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1.
【目的】本文对污染土壤中的耐重金属菌株进行分离鉴定,研究菌株在不同条件下对吸附铅镉的影响因素。【方法】通过生理生化特征及ITS序列分析确定菌株种属,采用平板划线法确定最大耐铅镉浓度并探究菌株吸附的最佳条件;通过准二级动力学、Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附的模型及红外光谱探究吸附过程。【结果】菌落形态和ITS序列分析鉴定表明,筛选分离的JB16为出芽短梗霉菌(Aureobasidium pullulans),最大耐铅浓度达1500 mg/L,最大耐镉浓度达750 mg/L,最大耐铅镉混合浓度达1500 mg/L和300 mg/L。通过单因素实验(温度、时间、菌龄、pH、湿菌体浓度和初始重金属浓度)得出结论,在温度30℃、时间2 h、菌龄72 h、pH 6、湿菌体浓度5 g/L和初始铅浓度150 mg/L的最佳条件下,菌体对铅的吸附率为88.5%;在温度30℃、时间1 h、菌龄96 h、pH 6、湿菌体浓度5 g/L和初始镉浓度20 mg/L的最佳条件下,菌体对镉的吸附率为59.4%。菌株吸附铅镉过程符合Langmuir吸附模型和准二级动力学模型,为表面单分子层吸附。扫描电镜和红外光谱分析表明,重金属离子对菌体造成影响,吸附前后形态发生变化,细胞表面的羟基、羧基、饱和C−H键和酰胺基等基团参与了吸附过程。【结论】菌株JB16具有一定的铅镉吸附效果,为修复重金属铅镉污染的水体和土壤提供宝贵的菌种资源和数据支持。 相似文献
2.
【背景】道路重金属污染问题日益严峻,寻找高效的微生物资源用于环境修复已迫在眉睫。【目的】从乌鲁木齐市道路林带土壤中筛选抗重金属菌株,并对其重金属去除能力进行探究。【方法】使用含5种重金属离子(铅、镉、锌、铜、镍)的4种培养基进行抗性菌株筛选,通过形态学特征和16S rRNA基因序列进行鉴定,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer,ICP-OES)检测分离株对重金属离子的去除情况。【结果】4种分离培养基中,TSA是抗重金属菌株筛选的最适培养基,共筛选出16株抗重金属菌,其中4株抗Pb菌、4株抗Cd菌、4株抗Zn菌、3株抗Cu菌和1株抗Ni菌,其抗性分别高达3 000、800、600、300和400mg/L,16株菌中以芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)数量最多。在初始浓度为700mg/L Pb2+下,菌株Pb6的去除率高达92.48%,菌株Pb11、Pb3和Pb9的去除率分别为27.70%、40.37%和58.88%;在200mg/L Cd2+... 相似文献
3.
一株耐Cd菌株的分离、鉴定及基本特性 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
【目的】从活性污泥中筛选耐镉(Cd)菌株,并研究其生长特性及对溶液中Cd~(2+)吸附的最佳条件,以期为重金属Cd污染水体的微生物修复提供菌株资源和应用技术参考。【方法】采用平板划线法,从活性污泥中分离、筛选、驯化出耐Cd菌株,通过16SrRNA基因序列分析及溶血试验、蛋白质毒素结晶试验进行初步鉴定,并采用单因素实验优化菌株的培养条件,通过正交实验确定菌粉吸附溶液中Cd~(2+)的最佳条件,同时利用SEM-EDS及FTIR分析探讨菌粉吸附Cd~(2+)的机理。【结果】经分离、驯化得到1株耐Cd细菌菌株,命名为H6,初步鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacilluscereus),最大Cd~(2+)耐受浓度为350 mg/L。菌株H6的最佳生长条件为:pH 6.0–8.0,温度28°C,转速120–210 r/min,接种量1%–5%;菌株H6在生长过程中,培养液pH值先稍微下降然后不断上升。菌粉吸附Cd~(2+)的正交优化条件为:菌粉用量0.125 g/L,吸附时间2 h,pH 5.0,温度30°C,此条件下吸附量为205 mg/g。SEM-EDS分析和红外光谱(FTIR)分析表明,在吸附过程中主要作用基团有羟基、羧基、羰基、酰胺基和烷基,此外,Ca~(2+)与Cd~(2+)发生了离子交换。【结论】从活性污泥中分离出的菌株H6,初步鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),是1株具有较强Cd~(2+)吸附能力的细菌菌株。 相似文献
4.
