Regeneration pattern analysis of Quercus Iiaotungensis in a temperate forest using two-dimensional wavelet analysis

This paper introduces the two-dimensional (2D) wavelet analysis as a general interrogative technique for the detection of spatial structure in lattice data. The 2D wavelet analysis detects components of hierarchical structure and displays the locational information of the components. Patches and gaps of different spatial scales in graphical presentation of wavelet coefficients can be linked to the local ecological processes that determine patterns at stand or landscape scales. Derived from the 2D wavelet transform function, the calculation of wavelet variance can reduce the four-dimensional data of wavelet coefficients to a two-dimensional wavelet variance function and quantify the contribution of the given scale to the overall pattern. We illustrate the use of the 2D wavelet analysis by analyzing two simulated patterns and identifying the regeneration pattern of the Quercus liaotungensis in a warm temperate forest in north China. Our results indicate that the recruitment of Q. liaotungensis occurs in an overlapping area between the patch of adult and canopy gap at scales of 45m×45m-70m×70 m and 20m×20m-30m×30m. The regeneration pattern of Q. liaotungensis can be mainly ascribed to a trade-off between two ecological processes: recruitment around parent trees and the physiological light requirements of seedlings and saplings. Our results provide a general portrayal of the regeneration pattern for the dispersal-limited and shade-intolerant Quercus species. We find that the two-dimensional wavelet analysis efficiently characterizes the scale-specific pattern of Q. liaotungensis at different life-history stages.     

Regeneration pattern analysis of Quercus liaotungensis in a temperate forest using two-dimensional wavelet analysis

This paper introduces the two-dimensional (2D) wavelet analysis as a general interrogative technique for the detection of spatial structure in lattice data. The 2D wavelet analysis detects components of hierarchical structure and displays the locational information of the components. Patches and gaps of different spatial scales in graphical presentation of wavelet coefficients can be linked to the local ecological processes that determine patterns at stand or landscape scales. Derived from the 2D wavelet transform function, the calculation of wavelet variance can reduce the four-dimensional data of wavelet coefficients to a two-dimensional wavelet variance function and quantify the contribution of the given scale to the overall pattern. We illustrate the use of the 2D wavelet analysis by analyzing two simulated patterns and identifying the regeneration pattern of the Quercus liaotungensis in a warm temperate forest in north China. Our results indicate that the recruitment of Q. liaotungensis occurs in an overlapping area between the patch of adult and canopy gap at scales of 45 m×45 m–70 m×70 m and 20 m×20 m–30 m×30 m. The regeneration pattern of Q. liaotungensis can be mainly ascribed to a trade-off between two ecological processes: recruitment around parent trees and the physiological light requirements of seedlings and saplings. Our results provide a general portrayal of the regeneration pattern for the dispersal-limited and shade-intolerant Quercus species. We find that the two-dimensional wavelet analysis efficiently characterizes the scale-specific pattern of Q. liaotungensis at different life-history stages.     

Ectomycorrhizal fungus communities of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz of different ages in a northern China temperate forest

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities of Quercus liaotungensis of different ages (seedlings, young trees and mature trees) in the growing seasons (June and September) between 2007 and 2009 were studied in a temperate forest of northern China. A total of 66 ECM fungal taxa were identified based on ECM morphotyping, PCR-RFLP, and DNA sequence data. Of these fungal taxa, 51 were Basidiomycetes (77.3%) and 15 were Ascomycetes (22.7%). Cenococcum geophilum was the dominant species. Thelephoraceae (16 taxa), Sebacinaceae (12 taxa) and Russulaceae (seven taxa) were the most species-rich and abundant ECM fungi, accounting for 19.5%, 17.6% and 8.3% of the total ECM root tips, respectively. Results of multiple response permutation procedure (MRPP) analysis indicated that there were marginally significant effects of tree ages (A?=?0.01801, P?=?0.054) and growing seasons (A?=?0.01908, P?=?0.064) on the ECM fungal species composition of Q. liaotungensis in a temperate forest.     

