植物转录因子GRAS蛋白的研究进展

GRAS转录因子是植物特有的转录因子,已在多种植物中被发现,且GRAS蛋白具有其特有的功能结构域,根据对模式植物拟南芥和水稻的GRAS基因家族进行进化分析,可将GRAS基因家族划分为8个亚族:LISCL、PATI、SCL3、DELLA、SCR、SHR、LS和HAM,各个亚族调控不同的功能区域。已发现GRAS蛋白广泛参与植物的生长发育、信号转导、逆境胁迫等生理过程,本综述就GRAS蛋白的结构特征及相应的功能特性和最新的研究进展进行归纳总结。     

拟南芥转录因子GRAS 家族基因群响应渗透和干旱胁迫的初步探索

GRAS家族是一类植物特有的转录调控因子, 已有报道表明该家族基因在植物生长发育和光信号转导过程中具有重要作用。目前在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)基因组中已鉴定了33个GRAS家族基因。利用功能基因组学和生物信息学手段,通过基因芯片数据挖掘和基因功能预测, 对拟南芥GRAS家族基因在渗透和干旱胁迫过程中的应答模式进行了初步探索, 提出了一类响应渗透胁迫和干旱胁迫的拟南芥GRAS家族基因。以SCL13为例, 利用基因芯片相关性和GO分析, 对其在渗透胁迫信号转导过程中可能的调控机制进行了预测和分析。这一研究将为阐明GRAS家族基因参与水分胁迫的分子机制提供新的思路, 同时也为植物抗逆分子育种提供候选基因。     

拟南芥转录因子GRAS家族基因群响应渗透和干旱胁迫的初步探索

GRAS家族是一类植物特有的转录调控因子,已有报道表明该家族基因在植物生长发育和光信号转导过程中具有重要作用.目前在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)基因组中已鉴定了33个GRAS家族基因.利用功能基因组学和生物信息学手段,通过基因芯片数据挖掘和基因功能预测,对拟南芥GRAS家族基因在渗透和干旱胁迫过程中的应答模式进行了初步探索,提出了一类响应渗透胁迫和干旱胁迫的拟南芥GRAS家族基因.以SCL13为例,利用基因芯片相关性和GO分析,对其在渗透胁迫信号转导过程中可能的调控机制进行了预测和分析.这一研究将为阐明GRAS家族基因参与水分胁迫的分子机制提供新的思路,同时也为植物抗逆分子育种提供候选基因.     

杨树MIR171基因家族进化与功能分化研究

microRNA(miRNA)是一类重要的非编码小分子RNA,广泛参与植物生长发育和胁迫响应的调控。毛果杨MIR171基因家族是一个古老的miRNA基因家族,具有14个成员。本研究对毛果杨MIR171基因家族的基因倍增模式、表达方式、启动子结构及靶基因进行了分析。结果表明:毛果杨MIR171基因家族主要通过48~54百万年前的染色体大片段重复进行扩张,其表达方式和功能已经出现分化。MIR171基因家族可能主要通过调控GRAS转录因子和信号转导蛋白参与杨树生长发育、光信号转导和光形态建成的调控。     

小黑杨PnGRAS47基因克隆及氮素诱导下的表达模式分析

GRAS转录因子是一种植物特有且广泛分布的转录因子,参与调控植物生长发育及在植物响应环境胁迫中发挥重要的功能。本研究通过克隆小黑杨(Populus simonii×P.nigra)Pn GRAS47基因序列,分析其基因及蛋白序列的基本特征;通过实时定量PCR技术检测在不同形态和不同浓度的氮素处理下小黑杨Pn GRAS47基因的组织表达模式。研究结果显示:Pn GRAS47基因全长1 528 bp,编码452个氨基酸。Pn GRAS47蛋白分子质量为50 812.19 Da,理论等电点为5.41,为不稳定蛋白,不存在信号肽,有2段跨膜区域。氨态氮(NH_4~+-N)和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)处理下,小黑杨Pn GRAS47基因呈现组织特异性表达。0.1和10 mmol·L~(-1) NO_3~--N诱导了Pn GRAS47基因在叶和根中的表达,0.1和10 mmol·L~(-1)的NH_4~+-N处理诱导了Pn GRAS47基因在叶和茎中的表达,但抑制了其在根中表达。因此,小黑杨Pn GRAS47基因受不同氮素的诱导,在不同组织中存在差异,GRAS基因可能在小黑杨对氮素的吸收与利用中发挥作用。     