《生物技术通讯》2018,(6)
目的:以天津滨海近岸沉积物为材料,进行耐铅优势菌株的分离鉴定,探讨影响菌株铅吸附的因素。方法:通过生理生化特征、16S rDNA序列相似性分析对菌株进行初步鉴定,考察pH值、吸附剂投加量、Pb~(2+)的初始浓度、吸附时间等不同条件下菌株对Pb~(2+)的吸附效果。结果:分离出一株耐铅菌株NY-3,鉴定为Oceanimonas sp.,菌株最大耐Pb~(2+)浓度为300 mg/L。在pH值为6、菌体投加量1 g/L、Pb~(2+)初始浓度为100 mg/L时,吸附时间为60 min,菌株对Pb~(2+)的吸附率达94.16%。NY-3对Pb~(2+)的吸附过程符合Langmuir等温模型(R~2=0.9978),动力学数据拟合准二级动力学模型(R~2=0.9997)。结论:菌株NY-3对铅具有较好的吸附效果,可用于重金属污染的微生物修复。 相似文献
5.
耐铅镉菌株的分离鉴定及其吸附能力 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
堆肥中添加生物钝化剂是当前降低粪便中重金属生物毒性最为有效的方式之一,为了进一步提高其钝化重金属的能力,文中获得了复合重金属高耐性的钝化剂菌株,并探究其生物学特性和吸附特征。采集猪粪堆肥样品并在改良的牛肉膏培养基中分离和筛选耐铅又耐镉的高耐性菌株,通过形态结合分子生物学鉴定该菌株。该菌株分别在不同pH、温度和盐浓度条件下培养获得其最适的生长条件,进而在该条件下分析其对铅镉吸附的特性。结果获得一株耐铅浓度为600 mg/L、镉浓度为120 mg/L的铅镉复合耐性菌株SC19,该菌株为西地西菌属,其最适生长环境为pH值7.0、温度37℃、盐浓度0.5%。培养36 h的稳定期SC19菌株在吸附时间30min时铅的去除率最高,对铅的最大去除率和吸附量分别为60.7%和329.13mg/g;培养8h的对数期在吸附时间30min时镉的去除率最高,对镉的最大去除率和吸附量分别为51.0%和126.19 mg/g。红外光谱分析显示,SC19菌株对铅镉离子的吸附主要是细胞表面的多种活性基团与金属离子发生络合作用。该研究揭示了SC19菌株有较好的二价态铅镉离子吸附能力,可为生物钝化重金属提供重要的微生物种... 相似文献
6.
【目的】为缓解重金属废水污染对全球食品安全和人类健康的威胁,降低铅(plumbum, Pb)在土壤及动植物体内的积累,借助固定化技术提高菌株的重金属去除效率。【方法】以白腐真菌(white rot fungi)为实验材料,通过混菌兼容性及铅离子(Pb2+)去除能力筛选出吸附效果好且兼容性优的复合菌种,探究最优混菌类型及其比例,优化菌球最佳固定化助剂配方,在此基础上深入探究菌球在实际应用中的最优吸附条件。【结果】黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)、云芝(Coriolus versicolor)、凤尾菇(Lentinus sajor-caju)和平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus) 4种菌株兼容效果佳,可进行后续实验;其中云芝和凤尾菇以体积1:1混合后对Pb2+去除效果显著优于各单菌作用;固定化条件优化实验中,20.0 g/L海藻酸钠、15.0 g/L生物炭和2.0×106个/mL白腐真菌组成混菌体系,辅以二氧化硅及沸石制得的固定化菌球在96 h Pb2+... 相似文献
7.
