 3.4 mg at 45 days, and 7.7 mg at 89 days; average dry weights for the identical days were, 0.15, 0.30, 0.70 and 2.2 mg, respectively. The average body area of worms fixed in hot (80°C) alcohol-formalin-acetic acid was 0.21 mm² on day 3, 4.9 mm² on day 10, and 17.7 mm² on day 42. Clinical signs in some hamsters included progressive unthriftiness and watery diarrhea. Gross examination revealed enlarged lymphatic nodules along the length of the small intestine. The histopathological responses of hamsters to the parasite showed erosion of the intestinal villi with lymphocytic infiltration being the primary response; hemorrhagic areas were also observed in the villi.     

Yolk utilization inScyliorhinus canicula,an oviparous dogfish

Synopsis Using plastic embedding techniques and semithin sections, in order to overcome the difficult sectioning of yolky eggs, we have been able to carry out histological study of the external yolksac from fertilization until birth in the oviparous dogfishScyliorhinus canicula. The endoderm and its contacting giant yolk nuclei remained very flat, seemingly inactive, during the larger part of development. They became activated only when the external yolksac (EYS) began to shrink. This activation increased along a vegetal-animal gradient in the EYS, but it was essentially restricted to the parts located near the yolk stalk. A statistical study of oocyte, yolk, embryo and newborn fresh and dry weights confirmed that the mass of dry tissue in the embryo (30mg) and in EYS wall (<1 mg) at mid-development were still very low compared to 0.8–1.5 g mass of yolk available for development. This explains why yolk weight remained practically the same during the first half of development. The end of this first period was marked by entry into the pre-hatching state at 85–115 days under laboratory conditions (14–16°C). At this time, yolk began to enter the spiral gut, where it was digested during the second half of development and during one week period after eclosion. Eclosion occurred 170–220 days after egg laying or extraction from oviduct. Two internal storage organs were studied biometrically in the newborn: the internal yolksac (IYS), and the liver, which was fully developed at birth. Both IYS and liver dry weights corresponded to about 10% of the original yolk, while the gut was only 2%, and the rest of the newborn body 58%. Thus, about 20% of yolk dry mass was consumed during development, a figure that is low for oviparous animals.