Natural distribution

Log-normal distributions describe data from diverse disciplines of science. However, the fundamental basis of log-normal distributions is unknown. We suggest that the skewed distributions are outcomes of natural processes i.e. they result from the principle of increasing entropy. Fluctuations during the course of evolution toward more probable states yield multiplicative variations about the mean. The non-linear dispersion of thermodynamic states, i.e. matter and energy defined by chemical potentials, underlies the skew. Cumulative curves of skewed distributions without integrable analytical forms are characteristic of natural processes.     

白花油麻藤的地理分布及适生区预测

白花油麻藤是豆科黧豆属大型木质藤本植物。运用Diva-Gis软件,结合海拔高度图层和植被图层绘制了白花油麻藤的地理分布图,分析了白花油麻藤的分布规律和生境特性;以Maxent模型作为物种适生性预测模型,温度和降水作为预测的环境因子,预测了白花油麻藤在中国的适生区。结果表明:白花油麻藤在中国27.5°N以南中低海拔10～1200m有分布,如山坡、路旁、沟谷、溪边及林下灌丛;喜温暖湿润气候,广东为白花油麻藤分布最为密集的地区。白花油麻藤的分布与植被类型和海拔有着密切的关系,分布区的植被类型为亚热带常绿阔叶林和热带季雨林,随着植被分布密度的降低和海拔的升高白花油麻藤的分布范围和分布密度呈逐渐缩小的趋势。白花油麻藤在中国的潜在分布区为粤、桂、闽、港、澳、滇、琼、赣、川、黔、藏、湘、浙等省区及交界处,其种质资源的保存及其利用应考虑其潜在分布区。     

On a property of the exponential distribution

If t is an independent exponentially distributed random variable, the distribution p = [t - x] is a modified geometric distribution, similar to the result of HAWKINS and KOTZ (1976), x is uniform.     

Hydromedusan distribution patterns

A possible ancient origin of the Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae and Limnomedusae in the Indo-Malayan region and of the Narcomedusae and Trachymedusae in the Antarctic region is postulated. Conclusions are based on recent distribution patterns and comparison with Euphausiacea distributions.     

青杨脊虎天牛幼虫空间分布格局

20 0 3年 4～ 6月 ,在黑龙江省大庆市红旗林场对青杨脊虎天牛XylotechusrusticusL .幼虫空间分布格局进行了调查研究 ,结果表明该天牛幼虫在杨树人工林内呈负二项分布 ;采用 6种不同聚集指标测定结果均表明为聚集分布。对青杨脊虎天牛幼虫在树干高度上垂直分布研究表明 ,该天牛幼虫在树干上危害部位主要集中在 1～ 4m范围内 ;对该幼虫垂直分布与树干高度进行曲线拟合 ,符合立方曲线 ,曲线方程为y =0 0 68+0 41 7x -0 1 3 6x2 +0 0 1 1x3 ,由相关系数方值R2 =0 83 6验证     

Boltzmann-type distribution of side-chain conformation in proteins

We analyze packing imperfections in globular proteins as reflected in deviations of torsion angles from the equilibrium values for the isolated side chains. The distribution of conformations of methionine and lysine residues in a database of high-resolution structures is compared with energies of model compounds calculated with high-level quantum-mechanics. The distribution of the C-C and C-S torsion angles (chi(3)) correlates well with the Boltzmann factor of the torsion energy, exp(-betaE) of the model compounds C(2)H(5)-C(2)H(5) and C(2)H(5)-S-CH(3). An exponential relation was again found between the relative occurrence of g+, g- and t conformations for C(alpha)-C(beta) bonds in long side chains and the energy differences of rotamers of alpha-amino n-butyric acid, when dependence on backbone conformation was taken into account. The distribution of all 27 rotamers of methionine was correlated with the energy differences between the model's rotamers, corrected for clashes with nearby residues, the correlation being good for a set with backbone in the beta-conformation, but less clear for backbone alpha-conformation. In all correlations, the value of the coefficient beta corresponds to a temperature of circa 300 K. These results can be interpreted with a model that considers the structure of a folded protein as resulting from packing imperfectly complementary parts, with a requirement of an overall low energy. Compromises are required to optimize the fit of nonbonded contacts with surrounding groups, and side chains assume conformations away from the energy minimum. An exponential distribution is a most probable distribution, and this can be established easily under conditions other than thermal equilibrium.     