【背景】华南地区镉(Cd)污染严重,与有益微生物共生能够使作物通过直接或间接的机制解除镉毒,提高抗逆性,进而促进生长。耐镉促生菌剂具有广泛的应用前景。【目的】从华南地区受镉污染植株的根内和根际筛选出耐镉且能促进大豆生长的促生菌,以丰富促进田间大豆生产的优异菌种资源。【方法】采用平板划线法从植株的根内或根际分离菌株,通过生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列分析对分离菌株进行初步研究,利用盆栽试验探究镉胁迫下菌株对大豆生长的影响,通过测定丙二醛含量和总抗氧化能力探究菌株的耐镉机制。【结果】分离获得4株菌D1、D2、D3和D4,促生特性试验证明4株菌均具有溶磷、产吲哚乙酸和铁载体的能力。经16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定,D1、D2、D3和D4菌株分别属于不动杆菌属、微小杆菌属、类芽孢杆菌属和普罗威登斯菌属。用这4株菌进行不同镉处理的大豆(巴西10号)盆栽试验,结果表明,4株菌均具有耐镉和促进大豆生长的作用。不添加镉的条件下,大豆接种D4菌株的地上部干重、根部干重和株高分别增加了28%、35%和31%;在添加20mg/kg-CdCl2·5/2H2... 相似文献
8.
【背景】微藻对重金属具有极强的耐受性,而且有较高的吸附率,是一种优良的生物吸附剂。【目的】探究环境因素对小球藻吸附镉离子(Cd2+)和铬离子(Cr3+)的影响。【方法】以普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)在不同条件下对重金属离子的吸附率为基准,利用CdCl2·2H2O和CrCl3·7H2O提供重金属离子,根据不同处理下小球藻吸附率的变化情况探讨重金属离子浓度、p H和温度等环境因素对普通小球藻吸附Cd2+和Cr3+的影响。【结果】在温度为30°C、p H值为5.5、Cd2+和Cr3+浓度分别为0.4 mg/L和4.0 mg/L及生物量为0.59 g/L的条件下,普通小球藻对复合Cd2+和Cr3+吸附率达到最大,吸附率分别达到84.5%和75.2%,同时发现普通小球藻对Cd2+的吸附率大于C... 相似文献
9.
耐性真菌HA吸附铅、锌的影响因素及吸附机理研 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
【目的】从铅锌矿区分离筛选出耐铅锌性菌株,并研究其吸附铅、锌的影响因素及吸附机理,为重金属污染微生物修复提供参考。【方法】以从铅锌矿区筛选出的耐铅锌真菌HA作为试验菌株,考察影响其对铅、锌去除能力的主要因素(初始浓度、pH、接种量),同时通过等温吸附模型、动力学分析及红外光谱分析探讨其相关的吸附机理。【结果】经鉴定,从矿区筛选的对Pb2+、Zn2+有较强耐性的菌株HA为米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae);在初始铅、锌浓度的实验范围内(100-800mg/L),HA对铅、锌离子的去除率随着其初始浓度增加而减小,25h后HA的生长进入平稳期,且对铅、锌离子的去除率趋于稳定。当铅、锌初始浓度为100mg/L、pH为5.0时,HA对铅、锌离子的去除率均达到最高,分别为97.8%、54.1%;当HA接种量为1mL时,其对铅、锌去除率的增长率达到最大。HA对铅、锌的吸附过程满足Langmuir吸附模型,其吸附以单层吸附为主。在动态吸附过程中,HA对Pb2+、Zn2+离子吸附性能与准二级动力学吸附方程的拟合程度更高,且对Pb2+的吸附效果明显高于Zn2+。红外光谱分析表明,HA细胞中羟基、烷基、酰胺基、羰基、磷酸基等参与了Pb2+、Zn2+的吸附过程。【结论】HA是一株对铅、锌有较强吸附能力的真菌,其吸附铅、锌影响因素及吸附机理研究结果将为重金属污染微生物修复提供指导。 相似文献
10.
