谷氨酰胺在杂交细胞培养中的降解与代谢

The chemical decomposition of glutamine is a first-order reaction. Its reaction constants under storage and culture conditions were determined as 0.0009 h-1 and 0.0032 h-1 respectively. Batch culture of hybridoma cell C50 with different initial contents of glutamine helped to understand its real metabolic characteristic. The results show that when the initial concentration of glutamine is lower than 5 mmol/L, more than 80% is used by cells. And the lower the initial content, the more being used. As the initial glutamine concentration increases, the ratio of its utilization decreases. When it reaches 10 nmol/L, the ratio decreases dramatically.     

抑制谷氨酰胺代谢减轻血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的心肌纤维化

本文旨在探讨心脏成纤维细胞(cardiac fibroblasts, CFs)谷氨酰胺(glutamine, Gln)代谢在高血压所致心肌纤维化中的作用及机制。用微渗透泵给予C57BL/6J小鼠血管紧张素Ⅱ (angiotensin Ⅱ, Ang Ⅱ, 1.6 mg/kg per d)诱导心肌纤维化,用免疫组织化学法和Western blot检测心肌组织谷氨酰胺酶1 (glutaminase 1, GLS1)的表达。小鼠腹腔注射GLS1抑制剂BPTES (12.5 mg/kg)以抑制Gln代谢,用Masson染色法观察心肌纤维化程度,用RT-qPCR和Western blot检测心肌组织Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达变化。Sprague-Dawley (SD)大鼠乳鼠CFs在有/无Ang Ⅱ (0.4μmol/L)刺激下接受Gln 4 mmol/L或BPTES (5μmol/L)处理。用划痕实验和CCK-8法分别检测CFs迁移和增殖,用RT-q PCR和Western blot检测CFs中GLS1、Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原蛋白表达变化。在Ang Ⅱ和BPTES处理的条件下,给予CFs 2 mmol/L ...     

体外培养的哺乳动物细胞的葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺代谢

综述体外培养哺乳动物细胞的葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺代谢。大部分的葡萄糖通过糖酵解途径为细胞提供中间代谢物质和能量 ,最终生成乳酸 ,只有很少部分进入TCA循环和磷酸戊糖途径。谷氨酰胺通过谷氨酰胺酶生成谷氨酸 ,并进一步通过谷氨酸脱氢酶或转氨酶生成α -酮戊二酸进入TCA循环 ,为细胞提供中间代谢物质和能量。糖酵解和谷氨酰胺代谢 (glutaminolysis)受葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺的影响而相互调节。     

肿瘤化疗与药物代谢酶

药物代谢酶(DME)在药物代谢解毒和药物代谢活化中起着重要的作用,对组织器官的药物效应和毒性的易感性产生重要影响。DME在肿瘤组织和非肿瘤组织表达和活性存在差异。与常用化疗药物有关的药物代谢酶主要有细胞色素P450(CYP)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)、尿苷二磷酸-葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UGT)、巯嘌呤甲基转移酶(TPMT)和二氢嘧啶脱氢酶(DPD),这些酶均具有遗传多态性,在一定条件下可以被诱导,具有个体差异。     

谷氨酰胺在杂交瘤细胞培养中的降解与代谢

谷氨酰胺(Glutamine,Gln)是动物细胞培养中一种很特殊的必需氨基酸,常用培养基中其浓度在0.7～5 mmol/L之间,可作为细胞生长的主要能源和氮源,并参与合成嘌呤、嘧啶、蛋白质和多肽.但谷氨酰胺的水解又是培养体系中主要毒性副产物氨的重要来源,其水解途径有二:(1)非酶水解即化学降解,生成氨和吡咯烷酮羧酸,这是个一级反应,其反应常数和温度、酸碱度、血清浓度有关;(2)被谷氨酰胺酶所水解,生成氨和谷氨酸.     

肿瘤转移过程中的细胞代谢调控

转移是90%癌症患者死亡的主要原因。相比原位肿瘤,转移的肿瘤表现出截然不同的代谢特征。这些代谢上的异常在肿瘤细胞迁移、侵袭、抗失巢凋亡及远端定植过程中发挥重要作用。因此,深入理解肿瘤转移过程中的代谢重编程机制,有助于利用肿瘤细胞的代谢弱点限制肿瘤转移,进而为发生转移的癌症患者提供有效治疗手段。     

星形胶质细胞和神经元之间谷氨酸-谷氨酰胺的代谢偶联

谷氨酸-谷氨酰胺循环是星形胶质细胞和神经元代谢偶联最重要的途径之一。在中枢神经系统中葡萄糖经糖酵解和三羧酸循环,合成三羧酸循环的中间产物。神经元因缺乏丙酮酸羧化酶,不能由葡萄糖直接合成谷氨酸,而必须依赖于星形胶质细胞的三羧酸循环来产生作为谷氨酸前体的三羧酸循环中间代谢产物。星形胶质细胞的谷氨酸载体从突触间隙摄取谷氨酸,在星形胶质细胞中转变成谷氨酰胺并释放到细胞外,然后重新被神经元摄取,转变成谷氨酸进入新一轮的循环。本文介绍了该循环,以及星形胶质细胞谷氨酸载体的功能、特性及调控。     