植物中Remorin蛋白的研究进展

Remorin蛋白是一种与质膜/脂筏相连定位在膜微区的植物特异性寡聚丝状蛋白家族。Remorin蛋白在C端结构上具有保守的coiled-coild模体,可根据此特点鉴定潜在的Remorin蛋白家族,而N端变化较大,决定了其功能多样性。Remorin蛋白在植物生长发育、信号转导和胁迫应答方面起着至关重要的作用。对Remorin蛋白在植物器官形成、提高作物产量、信号转导、抗逆胁迫、抗病性等方面的研究进行综述。旨为Remorin蛋白参与植物发育和抗逆胁迫的作用机制提供新思路,有利于培育具有高产、优质和高抗逆性状的优良作物。     

钙调素及钙调素相关蛋白在植物细胞中的研究进展

植物对一系列生物和非生物刺激所产生的反应都与细胞内Ca2+信号转导有关,而钙调素、钙调素相关蛋白则是Ca2+信号转导的下游靶蛋白。该文介绍了钙调素的结构及其在植物细胞中的分布,钙调素及钙调素相关蛋白在植物细胞中的表达等方面的最近研究进展。     

中华猕猴桃GRAS基因家族鉴定及低温胁迫表达分析

GRAS基因家族广泛参与植物生长和逆境响应，而低温是制约猕猴桃生产和分布的重要因素之一，鉴定猕猴桃GRAS基因家族，分析其在低温胁迫中的表达情况，为猕猴桃的抗寒研究和品种选育提供理论依据。以中华猕猴桃‘红阳’基因组为参考进行GRAS家族保守结构域比对，通过对鉴定到的家族成员进行系统进化树、蛋白理化性质、基因结构、蛋白三级结构、蛋白质motif、顺式作用元件、共线性、密码子偏好性和基因表达模式等进行分析。结果表明，猕猴桃基因组共存在79个GRAS家族成员，分属于8个亚家族，且各亚家族基因、蛋白结构有所差异。顺式作用原件分析显示该家族基因参与多种植物激素、生长发育以及胁迫响应。密码子偏好性分析发现，该家族密码子第3位碱基更偏好使用嘧啶类碱基（G/T）。鉴定到6个基因可能参与猕猴桃低温胁迫过程，并进行荧光定量PCR验证了该猜测。该研究补充了猕猴桃GRAS基因家族鉴定分析的空白，为猕猴桃抗寒研究奠定分子基础。     

植物细胞中的膜联蛋白（annexin）

膜联蛋白（annexin）是存在于动植物细胞中的钙依赖性磷脂结合蛋白,广泛参与受钙离子调控的生命活动,如囊泡运输、膜融合、信号转导、钙离子通道的形成、细胞分化和细胞骨架蛋白间的相互作用等。本文就植物细胞中annexin的研究进展进行了介绍。     

新疆野苹果GRAS转录因子家族全基因组鉴定与响应腐烂病菌侵染的表达分析

在植物中,GRAS转录因子通过参与光信号通路和赤霉素通路等多种信号传导途径来响应植物非生物胁迫过程已被广泛研究,但对其在生物胁迫中的响应机制研究较少。本研究基于新疆野苹果（Malus sieversii）基因组,通过TBtools、Pfam和NCBI-CDD分析软件,对新疆野苹果GRAS家族基因（MsGRAS）进行筛选与验证;随后利用Protein Paramter Calc分析MsGRAS家族成员蛋白的理化性质,用MEGA构建系统发育树;最后利用PlantCARE和Graphics软件分析MsGRAS的2 000 bp顺式作用元件。此外,分析MsGRAS基因与栽培苹果（Malus domesitica）MdGRAS基因的共线性关系。通过腐烂病菌（Valsa mali）侵染后的全长转录组数据和RT-qPCR实验对MsGRAS基因家族在响应新疆野苹果抵抗腐烂病菌过程中的表达模式进行分析和验证。结果显示：（1）在新疆野苹果中共鉴定获得83个GRAS基因,涵盖DELLA、LS、SCR、SCL3和DLT等11个亚家族;蛋白结构域预测结果表明,83个MsGRAS蛋白均包含GRAS结构域,其中有4...     