【目的】从电镀厂下水道的淤泥中分离筛选Cr(Ⅵ)高效还原菌,并对其生长和还原特性进行研究,以期为Cr(Ⅵ)污染的生物修复提供优质的菌种资源和应用参考。【方法】采用富集培养法从淤泥中分离、筛选出Cr(Ⅵ)还原菌,通过生理生化及16S rRNA基因序列分析进行初步鉴定。采用单因素实验确定菌株的最佳培养条件和抵抗胁迫环境的能力,利用外加电子供体改善菌株的Cr(Ⅵ)还原能力,筛选出最佳电子供体研究对菌株还原的影响。【结果】经分离筛选得到1株Cr(Ⅵ)耐受还原菌,初步鉴定为微杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.),命名为BD6。菌株BD6适宜在中温、偏碱性的环境条件下生长,能耐受50.0 g/L NaCl的高盐环境。Mn^2+对菌种的生长表现出较高的抑制,Ni^2+、Zn^2+、Cd^2+的抑制作用较小,Cu^2)产生了一定的促进作用。Cr(Ⅵ)对BD6的最低抑菌浓度为1700 mg/L。添加甘油、果糖、乳糖、葡萄糖、丙酮酸钠作为电子供体促进了菌株对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原。选择甘油作为菌株还原Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳电子供体,无电子供体添加时菌株96 h内对100 mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率仅为69.63%,添加2 g/L的甘油菌株在36 h内的还原率达到了100%。通过加大甘油的添加量可以促进菌株对初始浓度较高Cr(Ⅵ)的还原,但要受到Cr(Ⅵ)的毒性限制。菌株的最适还原条件和最适生长条件吻合,在50.0 g/L NaCl的高盐条件和50 mg/L Cd^2+的毒性环境中,添加2 g/L的甘油,菌株对100 mg/L Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率分别为72 h 96.79%、54 h 99.86%。【结论】分离筛选得到的Microbacterium sp.BD6是一株潜在的可用于Cr(Ⅵ)污染生物还原修复的候选菌株。 相似文献
11.
ACladosporium species produced large amounts of cellulase enzyme components when grown in shake-culture with medium containing carboxymethylcellulose. There was significantly less activity when Avicel, filter paper or cotton were used as substrates. KNO3 was better than NH4Cl or urea for the production of cellulase. Tween 80 at 0.1% (w/v) increased the production of cellulase by 1.5 to 4.5-fold. All the cellulase components were optimally active in the assay at pH 5.0 and 60°C. 相似文献
12.
Species delimitation in Cystoderma and Cystodermella was evaluated based on ITS and LSU rDNA sequences as well as morphological data. Two species of Cystoderma are synonymised with C. carcharias and three species with C. jasonis, distinguishing the synonymised taxa as varieties of these accepted species. Analyses of partial LSU rDNA sequences revealed Cystoderma and Cystodermella as distinct monophyletic genera, with Ripartitella representing a well-supported sister group of the latter. Phaeolepiota aurea represents either an unsupported sister group or member of Cystoderma in the phylogenies based on LSU and ITS sequences rDNA data, respectively. The tribe Cystodermateae sensu Singer did not appear monophyletic according to analyses of LSU sequences. On the basis of these data, the phylogenetic relationships among most of the analyzed genera could not be resolved unequivocally. 相似文献
13.
Cytochromes b, c, d, and o were identified by spectroscopic analysis of respiratory membrane fragments from Vitreoscilla sp., strain C1. Carbon monoxide difference spectra of the reduced membranes had absorption maxima at 416, 534, and 571 nm (ascribed to cytochrome o) and 632 nm (cytochrome d). Derivative spectra of the pyridine hemochromogen spectra of the membranes identified the presence of b- and c-type cytochromes in Vitreoscilla. The cyanide binding curve of the membranes was biphasic with dissociation constants of 2.14 mM and 10.7 mM which were assigned to cytochrome o and cytochrome d, respectively. Membranes bound carbon monoxide with dissociation constant 3.9 M, which was assigned to cytochrome o. Cytochrome c
556 and a NADH-p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet reductase component were partially purified from Vitreoscilla membranes.Abbreviations INT
p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet
- RMF
respiratory membrane fragments
-
K
d
dissociation constant
- CHAPS
3-[(3-cholamido propyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate
- DOC
sodium deoxycholate
- PAGE
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SDS
sodium dodecyl sulfate 相似文献
14.
