产金属硫蛋白酿酒酵母诱变菌株的生物学功能研究

以酿酒酵母 (Saccharomycescerevisiae)单倍体菌株SY1为出发菌株 ,通过紫外线和亚硝基胍复合诱变 ,获得 1株Cu2 高抗性突变株 ,并对其生物学功能进行了研究。结果表明 ,其拮抗紫外线 ,拮抗电离辐射 ,清除·OH自由基能力 ,Cu2 解毒能力均比出发菌株有所提高 ,经 5 0世代培养后 ,其遗传稳定性保持在 96 %以上。     

酿酒酵母全基因组SNARE蛋白的亚细胞定位研究

在真核细胞中,内质网、高尔基体、质膜等膜结构间的蛋白质运输主要通过囊泡出芽和融合实现。SNARE蛋白家族在介导囊泡与目的膜结构融合过程中发挥关键作用。在模式生物酿酒酵母中,对全基因组SNARE蛋白的系统研究仍有不足。此研究构建了一套用于标记酿酒酵母基因组全部24种SNARE的工具质粒。该系列质粒既能呈现出良好的定位特征,又避免了过度表达造成的定位异常。通过与细胞器标记共定位验证了SNARE蛋白的亚细胞定位。结果发现3种SNARE的定位与之前报道不符:Bos1定位于早高尔基体,Snc1和Bet1定位于晚高尔基体/早内体。另外,Sec9定位于芽尖和芽颈,这是首次观察到Sec9在活酵母细胞中的定位。这项工作首次全面的检验了酵母SNARE家族蛋白的亚细胞定位,为后续SNARE蛋白功能研究提供了新线索,并为相关研究提供了一套工具质粒。     

板栗疫病菌绿色荧光与红色荧光蛋白共定位载体的构建

低毒病毒-板栗疫病菌组合是研究病毒与宿主相互作用的一个优秀的模式系统.我们构建了含绿色荧光蛋白基因gfp的载体pCPXHY2GFP与含红色荧光蛋白基因rfp的载体pCPXG418RFP,并用于转化野生型菌株EP155,获得了以潮霉素为筛选标记、表达绿色荧光蛋白的转化株pCPXHY2GFP/EP155和以G418为筛选标记、表达红色荧光蛋白的转化株pCPXG418RFP/EP155.将载体pCPXG418RFP转化pCPXHY2GFP/EP155,获得的转化株能观察到绿色荧光蛋白与红色荧光蛋白共定位的现象.板栗疫病菌绿色荧光与红色荧光共定位载体pCPXHY2GFP与pCPXG418RFP的构建,为深入研究病毒与宿主相互作用的分子机制提供了强有力的研究材料.     

酿酒酵母——天然酿酒师

葡萄成熟时,葡萄皮上会粘附天然的酿酒酵母,酿酒师有时就用它来发酵。现在随着技术的不断成熟,酿酒师越来越多地利用从天然酵母中精挑细选出来的酵母菌株进行发酵,因为不同的酿酒酵母品种有其独特的发酵特点,所产生的味道也各不相同。     

赤霞珠葡萄酒自然发酵中酿酒酵母的菌株区分

采用Interdelta指纹图谱分析, 对分离自宁夏地区赤霞珠葡萄自然发酵过程中的45个酿酒酵母单菌落进行菌株区分, 研究发酵过程中酿酒酵母菌株的变化, 为发酵的有效控制及选育优良酿酒酵母菌株提供依据。结果发现, 本研究分离到的45个酿酒酵母单菌落中, 产生5种指纹图谱, 代表5种不同的基因型, 基因型I-V分别占所分离单菌落的71%、13%、9%、5.0%、2.0%, 基因型I是发酵过程中的优势菌株。本研究中, 二氧化硫处理影响自然发酵过程中酿酒酵母菌株的类型、数目及比例, 但其影响不是很大。     

乙醇耐受性酿酒酵母菌株选育的研究进展

酿酒酵母是工业发酵生产乙醇的重要菌种,但是其发酵产物乙醇对酿酒酵母有明显的抑制作用.选育乙醇耐受性酿酒酵母是克服高浓度乙醇的抑制作用,提高乙醇产量的一条重要途径.本文对近年来国内外选育乙醇耐受性酵母的研究作一综述,旨在为乙醇耐受性酵母的选育提供参考.     

