异叶天南星苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的克隆与蛋白结构分析

以异叶天南星(Arisaema heterophyllum Blume)为材料,采用逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)法扩增其苯丙氨酸解氨酶(Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)基因Ah PAL,获得该基因的开放读码框(ORF),并通过系统的生物信息学软件分析Ah PAL的结构和理化性质。结果显示,Ah PAL的ORF全长为2184 bp,编码727个氨基酸;Ah PAL与郁金香(Tulipa fosteriana W. Irving) PAL的亲缘关系最近,序列相似性达88%。空间结构模型分析结果显示,Ah PAL为同型四聚体,每个单体由3个结构域组成,其中MIO结构域含有PAL酶家族的保守序列和Ala-Ser-Gly三肽活性中心,是Ah PAL酶活性的决定性结构域。利用荧光定量PCR方法检测3个Ah PAL Unigene在根、块茎和叶中的表达情况,发现它们在根中表达量均最高,而在叶和块茎中表达较低。     

独一味苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的克隆与表达分析

以独一味叶片为材料,采用RT-PCR和RACE方法克隆了独一味苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因（PAL）的全长cDNA,命名为LrPAL基因。测序结果表明,LrPA L基因全长2 298 bp,含有1个2 145 bp的完整开放阅读框（ORF）,编码714个氨基酸。蛋白序列分析表明,其包含典型的PAL活性中心序列（GTITASGDLVPLSYIA）,与其他植物的PAL蛋白有很高的同源性。系统进化树分析表明,独一味LrPAL与唇形科植物的PAL蛋白聚为一类,说明两者的亲缘关系较近。用 Real-Time PCR方法检测发现,LrPAL基因在独一味的叶中表达量最高,茎中表达量最少。研究结果推测,从独一味中克隆获得的苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因（LrPAL）是典型的PAL家族成员,在独一味各组织发育过程中具有重要功能。     

云锦杜鹃苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的克隆及功能分析

苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalaninammo-nialyase,PAL)是植物香气化合物中苯甲酸甲酯合成途径的关键酶.为探究云锦杜鹃Rhododendron fortunei RhPAL基因的功能,利用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE...     

苯丙氨酸解氨酶

苯丙氨酸解氨酶由四个亚基组成,含两个脱氢丙氨酸残基。植物酶具有内在不稳性,由多种同工酶组成。酶催化过程中发生构象变化,底物经过负碳离子中间体完成反应。该酶并非是二单体负协同变构酶。一级结构表明,酶以无规则卷曲结构为主。酵母基因约2.7kb,有六个内含子,编码75kD_a肽。植物酶由多基因编码,有一个内含子,编码78kD_a肽。启动子部位有两个富含A、C碱基的序列,为胁迫作用基因活化因子结合部位。     

菜心苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因克隆与序列分析

通过同源克隆和RACE相结合的方法,首次从菜心中克隆了苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)基因的全长cDNA,命名为BcPAL1(GenBank登录号为GU245694).BcPAL1全长2 476 bp,开放阅读框2 166 bp,编码721个氨基酸.经氨基酸序列多重比较发现,BcPAL1编码的氨基酸序列与拟南芥、烟草、甘蓝型油菜等植物的PAL氨基酸序列同源性大于90%,BcPAL1编码的氨基酸序列包含与拟南芥、烟草PAL蛋白质相同的脱氨基位点和催化活性位点.基于氨基酸序列的PAL系统进化树分析结果显示,BcPAL1编码的氨基酸序列与十字花科类植物(如拟南芥)的PAL聚为一支,说明两者的亲缘关系较近.     

大蕉苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的克隆、鉴定和表达分析

为了研究苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因与大蕉(Musa ABB cv. Dongguandajiao)抗枯萎病的关系,利用 RT-PCR 和 RACE技术克隆了大蕉苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因全长 cDNA。此 cDNA 长 1 300 bp,包含一个长为 1 191 bp,编码 397 个氨基酸的完整开放阅读框(ORF),推导的氨基酸序列与水稻 PAL 基因氨基酸序列同源性达 89%,将此基因命名为 M-PAL。Southern杂交结果表明大蕉中存在一个包含 4-5 个 PAL基因的基因家族,将此基因克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体 pET32(a )中,表达的蛋白质分子量大小与推导的相一致,并且表达的蛋白质表现出 PAL 酶活性。对接种香蕉枯萎病菌 4 号生理小种(Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. cubense (FOC) race 4 )后大蕉叶片中 M-PAL基因的转录谱进行研究表明,在接种枯萎病菌后,M-PAL基因在叶片中的转录水平提高,因此推测 M-PAL基因的表达可能与香蕉枯萎病抗性相关。     