子午岭辽东栎林林窗主要树种更新生态位

在对子午岭林区辽东栎林中54个不同大小林窗调查的基础上,分析不同树种的更新生态位,结果表明：辽东栎林中不同树种的优势度随着林窗大小级的变化差异较大;根据各主要树种在不同大小级林窗内生态位宽度的变化,可分为生态幅度宽、中等、较小和狭小4类,其中大多数树种属于狭小生态幅宽度;辽东栎林中各主要树种在不同大小级林窗中的生态位重叠度较小,其中在100～200 m²林窗中的重叠度最小;在100～200 m²大小级林窗中,实生和萌生辽东栎的重要值和生态位宽度均大于0～100和200～300 m² 2个大小级林窗中的辽东栎,说明100～200 m²大小级林窗可为辽东栎的天然更新提供场所。     

辽东栎的组织培养和植株再生

1植物名称辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.）。2材料类别成熟合子胚。3培养条件以MS为基本培养基。（1）不定芽诱导培养基：MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg·L-（-1）（单位下同）＋2,4-D 0.5;（2）不定芽增殖培养基：MS＋6-BA 1.0＋NAA 0.5＋GA_30.5;（3）生根培养基：1/2MS＋NAA 0.5。以上培养基均加入30 g·L-（-1）蔗糖和6.5 g·L-（-1）琼脂,pH 5.8。培养温度为（25±2）℃,光照强度为40～50μmol·m-（-2）·s-（-1）,光照时间为16 h·d-（-1）。     

海拔对辽东栎林地土壤微生物群落的影响

以北京东灵山辽东栎林地土壤为对象,运用氯仿熏蒸-浸提法及磷脂脂肪酸分析(PLFA)法,研究林木生长季节土壤微生物群落随海拔梯度的变化特征.结果表明:随着海拔升高,辽东栎林土壤微生物生物量碳、氮,以及微生物各类群含量均有差异但不显著;土壤细菌/真菌升高,而革兰氏阳性菌(G+)/革兰氏阴性菌(G-)降低.土壤微生物生物量碳、氮以及细菌、真菌、G+细菌、G-细菌的含量与土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮呈显著正相关,土壤真菌含量与土壤碳氮比值呈正相关.土壤微生物群落组成结构(细菌/真菌和G+细菌/G-细菌)的变化主要受土壤温度和土壤含水量的显著影响,说明土壤微生物群落结构对环境条件的变化敏感.随着全球变暖的加剧,暖温带辽东栎林地土壤真菌和G+细菌的比例有升高的趋势.     

Studies on litter decomposition processes in a temperate forest ecosystem. I. Change of organic matter in oak (Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.) twigs

The litter bag method was used in this study on the decomposition of twigs of an oak (Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.) which is dominant in the warm temperate deciduous forests. This continual 5-year investigation was to measure the changes of organic compounds in twig litter. The decomposition of oak twigs based on rates of the mass loss during the first 5 years was simulated using the Olson exponential equation. The simulated data fitted well with the observed values. Oak twigs were predicted to reach 95% mass loss within 21 years. During the first 5 years, the concentration of protein in the remaining litter increased from 3.5% to 5.5%, while the concentration of hemicellulose decreased from 16.0% to 8.0%. However, there was no obvious change in the concentrations of lignin and cellulose. The losses of lignin, crude-cellulose and hemicellulose could be well simulated using the Olson exponential equation. However, this was not true for cellulose and protein.     

Seed bank spatial pattern in a temperate secondary forest

Abstract. Seed bank spatial pattern was studied in a secondary forest dominated by Fagus sylvatica and Betula celtiberica in the Urkiola Natural Park (N Spain). Soil samples were taken every 2 m in a regular grid (196 points) and divided into two fractions (0–3 cm and 3–10 cm deep). The viable seed bank was studied by monitoring seedling emergence for ten months. The effect of different factors on seed bank composition and patterning was analysed using constrained ordination as a hypothesis testing tool. Furthermore, the existence of spatial autocorrelation was evaluated by geostatistical analysis. Seed density was high, 7057 seed.m^?2, with a few species dominating. Species composition in the various layers were significantly correlated. The seed bank showed significant spatial structure, which was partially explainable by the spatial structure of the canopy and understorey vegetation. Spatial clumping from 0–8 m was observed in seed bank density and composition, mainly due to the pattern of two abundant taxa Juncus effusus and Ericaceae. The Ericaceae seed bank was related to the spatial distribution of dead stumps of Erica arborea. J. effusus was not present in the above‐ground vegetation, which indicates that its seed bank was formed in the past. As expected, the seed bank of this forest reflects its history, which is characterized by complex man‐induced perturbations. The seed bank appears to be structured as a consequence of contrasting driving forces such as canopy structure, understorey composition and structural and microhabitat features.     