H. Tazawa G. Causey Whittow 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1994,163(8):642-648
Developmental patterns of embryonic heart rate were measured non-invasively in two procellariiform seabirds, the Laysan albatross (Diomedea immutabilis) and wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus), during prepipping and after pipping. The O2 pulse, defined as the O2 consumption per single heart beat, was calculated using the previously reported O2 consumption for these species. The embryonic heart rate of the albatross was not changed by internal pipping (initial pipping event in this species), remained unchanged during the prolonged internal pipping period and tended to increase, although insignificantly, with the initiation of external pipping (second pipping event). Heart rate in the shearwater remained unchanged during the late prepipping stages, did not change with external pipping (initial pipping event), but increased during the prolonged internal pipping period (second pipping event) and reached a maximum on the last day of incubation. The developmental pattern of heart rate in the shearwater was very similar to that reported previously for the brown noddy, a member of the order Charadriiformes but with the same pipping sequence. Developmental patterns of embryonic O2 pulse were also different between the two procellariiform seabirds. However, those of the shearwater and the noddy were similar. The sequence of access to atmospheric O2 during development and hatching may be an important factor determining the developmental patterns of embryonic heart rate and O2 pulse.Abbreviations A-VO2
difference, arteriovenous oxygen difference
- BCG
ballistocardiogram of egg
- CV
coefficient of variation
- EP
external pipping
- HR
heart rate
- IP
internal pipping
- mass
mass of freshly laid egg
- SD
standard deviation 相似文献
15.
Structural requirements for florigenic activity among gibberellins (GAs) and GA derivatives, including several new ones, applied once to leaves of Lolium temulentum, were examined. The compounds were applied to plants kept either in non-inductive short days (SD) or exposed to one inductive long day (LD). Inflorescence initiation and stem-elongation responses were assessed three weeks later. Among the GAs used, the range in effective dose for inflorescence initiation was more than 1000-fold, but substantially less for stem elongation. Some GAs promoted both stem elongation and inflorescence initiation, some promoted one without the other, and some affected neither. The structural features enhancing florigenic activity were often different from those enhancing stem elongation. Except in the case of 2,2-dimethyl GA4, a double bond in the A ring at either C-1,2 or C-2,3 was essential for high florigenic activity, though not for stem elongation. A free carboxy group was needed for both. Inflorescence initiation in Lolium was enhanced by hydroxylation at C-12, ?13 and ?15, whereas hydroxylation at C-3 reduced the effect on inflorescence initiation but increased that on stem elongation. A 12β-hydroxyl was more effective than the α epimer for inflorescence initiation whereas the reverse was true for stem elongation. Although such differential effectiveness of GAs for inflorescence initiation and for stem elongation could reflect differences in uptake, transport or metabolism, we suggest that it is indicative of specific structural requirements for inflorescence initiation. 相似文献
16.
Jacques Le Pendu Francine Lambert Bo Samuelsson Michael E Breimer R Christiane Seitz Maria Pilar Urdaniz Nuria Suesa Murray Ratcliffe Anne Francois Alois Poschmann Josep Vinas Rafael Oriol 《Glycoconjugate journal》1986,3(3):255-271
Two monoclonal antibodies, specific for A type 3 and A type 4 blood group determinants, are described. These antibodies recognized A1 but not A2 erythrocytes. A third monoclonal antibody showing specificity for A type 3 and A type 4, and also for H type 3 and H type 4, did not discriminate between A1 and A2 erythrocytes. On red cells these three antibodies recognized glycosphingolipids and binding to glycoproteins could not be demonstrated. On paraffin-embedded tissue sections the three antibodies labelled a supranuclear area, characteristic of the Golgi apparatus, of all cells producing A antigens. This labelling occurred irrespective of the A1, A2 status.The results suggest that glycolipids of erythrocytes and possibly of other cell types bear the A type 3/4 determinant specific for the A1 subgroup and that A type 3/4 determinants of glycoproteins might be present in both A1 and A2 subgroups on short oligosaccharide chains which are only detectable at the level of the Golgi apparatus. 相似文献
17.