植物苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的研究进展

苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanineammonia-lyase,PAL)是连接植物初级代谢和苯丙烷类代谢、催化苯丙烷类代谢第一步反应的酶。综述植物PAL基因的研究进展,主要包括PAL基因的结构特点、表达特点和PAL基因表达的调控机制,并指出今后对PAL基因的研究方向。     

油木奈果实苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的分离与表达分析

该试验从(木奈)褐变果实均一化全长cDNA文库中获得一个苯丙氨酸解氨酶全长基因,命名为PsPAL,并对该基因进行了生物信息学分析和表达模式的研究.结果表明:(1) PsPAL基因全长2 497 bp,开放阅读框为2 154bp,编码718个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为78 kD,理论等电点为6.6.(2)系统进化树比对分析表明,PsPAL蛋白与蔷薇科甜樱桃PaPAL属于同簇,具有苯丙氨酸解氨酶-组氨酸解氨酶(PAL-HAL)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)保守区域.(3) P.sPAL在(木奈)果实发育的前期表达量较高,在花后50 d表达量最高,随后开始下降,在成熟果中表达较弱.(4)荧光定量PCR分析表明,在响应机械损伤和低温处理后,与对照相比,PsPAL呈明显的上调表达趋势;高温和无氧处理后PsPAL呈先上升后下降的趋势;乙烯处理后,PsPAL呈上调-下调-上调的变化趋势.     

宁夏枸杞苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因的cDNA克隆及其表达分析

为探讨宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum)苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因(LbPAL)的表达特征,采用PCR法克隆了宁夏枸杞LbPAL基因的cDNA,并用实时定量PCR法分析了其表达特征。结果表明:宁夏枸杞的LbPAL基因的全长cDNA为2321 bp,包含2163 bp、编码720个氨基酸的开放阅读框;LbPAL与茄科其他物种的PAL氨基酸序列及三维结构具有较高保守性;与茄科物种的PAL聚类在同一个分支中。LbPAL在叶、花瓣、S1期果实的表达量较高,而在根及S2~S5期果实的表达水平较低。在NaCl胁迫处理下,LbPAL在根和茎中的表达量均有下调的趋势;而在叶片中,LbPAL表达量先急剧增加而后急剧下降并趋于稳定。这为解析宁夏枸杞中类黄酮化合物的生物合成调节及生理功能提供了参考。     

The characterization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from several plant species

Inhibition of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase is considered as a target for the design of herbicides. A reliable and simple assay for the enzyme has been used and the kinetics of the enzyme from several sources compared. Purification of the enzyme from the grass green foxtail (Setaria glauca) did not change its kinetic behavior. The distribution of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and tyrosine ammonia-lyase activity in various plant species was determined.     

Effects of light and soil water availability on leaf photosynthesis and growth of Arisaema heterophyllum,a riparian forest understorey plant

The effects of soil-water availability on leaf light acclimation and whole-plant carbon gain were examined in Arisaema heterophyllum Blume, a riparian deciduous forest understorey plant. Photosynthesis, above-ground morphology and ramet biomass accumulation (relative growth rate: RGR of a corm for a full leaf life-span) were measured on plants raised under three light treatments combined with two soil water conditions. The two higher light treatments during growth (high: max. 550 μmol photons m^–2 s^–1; medium: 150 μmol photons m^–2 s^–1) resulted in a twofold increase in RGRs, 30% higher photosynthetic capacities and 20% less photosynthetic low-light use efficiency than those under a low light condition (50 μmol photons m^–2 s^–1). Leaf area was the smallest and leaf mass area ratio was the largest under the high light treatment. Water stress decreased both photosynthetic rate and leaf area and, hence, RGR in all the light regimes. However, water stress did not alter the general patterns of physiological and morphological responses to different light regimes. We estimated that higher photosynthetic low-light use efficiency and larger leaf area in the low light leaf would lead to a threefold carbon gain as compared with the high light leaf under simulated low light conditions. Both experimental and simulation results suggest that the physiological and morphological acclimations tend to be beneficial to carbon gain when light availability is low, whereas they favor increased water use efficiency when light availability is sufficiently high. Electronic Publication     