子午岭地区辽东栎和油松林建群种的更新生态位宽度分析

通过实地调查并采用Levins生态位宽度指数对子午岭地区主要树种辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)的幼苗、幼树和成树在不同坡向的辽东栎林、油松 辽东栎混交林和人工油松林3种群落中的生态位宽度进行了分析研究。结果显示:(1)辽东栎和油松的更新生态位宽度在不同群落中各不相同,成树的生态位宽度与群落类型一致;(2)辽东栎幼苗和幼树在阳坡和阴坡人工油松林中的生态位宽度分别是0.951、0.95和0.98、0.94,且生态位宽度显著大于其它2个群落,表明辽东栎幼苗和幼树能很好地适应人工油松林的环境条件;(3)在阳坡,油松幼苗的生态位宽度在辽东栎林最大为0.79,且极显著大于其它2个群落,而阳坡油松幼树的生态位宽度在人工油松林中最大为1.00;在阴坡,油松幼苗的生态位宽度在人工油松林最大为0.63,而阴坡油松幼树的生态位宽度却在油松 辽东栎混交林最大为0.83,且极显著大于其它2个群落;表明油松幼苗适应阳坡的辽东栎林环境和阴坡的人工油松林环境,油松幼树适应阳坡的人工油松林环境和油松 辽东栎林环境。结果表明,人工种植油松林有利于该地区的植被恢复,人工油松林和油松 辽东栎混交林会在该地区存在较长时间,而阳坡的油松 辽东栎混交林存在时间会更长。     

Regeneration of a marginal Quercus suber forest in the eastern Iberian Peninsula

Question: Small and marginal forest populations are a focus of attention because of their high biodiversity value as well as the risk of population decline and loss. In this context, we ask to what extent a small, marginal Quercus suber (Cork oak) population located in the eastern Iberian Peninsula (Valencia, Spain) has the capacity for self‐regeneration and what are the factors that determine its recruitment variability. Location: Quercus suber forest in Pinet (Valencia, Spain). Methods: We performed a spatially explicit sampling both of the recruitment and of the potential parameters that could account for the recruitment variability. Using regression techniques we model the recruitment occurrence and abundance, and then we test to what extent the model obtained is still constrained by the spatial dependence. Results: Quercus suber recruitment density ranges from 0 to 18.66 individuals/25m² (mean = 1.46, SD = 2.8), with a very skewed distribution. Recruitment is similar under Q. suber forests and under Pinus forests, but it is almost absent under shrublands. Thus the parameters that explain most of the recruitment variability in local vegetation types are: the presence and cover of shrubs (negative relationship with recruitment), the basal area of Q. suber and Pinus and the amount of bare soil (all positively related to recruitment). These parameters are strongly related to the ecological processes driving recruitment (i.e. dispersal and predation) and they remove most of the spatial dependence of recruitment. Most recruiters, however, are small, forming a seedling bank rather than growing to successfully colonize new habitats. Conclusion: The results suggest that although recruitment densities are not very high, they do not limit potential regeneration in the Pinet Q. suber forest. However, successful regeneration is not observed. If we aim to increase the Pinet Q. suber population size, land management measures need to provide appropriate conditions for both seedling establishment in shrublands (e.g. shrub clearing) and seedling growth in woodlands (e.g. Pinus logging).     