L-谷氨酰胺产生菌的选育和代谢流量分析

目的:建立并完善嗜乙酰乙酸棒杆菌YL012及其突变株LCHA0082合成L-谷氨酰胺的中心代谢网络.方法:分别测定了它们在特定培养时段(48h～50h)L-谷氨酰胺等代谢物的胞外浓度,由此计算这一时段这些代谢物在发酵液中积累(或消耗)的速率,分别作出这两株菌在拟稳态下的代谢流量分布图,进而研究诱变育种过程中不同诱变标记对代谢网络中L-谷氨酰胺合成流量分布的影响.结果:育种操作使流量分配朝着有利于L-谷氨酰胺合成的方向改变,流入谷氨酸节点的流量由29.198mmol/L·h上升到44.854mmol/L·h,提高到原来的1.5倍左右,合成L-谷氨酰胺的流量由18.138mmol/L·h上升至31.065mmol/L·h,效果明显.结论:从代谢流量分析角度上,证明诱变育种对代谢流量的改变起到明显的作用,代谢流量分析也为新的设计育种提供了思路.     

Glutamine and glutamate--their central role in cell metabolism and function

Glucose is widely accepted as the primary nutrient for maintenance and promotion of cell function. However, we propose that the 5-carbon amino acids, glutamine and glutamate, should be considered to be equally important for maintenance and promotion of cell function. The functions of glutamine are many and include: substrate for protein synthesis, anabolic precursor for muscle growth, acid-base balance in the kidney, substrate for ureogenesis in the liver, substrate for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis, an oxidative fuel for intestine and cells of the immune system, inter-organ nitrogen transport, precursor for neurotransmitter synthesis, precursor for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis and precursor for glutathione production. Many of these functions are connected to the formation of glutamate from glutamine. We propose that the unique properties regarding concentration and routes of metabolism of these amino acids allow them to be used for a diverse array of processes related to the specialized function of each of the glutamine utilizing cells. In this review we highlight the specialized aspects of glutamine/glutamate metabolism of different glutamine-utilizing cells and in each case relate key aspects of metabolism to cell function.     

Targeting ASCT2-mediated glutamine metabolism inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells

Some tumor cells have a high rate of glutamine uptake and exhibit glutamine addiction. Alanine-serine cysteine-preferring transporter 2 (ASCT2) is a major mediator of glutamine supply in many tumor cells, but the underlying effects and mechanisms of ASCT2 in pancreatic cancer (PC) are largely unknown. Our results show that ASCT2 expression is significantly higher in PC than in normal pancreatic duct cells and pancreas. Utilizing the Kaplan–Meier Plotter database, a high expression of SLC1A5 mRNA was significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) in patients with PC. shRNA-mediated inhibition of ASCT2 function in vitro can significantly decrease glutamine consumption, α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) production and ATP generation and increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Moreover, the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine partially attenuated the increase in the ROS levels and reduced ATP generation. These data suggest that ASCT2 mediates glutamine metabolism and maintains redox homeostasis in PC. To further investigate whether ASCT2 is involved in PC cell growth, we blocked ASCT2 activity with the ASCT2 inhibitor l-γ-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide (GPNA) and silenced the expression of ASCT2 with specific shRNAs. We found that the growth of PC cells was significantly inhibited. Additionally, knockdown of ASCT2 induced apoptosis through the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Furthermore, the loss of ASCT2 in BxPC-3 cell xenografts significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo, and this effect was associated with an increase in cleaved caspase-3 expression and a decrease in Ki67 staining. Taken together, our results show that ASCT2 may be utilized as a putative therapeutic target for PC.     

病毒感染影响宿主细胞代谢研究进展

作为专性的细胞内寄生物,病毒没有独立代谢的能力,因此完全依赖于宿主细胞的代谢机制。病毒利用宿主细胞代谢网络提供的能量和生物合成前体物质来驱动其复制、装配和释放。因此,病毒挟持宿主细胞代谢以实现自身的复制和增殖。此外,病毒还可以通过编码辅助代谢基因(auxiliary metabolic genes,AMGs)调控宿主的细胞代谢,影响碳、氮、磷、硫循环,参与微生物驱动的生物地球化学循环。本文主要从细胞葡萄糖代谢、谷氨酰胺代谢、脂肪酸代谢、病毒AMGs调控宿主代谢影响生物地球化学循环4个方面总结病毒感染对宿主核心代谢途径影响的研究,以期为深入理解病毒-宿主相互作用提供参考,也将为通过代谢干预治疗病毒性疾病提供一定的理论依据。     

Glutamine limited fed-batch culture reduces the overflow metabolism of amino acids in myeloma cells

The murine myeloma cell line Sp 2/0-Ag 14 was cultured in an ordinary batch culture and in a glutamine limited fed-batch culture. In batch culture, the overflow metabolism of glutamine ends in excess production of ammonium and the amino acids alanine, proline, ornithine, asparagine, glutamate, serine and glycine. This pattern was dramatically changed in the fed-batch culture. Glutamine limitation halved the cellular ammonium production and reduced the ratio of NH₄ ⁺/glutamine. The excess production of alanine, proline and ornithine was reduced by a factor of 2–6 while asparagine was not produced at all. In contrary to the other amino acids glycine production was increased. These results are discussed in view of the different nature of glutamine metabolism in the mitochondrial compartment vs. the cytosolic. Furthermore, essential amino acids were used more efficiently in the fed-batch as judged by the increase in the cellular yield coefficients in the range of 1.3–2.6 times for seven of the 11 consumed ones. In all, this leads to a more efficient use of the energy sources glucose and glutamine as revealed by an increase in the cellular yield coefficient for glucose by 70% and for glutamine by 61%.