细菌lux荧光报告系统的研究进展

lux报告系统以其灵敏、快速、便捷等特性,在分子生物学、临床微生物和生化检测等领域中占据了一席之地。从lux报告系统的组成、类型及特性出发,介绍该报告系统在环境监测、食品安全、新药发现、肿瘤定位等方面的应用。     

航天对MT工程菌株的影响研究

为了探讨航天与常规诱变技术对MT工程菌株的影响,进行了HNO2.UV、γ-射线、LiCl及γ-射线 LiCl分别与航天共诱变对MT工程菌株活性的影响试验,并且就航天对MT工程菌株的致死作用及质粒的稳定性进行了研究。结果表明:MT工程菌株经航天处理后,活菌数降低,死亡率为34.59%,航天对MT工程菌株具有一定的致死作用;MT工程菌株经UV、γ-射线、LiCl及γ-射线 LiCl分别与航天共诱变处理后的生长活性没有改变,MT工程菌株经HNO2与航天共诱变处理后的生长速率减慢;在航天处理的作用下,MT工程菌株的质粒不易丢失,能够维持很好的稳定性,丢失率仅为8.26%,而置于地面的MT工程菌株的质粒易丢失,丢失率为83.51%。     

酿酒酵母遗传缺陷型菌株化学转化方法研究

目的:通过改善转化条件,提高缺陷型酿酒酵母DNA转化效率。方法:以醋酸锂化学转化法为基础,以酿酒酵母菌株fab1::KAN作为遗传转化受体,以敲除MZM1基因为转化目的,对影响遗传缺陷型菌株转化效率的参数(醋酸锂前处理、热激时间及转化后复苏时间)进行优化,确定适合缺陷型酵母DNA转化的最佳方法。结果:不同时间(30 min,60 min和120 min)醋酸锂的前处理均可以提高其转化效率,热激前使用醋酸锂处理酵母30 min转化效率最高;热激10 min是转化效率由高到低的转折点,30 min热激明显降低了转化效率;YPD培养基用于转化后酵母的复苏,随培养时间(30 min,60 min和120 min)的延长,酵母转化效率逐步增加,120 min作为热敏性菌株转化后的复苏时间较佳。结论:与野生型菌株类似,通过转化条件的优化,遗传缺陷型菌株的转化效率也可以满足大多数试验要求。     

芽殖酵母ASH1 mRNA的定位机制

mRNA定位是一种基因转录后水平的重要调控机制,对细胞的生理活动和分化发育都有着极其重要的作用。在芽殖酵母有丝分裂中,ASH1 mRNA在子细胞芽尖因不对称定位表达抑制了子细胞交配类型的转换。本综述介绍了芽殖酵母ASH1 mRNA定位的分子机制。     

Monitoring ADP/ATP ratio in yeast cells using the fluorescent-protein reporter PercevalHR

PercevalHR (Perceval High Resolution) is an artificially designed fluorescent protein, which changes its excitation spectrum based on the ADP/ATP ratio of the environment. Here we demonstrated that PercevalHR can be used for monitoring energy status of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, which are affected by diauxic shift and mitochondria inhibition, in a non-invasive and non-destructive manner.     

烟曲霉蛋白质分泌载体的构建及酸性磷酸酯酶的细胞定位

[目的]在酵母细胞中蛋白质的糖基磷酸肌醇化(GPI)修饰是将GPI定位于细胞膜或细胞壁的信号.目前已对酵母GPI蛋白的细胞定位信号有一定了解,但对丝状真菌GPI蛋白的定位则了解甚少.AfPhoA是丝状真菌烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)的酸性磷酸酯酶,是GPI修饰的蛋白.该蛋白首先分离自细胞膜,随后又发现该蛋白与细胞壁结合.分析其C-端序列也未发现已知的定位信号,因此目前还不能确定其细胞定位.[方法]我们以绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)作为报告分子,将AfPhoA的C-端序列与GFP的C-端融合后检测融合GFP的细胞定位.[结果]我们用烟曲霉几丁质酶AfChiB1的启动子和N-端信号肽构建了可在烟曲霉中分泌表达GFP的表达载体pchiGFP.在此基础上将AfPhoA的C-端与GFP融合,融合质粒与pCDA14共转化烟曲霉后筛选到一株转化子.该转化子可表达融合GFP,在诱导和非诱导条件下,融合GFP均主要分布在细胞膜上,随培养时间的延长,融合GFP在细胞壁上也有少量分布;在培养上清液中只能检出约30KD的GFP融合蛋白,而没有完整的GFP融合蛋白,推测为从GPI锚上水解释放的.[结论]我们的研究结果表明,AfPhoA蛋白GPI修饰的作用是使该蛋白定位于细胞膜.本研究不仅初步确定了AfPhoA蛋白GPI修饰的细胞膜定位功能,而且为烟曲霉基因与蛋白质功能的研究建立了一个有效表达系统.     