Mechanisms of inhibition of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase by phenol inhibitors and phenol/glycine synergistic inhibitors

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) catalyzes the beta-elimination of ammonia from L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid. A study of inhibition of PAL by phenol, ortho-cresol, and meta-cresol gave mixed inhibition; para-cresol is not an inhibitor. The calculated values of K(i) and alphaK(i) are phenol, K(i)=2.1+/-0.5 mM and alphaK(i)=3.45+/-0.95 mM; ortho-cresol, K(i)=0.8+/-0.2 mM and alphaK(i)=3.4+/-0.2 mM; meta-cresol, K(i)=2.85+/-0.15 mM and alphaK(i)=18.5+/-1.5 mM. The synergistic inhibition of the same inhibitors with glycine showed a lack of inhibition with the para-cresol/glycine pair, while mixed inhibition was observed with the ortho-cresol/glycine pair (K(i)=0.038+/-0.008 mM, alphaK(i)=0.13+/-0.04 mM) and phenol/glycine pair (K(i)=0.014+/-0.003 mM, alphaK(i)=0.058+/-0.01 M). The meta-cresol/glycine pair gave competitive inhibition (K(i)=0.36+/-0.076 mM). The strong synergistic inhibition observed implies that the inhibitors bind at the active site: in fact, the inhibitors used imitate the structure of the substrate. The order of synergistic inhibition is the same for the sites related to K(i) and alphaK(i). These results are in agreement with the inhibitors entering two active sites located in two different subunits.     

Immunochemical localization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase in anthers

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) from anthers of the garden tulip Apeldoorn have been purified to apparent homogeneity as revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate disc-gel electrophoresis. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was either purified by successive chromatography on Sephacryl S 300 Superfine, HA Ultrogel and on diethylaminoethyl Sephacel or by immunoaffinity chromatography in a single step. Purification of CHS was achieved by chromatography on Sephadex G 200 and on HA Ultrogel followed by chromatofocusing. The purified enzymes were used for the immunization of rabbits. The specificity of the antisera against both PAL and CHS was tested by diverse methods. Antisera against PAL and CHS were employed to detect the localization of the enzymes in cross sections of tulip anthers using an indirect immunofluorometric method. The results show that PAL and CHS are located predominantly in the tapetum cells. These observations strengthen the view that the tapetum plays an important role in the regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism within the loculus of anthers.Abbreviations CHS chalcone synthase - PAL phenylalanine ammonia-lyase - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate Some of the results were presented at the meeting of German Botanical Society in Freiburg, FRG, September 1982, and at the meeting of the Groupe Polyphenols in Toulouse, France, September/October 1982     

Inhibitors of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase: 1-aminobenzylphosphonic acids substituted in the benzene ring.

Dextrorotatory 1-amino-3',4'-dichlorobenzylphosphonic acid was found to be a potent inhibitor of the plant enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase both in vitro and in vivo from among the ring-substituted 1-aminobenzylphosphonic acids and other analogues of phenylglycine. A structure activity relationship analysis of the results obtained permits predictions on the geometry of the pocket of the enzyme and is a basis in the strategy of better inhibitor synthesis.     

东方肉座菌EU7-22木聚糖酶和木糖苷酶基因克隆及生物信息学研究

东方肉座菌EU7-22具有高产半纤维素酶的能力。根据已报道的同属里氏木霉及绿色木霉木聚糖酶,木糖苷酶相关基因序列,设计PCR引物扩增出东方肉座菌内切木聚糖酶(XYNⅠ,XYNⅡ)及β-木糖苷酶(β-BXL)基因。序列经NCBIBlast分析:东方肉座菌xynⅠ基因与里氏木霉xyn1基因(X69573.1)的同源性最高达到91%;xynⅡ基因与绿色木霉xyn2基因(EF079061)同源性最高达到93%;β-bxl基因与里氏木霉β-bxl1基因(Z69257.1)的同源性最高达到94%。生物信息学分析表明内切木聚糖酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ均属于糖基水解酶家族11,N末端前19个氨基酸均为信号肽。内切木聚糖酶Ⅰ分子量为24.13kD,等电点为7.87,含有3个糖基化位点;内切木聚糖酶Ⅱ分子量为24.44kD,等电点为4.86,含有1个糖基化位点;β-木糖苷酶属于糖基水解酶家族3,分子量为87.27kD,等电点为5.49,N末端前20个氨基酸为信号肽,含有8个糖基化位点。利用SWISS-Model对木聚糖酶,木糖苷酶蛋白质三级结构进行了预测和模拟。对木聚糖酶和木糖苷酶基因及其编码蛋白质的生物信息学分析,为进一步研究这些基因的表达与调控、构建高效利用纤维素组份的工程菌株奠定基础。     