The 6.5 kb HindIII DNA fragment of the Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris H2 plasmid pDI21 was cloned into Escherichia coli POP13 with NM1149, and also directly into Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis 4125 using a newly-constructed broad host-range vector pFX1. Proteinase was experessed in both transformed organisms. The proteinase resembles a PI type since it preferentially degraded -casein. The restriction map of the 6.5 kb proteinase gene fragment has minor differences from those of published plamid proteinase genes. High-efficiency electroporation with pFX1 provides a direct approach for gene cloning in lactococci.Abbreviations cfu
colony forming units
- HEPES
N-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperazine-N-[2-ethanesulphonic acid]
Dedicated to Prof. Dr. G. Drews on the occasion of his 65th birthday 相似文献
18.
恰玛古(Qamgur, Brassica rapa L.)内生菌的研究主要集中在内生真菌,内生放线菌的研究报道较少。通过研究新疆药食两用植物恰玛古内生放线菌多样性,以期发现产新活性物质的放线菌或新种放线菌,为研究微生物药物奠定基础。从恰玛古根、茎和叶三个部位分离培养获得内生放线菌,对其菌落与个体形态进行观察,并利用序列测定方法进行鉴定,以获取其分类地位。从恰玛古三个部位共分离得到17株内生放线菌,其中12株为革兰氏阳性杆菌,3株为革兰氏阳性球菌,2株为革兰氏阳性丝状菌;17株内生放线菌分属于红球菌属(Rhodococcus)、拟诺卡氏菌属(Nocardiopsis)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、小短杆菌属(Brachybacterium)、两面神菌属(Janibacter)和微杆菌属(Microbacterium)。从新疆药食两用植物恰玛古中分离获得17株内生放线菌以稀有放线菌为主。 相似文献
19.
Effect of nitrogen stress and abscisic acid on nitrate absorption and transport in barley and tomato
F. Stuart Chapin III David T. Clarkson John R. Lenton Colin H. S. Walter 《Planta》1988,173(3):340-351
The potential of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) roots for net NO
3
-
absorption increased two-to five fold within 2 d of being deprived of NO
3
-
supply. Nitrogen-starved barley roots continued to maintain a high potential for NO
3
-
absorption, whereas NO
3
-
absorption by tomato roots declined below control levels after 10 d of N starvation. When placed in a 0.2 mM NO
3
-
solution, roots of both species transported more NO
3
-
and total solutes to the xylem after 2 d of N starvation than did N-sufficient controls. However, replenishment of root NO
3
-
stores took precedence over NO
3
-
transport to the xylem. Consequently, as N stress became more severe, transport of NO
3
-
and total solutes to the xylem declined, relative to controls. Nitrogen stress caused an increase in hydraulic conductance (L
p) and exudate volume (J
v) in barley but decrased these parameters in tomato. Nitrogen stress had no significant effect upon abscisic acid (ABA) levels in roots of barley or flacca (a low-ABA mutant) tomato, but prevented an agerelated decline in ABA in wild-type tomato roots. Applied ABA had the same effect upon barley and upon the wild type and flacca tomatoes: L
p and J
v were increased, but NO
3
-
absorption and NO
3
-
flux to the xylem were either unaffected or sometimes inhibited. We conclude that ABA is not directly involved in the normal changes in NO
3
-
absorption and transport that occur with N stress in barley and tomato, because (1) the root ABA level was either unaffected by N stress (barley and flacca tomato) or changed, after the greatest changes in NO
3
-
absorption and transport and L
p had been observed (wild-type tomato); (2) changes in NO
3
-
absorption/transport characteristics either did not respond to applied ABA, or, if they did, they changed in the direction opposite to that predicted from changes in root ABA with N stress; and (3) the flacca tomato (which produces very little ABA in response to N stress) responded to N stress with very similar changes in NO
3
-
transport to those observed in the wild type.Abbreviation and symbols ABA
abscisic acid
- Jv
exudate volume
- Lp
root hydraulic conductance 相似文献