不同间伐强度对辽东栎林群落稳定性的影响

对黄土高原地区近自然经营间伐强度为13.4%(弱度间伐)和30.0%(强度间伐)的辽东栎林进行样地调查,并以未间伐林为对照,研究间伐后第5年建群种的更新潜力、林地生产力、土壤肥力和物种多样性;应用模糊数学中的隶属函数方法对辽东栎林群落稳定性进行评价.结果表明：与对照相比,弱度和强度间伐使辽东栎林地的更新潜力分别提高了14.2%和20.2%;立木蓄积量分别减少了9.0%和23.8%,但灌木生物量分别增加7.3%和12.2%,草本生物量分别增加10.5%和31.6%.间伐样地的土壤肥力和物种多样性指数均高于未间伐样地.辽东栎林群落稳定性表现为：强度间伐＞弱度间伐＞未间伐.近自然经营采伐强度30.0%更适合黄 土高原地区辽东栎次生林的抚育管理.     

北京东灵山辽东栎林植物物种多样性的多尺度分析

多尺度分析物种多样性格局能够为有效保护生物多样性提供重要信息.利用物种多样性的加法分配法则分析了样方-坡位-坡面等级尺度系统辽东栎林植物物种多样性(gamma多样性)的alpha多样性和beta多样性在各尺度上的分配关系.结果表明以物种丰富度为指标的区域物种多样性的最大贡献来自坡面尺度,表明坡面尺度是维持辽东栎林物种多样性的有效尺度;而对Simpson多样性和Shannon多样性的最大贡献则来自样方内,这决定于群落物种优势度和稀有度格局;各尺度间beta多样性组分随尺度的增大而增大可能是环境异质性和扩散作用的综合结果.各尺度间Shannon多样性对总体多样性的贡献大于Simpson多样性的贡献是偶见种在各尺度间分配的结果.物种多样性分配的加法法则为物种多样性格局的多尺度分析提供了理论框架,是检验物种多样性格局形成机制的有效方法.     

北京东灵山辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)林沿海拔梯度的物种多度分布

多度格局对理解群落结构具有重要意义。选用5个描述种-多度关系的生态位模型(断棍模型BSM、生态位优先占领模型NPM、生态位重叠模型ONM、随机分配模型RAM、优势优先模型DPM),分乔、灌、草3层分别对北京东灵山辽东栎林进行了研究。结果表明:在乔木层,沿海拔梯度从低海拔到高海拔,能很好地反映物种多度格局变异的模型有由RAM、NPM向DPM过渡的趋势;NPM和BSM均能较好地模拟灌木层的绝大多数海拔段,但NPM的效果更好;草本层以BSM的模拟效果最好。生态位模型可以反映出辽东栎林乔木层物种多度分布沿海拔存在的明显变异,而灌木层和草本层物种多度分布沿海拔梯度无明显变化或很难由生态位模型反映出来,是否引入新的模型方法,如中性模型、近中性模型,还有待于进一步研究。     

昆虫寄生对辽东栎种子命运的影响

报道了昆虫寄生对辽东栎 Quercus liaotungensis 种子命运的影响。结果表明：（1）被昆虫寄生的种子发芽率明显低于正常成熟的种子,被昆虫寄生的种子或者不能发芽,或者能发芽但随后死亡;（2）从虫卵到老龄幼虫的发育在橡实内完成,当橡实落地后幼虫破壳而出,整个种子库的幼虫破壳时间延续2～50天,并非高度同步化;种子库的虫寄生率高达45.4%,以柞栎象Curculio dentipes为主,还有少量其它种类,如另一种象虫Curculio sp.、栗白小卷蛾 Cydia kurokoi 和螟蛾科（Pyralidae）的一未定名种;（3）昆虫寄生影响橡实成熟,测量种子大小分布表明,被昆虫寄生的种子的大小分布介于未成熟和成熟种子之间;（4）象虫寄生取食引起16.05% 的种子能量损失,显著低于对照组。结果证明昆虫寄生对辽东栎种子的命运有重要影响,是影响辽东栎种群更新的关键因素之一。     

辽东栎林林隙特征及其对群落更新的影响

通过对黄土高原马栏林区辽东栎(Ouercus liaotungensis)林林隙的定量研究,发现其林隙大小以20～40和40～60 m2的中小林隙居多,林隙的年龄结构以中期和后期数量居多,林隙形成方式以枯立和干基折断占总数的70.31%,林隙形成木多为1～3个,说明该地区辽东栎林隙多为自然干扰形成,林隙边缘木中辽东栎的株数占绝大多数.在林隙中,不同生活史阶段的辽东栎多度对林隙环境因子的响应不同.幼苗多度与林隙面积和边缘木高度间存在极显著相关关系(R2=0.429,P＜0.01),幼树多度与散射光的强度有极显著相关关系(R2=0.286,P＜0.01),而成树多度与林隙环境因子的关系并不明显,但与林隙内幼树的多度有显著的相关关系(R2=0.175,P＜0.05).     