工业酵母菌株转化体系的建立

本文通过敏感度实验测定了工业酵母菌株SK—1、SPSC—1、NAN—27在不同的培养基上对G418及Cu^2 的敏感浓度,确定了3株工业菌株转化子的筛选方法。针对它们各自的生理生化、遗传特性,用改进的醋酸锂完整细胞转化和原生质体转化两种方法,分别建立了3株菌的转化系统,初步解决了工业酵母菌株转化的问题,并为下一步工业酵母菌株的代谢工程改造奠定了基础。     

荧光蛋白标签对gD囊膜蛋白在BHK-21细胞亚细胞定位的影响

【目的】探究荧光蛋白标签对马疱疹病毒I型(Equine herpes virus type 1,EHV-1)gD囊膜蛋白亚细胞定位的影响。【方法】以EHV-1基因组为模板利用PCR扩增gD全基因,分别克隆至pAcGFP1-C1和p Ds Red2-N1质粒,构建p Ac-GFP-gD(GFP-gD)和p Ds-gD-Red(gD-Red)重组质粒;将GFP基因插入gD基因信号肽序列之后并克隆至PVAX-1质粒,构建PVAX-S-GFP-gD’(S-GFP-gD’)重组质粒;将Flag标签序列与gD囊膜蛋白N端序列融合后并克隆至p VAX-1表达载体,构建p VAX-Flag-gD(Flag-gD)重组质粒。将4种不同重组真核表达质粒分别转染BHK-21细胞,通过激光共聚焦显微镜对不同融合蛋白gD进行亚细胞定位。【结果】成功构建4种不同的融合蛋白gD真核表达载体;在BHK-21细胞单独表达时,不同融合蛋白gD绝大部分都定位于高尔基体,极少量定位于细胞核内。【结论】不同插入位点的荧光蛋白标签对gD囊膜蛋白亚细胞定位无明显影响,这对今后研究其它蛋白亚细胞定位提供参考。     

Cortical Num1p interacts with the dynein intermediate chain Pac11p and cytoplasmic microtubules in budding yeast

Num1p, a cortical 313-kD protein, controls cytoplasmic microtubule (cMT) functions and nuclear migration through the bud neck in anaphase cells. A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Num1p fusion protein localizes at the bud tip and the distal mother pole of living cells, apparently forming cMT capture sites at late anaphase. In addition, galactose-induced GFP-Num1p is seen at the bud neck and in lateral regions of the mother cortex. The bud tip location of Num1p depends on Bni1p but does not require Kar9p, Dyn1p, or cMTs, whereas cMT contacts with polar Num1p dots are reduced in cells lacking Dyn1p. Num1p associates with the dynein intermediate chain Pac11p in the presence of Dyn1p, and with the alpha-tubulin Tub3p, as shown by coimmune precipitation of tagged proteins. Num1p also forms a complex with Bni1p and Kar9p, although Num1p is not required for Bni1p- and Kar9p-dependent nuclear migration to the bud neck in preanaphase cells.Our data suggest that Num1p controls nuclear migration during late anaphase by forming dynein-interacting cortical cMT capture sites at both cellular poles. In addition, Num1p may transiently cooperate with an associated Bni1p-Kar9p complex at the bud tip of early anaphase cells.     