Regulation of induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in suspension cultures of Phaseolus vulgaris

Total RNA was extracted from fast growing suspension cells of bean, the mRNA was translated and the products of protein synthesis analysed by gel electrophoresis. Actinomycin D (20 g ml^–1) added to the cultures 12 h before the induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity by naphthylacetic acid (NAA) (1 mg/l) and kinetin (0.2 mg/l) failed to prevent the increased activity of the enzyme usually produced by this ratio of the plant growth hormones. PAL was isolated and purified from suspension cultured bean cells. The purified enzyme ran as a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein translated from RNA prepared from induced and non-induced cells was separated by gel electrophoresis and the bands of protein on the gels were compared. There was no evidence for an increase in the amount of PAL synthesised in vitro from the mRNA of induced cells even though these had 5 times the amount of activity of the enzyme compared with that of the non-induced cells. The results indicate that the induction of PAL activity is not immediately preceeded by an increase in the synthesis of PAL-mRNA by the cells. The control of the activity of the enzyme is discussed with respect to this finding.Abbreviations PAL phenylalanine ammonia-lyase - NAA 3naphthylacetic acid - DEAE Diethylamino ethyl - EDTA Ethylenediamine tetraacetate - SDS Sodium dodecyl sulphate     

Immunocytochemical localization of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in tissues of Populus kitakamiensis

The polypeptide encoded by the partial fragment of cDNA of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5), PALcDNAl (Osakabe et al., 1995, Plant Sci. 105: 217–226), isolated from Populus kitakamiensis (P. sieboldii x P. grandidentata), was expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The polypeptide was purified and an antiserum raised against it. The antiserum recognized a protein of 77 kDa on nitrocellulose blots after sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of total protein and the partially purified PAL protein from P. kitakamiensis. Moreover,the antiserum recognized a protein on the blot after non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of P. kitakamiensis proteins and this protein had PAL activity. Furthermore, the antibody inhibited PAL activity of extracts from stem tissues. These results showed that the antiserum against the partial PAL peptide recognized only the PAL subunits in extracts of P. kitakamiensis. Immunolocalization studies of P. kitakamiensis tissues revealed that the PAL protein was specifically localized in the xylem and the phloem fibers and no immunogold signal was found in the epidermis, the cortex, the pith, or the cambium of either stems or leaves.Abbreviations IgG immunoglobulin G - IPTG isopropylthio--d-galactoside - PAL phenylalanine ammonia-lyase The authors thank Dr. Kunio Hata of Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd. (Japan) for supplying P. kitakamiensis. This work was supported in part by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan (No. 07406008).     

Cloning and Characterization of an Agglutinin Gene from Arisaema lobatum

A novel agglutinin gene was cloned from Arisaema lobatum using SMART RACE-PCR technology. The full-length cDNA of Arisaema lobatum agglutinin (ala) was 1078 bp and contained a 774 bp open reading frame encoding a lectin precursor (proproprotein) of 258 amino acid residues with a 23 aa signal peptide. ALA contained three mannose-binding sites (QXDXNXVXY) with two-conserved domains of 45% identity, ALA-DOM1 and ALA-DOM2. The three-dimensional structure of ALA was very similar to that of GNA (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin). ALA shared varying identities, ranging from 40% to 85%, with mannose-binding lectins from other species of plant families, such as Araceae, Alliaceae, Iridaceae, Lillaceae, Amaryllidaceae and Bromeliaceae. Genomic sequence of ala was also cloned using genomic walker technology, and it was found to contain three putative TATA boxes and eight possible CAAT boxes in the 5′-flanking region. No intron was found within the region of genomic sequence. Southern blot analysis indicated that the ala belonged to a multi-copy gene family. Expression pattern analysis revealed that the ala preferentially expressed in the tissues with the higher expression being found in spadix, bud, leaf, spathe and tuber. The cloning of the ala gene not only provides a basis for further investigation of its structure, expression and regulation mechanism, but also enables us to test its potential role in controlling pests and fungal diseases by transferring the gene into plants in the future.