Fisher information for a multivariate extreme value distribution

Explicit algebraic formulae for the Fisher information matrixof the multivariate extreme value distribution with generalisedextreme value margins and logistic dependence structure aregiven.     

花曲柳窄吉丁的空间分布

2004年4月~9月,在天津市大港区官港森林公园对花曲柳窄吉丁Agrilus planipennis的空间分布和垂直分布进行了调查研究,应用扩散系数(C)等6种指数法分析测定,确定了该虫在林地中的空间分布呈聚集分布,分布的基本成分是个体群。扩散蔓延规律为聚集型扩散。花曲柳窄吉丁幼虫在树干的垂直分布主要区间在50~150 cm之间。对幼虫垂直分布与树干高度的关系进行分析,其符合立方曲线,曲线方程为:Y=-5.142 9+17.943 7X+21.662 3X2-14.545X3;相关系数R2=0.915,P=0.013。     

Evaluation of the spatial distribution of Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in South Korea combining climate and host plant distribution

Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a global forest pest, has a potential to damage forests in South Korea, requiring an effective tool for evaluating its potential distribution. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of A. glabripennis in South Korea by simultaneously considering climate and host plants. Climatic suitability was firstly evaluated using a CLIMEX model; then, it was combined with the areal distribution of host plants using a simple mathematical formulation. We finally projected the spatial distribution of A. glabripennis onto the map of administrative districts to identify hazardous areas to watch. As a result, the developed model predicted that over 40% of areas in South Korea could be exposed to A. glabripennis damage, and most of them were located in mountainous areas with abundant host plants. In addition, climatic suitability was higher in coastal areas, which was different than a previous record of A. glabripennis occurrence, while the prediction by a comprehensive model was consistent with the record. In conclusion, the model including both climate and host plant occurrence was more reliable than the model which only included climate, and could provide useful data for determining areas for monitoring and control.     

林木分布格局多样性测度方法: 以阔叶红松林为例

林木分布格局是森林结构的重要组成部分, 直接影响森林生态系统的健康与稳定, 维持森林结构多样性被认为是保护生物多样性的最佳途径。本研究探讨了林木分布格局多样性的测度方法, 以期为揭示森林结构多样性提供理论依据。格局多样性研究的关键在于选择合适的生物多样性测度方法和具有分布属性的格局指数。本研究通过统计角尺度分布频率和Voronoi多边形边数分布频率, 运用Simpson指数分别计算角尺度多样性和Voronoi多边形边数分布多样性, 作为表达林木分布格局多样性指数的方法, 并以我国东北吉林蛟河的3个100 m × 100 m的阔叶红松(Pinus koreansis)林长期定位监测标准地为例, 分析了林木分布格局的多样性。结果表明: 无论是角尺度分布还是Voronoi多边形的边数分布都接近正态分布, 角尺度分布中随机分布林木的频数最多, 占55%以上; Voronoi多边形的类型多达10个以上, 50%以上的林木有5-6株最近相邻木。利用Simpson指数衡量林木格局多样性, 角尺度分布与Voronoi多边形的边数分布都显示出聚集分布的林分比随机分布林分的格局多样性高。研究还发现, 两种格局判定方法得出的Simpson指数值有所不同, 角尺度分布的多样性数值明显低于Voronoi多边形的边数分布的多样性数值, 主要原因是二者的等级数量不同。可见, 林木分布格局多样性研究应选择具有分布属性的格局指数, 但由于各指数反映的角度不同, 所以在分析比较不同林分格局多样性时应采用相同的分析方法。