The selection of yeast strains for the production of premium quality South African brandy base products

One hundred seven yeast strains were screened for their ability to produce a brandy base wine of exceptional sensory quality. Volatile acids, esters and higher alcohols were quantified and the results were interpreted using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and an average linkage cluster analysis. Significant differences between yeast strains for higher alcohol, fatty acid ester and acetate concentrations were observed. On the basis of their chemical profiles, 16 strains were selected and re-evaluated in larger-scale fermentations and subsequent double distillations. Results show that the yeast lees can have an important effect on the final concentration of higher alcohols and esters in the distillate. Highly elevated levels of ethyl acetate and iso-amyl acetate were found to be undesirable. Elevated levels of all the esters present contributed positively to the overall potential quality of the brandy base product. Too low higher alcohol concentrations were also not desirable. Sensory evaluations showed that, since the panel was composed of representatives of the three largest brandy-producing companies, each company preferred a different yeast strain most suitable for their style of brandy. For these reasons, three strains, B7, LL2 and 20-2, warranted further evaluation on a semi-commercial scale for each of the respective companies. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 24, 431–440. Received 17 November 1999/ Accepted in revised form 07 March 2000     

A dual fluorescent reporter for the investigation of methionine mistranslation in live cells

In mammalian cells under oxidative stress, the methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) misacylates noncognate tRNAs at frequencies as high as 10% distributed among up to 28 tRNA species. Instead of being detrimental for the cell, misincorporation of methionine residues in the proteome reduces the risk of oxidative damage to proteins, which aids the oxidative stress response. tRNA microarrays have been essential for the detection of the full pattern of misacylated tRNAs, but have limited capacity to investigate the misacylation and mistranslation mechanisms in live cells. Here we develop a dual-fluorescence reporter to specifically measure methionine misincorporation at glutamic acid codons GAA and GAG via tRNA^Glu mismethionylation in human cells. Our method relies on mutating a specific Met codon in the active site of the fluorescent protein mCherry to a Glu codon that renders mCherry nonfluorescent when translation follows the genetic code. Mistranslation utilizing mismethionylated tRNA^Glu restores fluorescence in proportion to the amount of misacylated tRNA^Glu. This cellular approach works well for both transient transfection and established stable HEK293 lines. It is rapid, straightforward, and well suited for high-throughput activity analysis under a wide range of physiological conditions. As a proof of concept, we apply this method to characterize the effect of human tRNA^Glu isodecoders on mistranslation and discuss the implications of our findings.     

Prediction of protein subcellular localization

Because the protein's function is usually related to its subcellular localization, the ability to predict subcellular localization directly from protein sequences will be useful for inferring protein functions. Recent years have seen a surging interest in the development of novel computational tools to predict subcellular localization. At present, these approaches, based on a wide range of algorithms, have achieved varying degrees of success for specific organisms and for certain localization categories. A number of authors have noticed that sequence similarity is useful in predicting subcellular localization. For example, Nair and Rost (Protein Sci 2002;11:2836-2847) have carried out extensive analysis of the relation between sequence similarity and identity in subcellular localization, and have found a close relationship between them above a certain similarity threshold. However, many existing benchmark data sets used for the prediction accuracy assessment contain highly homologous sequences-some data sets comprising sequences up to 80-90% sequence identity. Using these benchmark test data will surely lead to overestimation of the performance of the methods considered. Here, we develop an approach based on a two-level support vector machine (SVM) system: the first level comprises a number of SVM classifiers, each based on a specific type of feature vectors derived from sequences; the second level SVM classifier functions as the jury machine to generate the probability distribution of decisions for possible localizations. We compare our approach with a global sequence alignment approach and other existing approaches for two benchmark data sets-one comprising prokaryotic sequences and the other eukaryotic sequences. Furthermore, we carried out all-against-all sequence alignment for several data sets to investigate the relationship between sequence homology and subcellular localization. Our results, which are consistent with previous studies, indicate that the homology search approach performs well down to 30% sequence identity, although its performance deteriorates considerably for sequences sharing lower sequence identity. A data set of high homology levels will undoubtedly lead to biased assessment of the performances of the predictive approaches-especially those relying on homology search or sequence annotations. Our two-level classification system based on SVM does not rely on homology search; therefore, its performance remains relatively unaffected by sequence homology. When compared with other approaches, our approach performed significantly better. Furthermore, we also develop a practical hybrid method, which combines the two-level SVM classifier and the homology search method, as a general tool for the sequence annotation of subcellular localization.