The role of GRAS proteins in plant signal transduction and development

GRAS proteins are a recently discovered family of plant-specific proteins named after GAI, RGA and SCR, the first three of its members isolated. Although the Arabidopsis genome encodes at least 33 GRAS protein family members only a few GRAS proteins have been characterized so far. However, it is becoming clear that GRAS proteins exert important roles in very diverse processes such as signal transduction, meristem maintenance and development. Here we present a survey of the different GRAS proteins and review the current knowledge of the function of individual members of this protein family.     

DELAYED HEADING DATE1 interacts with OsHAP5C/D,delays flowering time and enhances yield in rice

Heading date is an important agronomic trait affecting crop yield. The GRAS protein family is a plant‐specific super family extensively involved in plant growth and signal transduction. However, GRAS proteins are rarely reported have a role in regulating rice heading date. Here, we report a GRAS protein DHD1 (Delayed Heading Date1) delays heading and enhances yield in rice. Biochemical assays showed DHD1 physically interacts with OsHAP5C/D both in vitro and in vivo. DHD1 and OsHAP5C/D located in the nucleus and showed that rhythmic expression. Both DHD1 and OsHAP5C/D affect heading date by regulating expression of Ehd1. We propose that DHD1 interacts with OsHAP5C/D to delay heading date by inhibiting expression of Ehd1.     

The GRAS protein SCL13 is a positive regulator of phytochrome-dependent red light signaling, but can also modulate phytochrome A responses

Phytochrome photoreceptors enable plants to perceive divergent light signals leading to adaptive changes in response to differing environmental conditions. However, the mechanism of light signal transduction is not fully understood. Here we report the identification of a new signaling intermediate from Arabidopsis thaliana, Scarecrow-like (SCL)13, which serves as a positive regulator of continuous red light signals downstream of phytochrome B (phyB). SCL13 antisense lines exhibit reduced sensitivity towards red light, but only a distinct subset of phyB-mediated responses is affected, indicating that SCL13 executes its major role in hypocotyl elongation during de-etiolation. Genetic evidence suggests that SCL13 is also needed to modulate phytochrome A (phyA) signal transduction in a phyB-independent way. The SCL13 protein is localized in the cytoplasm, but can also be detected in the nucleus. Overexpression of both a nuclear and cytoplasmic localized SCL13 protein leads to a hypersensitive phenotype under red light indicating that SCL13 is biologically active in both compartments. SCL13 is a member of the plant-specific GRAS protein family, which is involved in various different developmental and signaling pathways. A previously identified phytochrome A signaling intermediate, PAT1, belongs to the same subbranch of GRAS proteins as SCL13. Although both proteins are involved in phytochrome signaling, each is specific for a different light condition and regulates a different subset of responses.     

PROTEIN PROFILES OF CHINESE WHITE WAX SCALE,Ericerus pela,AT THE MALE PUPAL STAGE BY HIGH‐THROUGHPUT PROTEOMICS

The Chinese white wax scale insect (Ericerus pela) is sexually dimorphic with holometabolous males and hemimetabolous females. Holometabolous insects were assumed to originate from hemimetabolous ancestors. Therefore, the male pupal stage is a major innovation compared with hemimetabolous female insects. Here, the protein profiles of the male pupae were obtained by high‐throughput proteomics and analyzed using bioinformatics methods. A total of 1,437 peptides were identified and assigned to 677 protein groups. Most of the proteins had molecular weights below 40 kDa and isoelectric points from 4 to 7. Gene Ontology terms were assigned to 331 proteins, including metabolic process, developmental process, and cellular process. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotations identified 142 pathways and most proteins were assigned to metabolism events. Pathways involved in cell growth and death, signal transduction, folding, and sorting and degradation were also identified. Six proteins that had undergone positive selection were classified into four groups, protein biosynthesis, protein degeneration, signal transduction, and detoxification. Many of the high‐abundance proteins were enzymes involved in carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism; signal transduction; degradation; and immunization, which indicated that metabolism, disruption, and development occurred intensely at the pupal stage. These processes are closely related to the physiological status of pupae. The results also suggested that these related proteins may be fundamental factors in the formation of pupae. This study describes pupal characterization at the molecular level and provides a basis for further physiological studies.