High Acorn Predation Prevents the Regeneration of Quercus liaotungensis in the Dongling Mountain Region of North China

The mature oak (Quercus liaotungensis Koidz) forests in the Dongling mountains of northern China have become degraded in recent years because regeneration has been limited. To determine whether or not seedling establishment of the oak is seed limited, microsite limited, or predator limited and to determine whether seedling establishment is affected by ground cover, we conducted field experiments during a mast year and investigated the fate of seeds and the soil seed bank dynamics of the oak. A large acorn crop (128.8 acorns/m²) was observed in the study period, and the peak density of acorns on the forest floor reached 46.5 acorns/m², suggesting that tree recruitment was not seed limited. Acorns in the soil seed bank were mainly lost through decay (principally after fungal attack), consumption in situ, and removal by animals. Predation (including consumption in situ and removal) accounted for 86.4% of acorn loss and was therefore likely to have been the most important factor influencing seed dynamics. More than 70% of acorns were found to have germinated, but no established seedling was observed on the forest floor. Using cages to exclude predators, it was estimated that 87% of acorns germinated and 49% became established as seedlings, indicating that the acorns on the forest floor could emerge and grow in the absence of predators. We conclude that the regeneration of the tree population is limited by predators rather than by the availability of microsites. The presence of ground cover increased the germination rate and increased the chance of seed survival in the early stage of the experiment, but at the end of the investigation, no established seedling was found in the quadrats both with and without ground cover, possibly because of high density of animal predators. On the basis of these results, we suggest that selective tree felling will increase the coverage of the herbaceous layer, which can further decrease the population density of the rodents, and thereby improve the regeneration of oak trees.     

Regeneration dynamics of alluvial gaps in a warm temperate rain forest in New Zealand

Gaps formed by stream laid gravels in a warm temperate Podocarp-Angiosperm rain forest in New Zealand were quickly invaded by 41 free-standing woody species. Height-age curves for the eight most frequent species were used to construct a 12 yr chronosequence which showed 18 species arrived by 0.9 yr and 33 by 1.9 yr. This rapid invasion was supplied from both gaps and mature forest and fitted the Initial Floristic Model coupled with a Facilitation Mechanism. Over the 12 yr period, stem density and births peaked at 0.9 yr and deaths at 1.9 yr with a natality of 39.5/m², a mortality of 38.5/m² and nearly 99% dying as seedlings. Plant height increased to 5.1 m at 12.1 yr with height increment peaking at 43 cm/yr at 7.3 yr. Maximum potential heights ranged from 4 to 60 m and were positively correlated with longevity which varied from 20 to 1150 yr for 19 known species. A decline in height increment to 0.9 yr showed a below-ground component in intraspecific competition with significant negative correlations between stem density and height indicating a later above-ground component. There was no significant height competition amongst the 11 most frequent species and only one significant negative interspecific association. This suggests high species coexistence for which Equal chance was probably the major mechanism. Given this coexistence, rapid species arrival, early sexual maturity and similar density and height-age patterns, the main dynamic variables may be maximum height, longevity and height increment, all of which are, partly, genetically programmed. Most dynamic affinities are with tropical forest, although height growth and species richness are warm temperate.     

北京东灵山落叶阔叶林中辽东栎种子雨

在北京东灵山地区的一个落叶阔叶林中调查了辽东栎（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ ｌｉａｏｔｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ Ｋｏｉｄｚ．）的种子雨。对于选定的４棵辽东栎中的３棵,树冠下的种子雨分布格局符合二次分布,具有很高的决定系数。由设置在树冠下的种子捕捉器收集的坚果数量来估计整棵树的种子雨。４棵树的种子雨中有活力的种子很少,变化范围从２６到２５９个。每棵树的树冠下的种子雨密度变化范围从０．７６到７．２６个／ｍ＾２。林中平均种