固氮菌缓解氮限制环境中丛枝菌根真菌对加拿大一枝黄花的营养竞争

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)能与大多数陆生植物的根系形成共生体, 有助于宿主植物吸收养分。但营养胁迫下, 根系微生物对AMF与宿主植物间关系的影响少见报道。该研究假设: 在营养极度匮乏(如氮胁迫)环境下, AMF与宿主植物可能产生营养竞争, 而固氮菌的介入能够缓解两者对营养的竞争关系。为了验证这一假设, 该文探究了加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)生长受限的氮浓度, 并在氮受限条件下检验了AMF、加拿大一枝黄花及固氮菌三者间的关系。结果表明: 低氮处理明显抑制了加拿大一枝黄花的地上生物量和总生物量, 尤其以0.025 mmol·L^-1 N的氨态氮对加拿大一枝黄花的负影响更甚。在此氮浓度下, 单独添加AMF总体上都进一步抑制了加拿大一枝黄花的生长, 而固氮菌的添加在一定程度上提高了氮受限条件下AMF对宿主的根部侵染率及宿主植物生物量。这表明固氮菌能够缓和氮受限条件下AMF和加拿大一枝黄花间的营养竞争关系。研究结果加深了对外来植物在极度营养胁迫环境下与多种微生物互作的入侵机制的理解。     

入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花根际解钾菌多样性及解钾活性

入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)具有较强的钾(K)富集能力, 这可能和其对土壤微生物群落的改变有关。根际解钾菌能够将植物难以利用的矿物态钾转化为植物可以利用的可溶性钾, 而加拿大一枝黄花如何影响根际解钾菌多样性和解钾活性尚未明了。该研究以浙江省杭州湾湿地围垦区内自然生长的加拿大一枝黄花和其伴生本地植物白茅(Imperata cylindrica)为研究对象, 比较了加拿大一枝黄花和白茅体内及土壤中的钾含量水平, 钾供给水平对生物量积累的影响, 以及根际解钾菌的数量、多样性和解钾活性的差异。结果表明, 加拿大一枝黄花茎、叶中的钾含量均显著高于白茅, 分别是白茅的1.59和7.33倍; 加拿大一枝黄花和白茅的土壤全钾含量差异不显著, 速效钾含量在0-10 cm土层中差异显著、在10-20 cm土层中差异不显著。随着钾供应水平提高, 加拿大一枝黄花和白茅的生物量均显著增加。利用解钾培养基计数培养后发现, 加拿大一枝黄花根际解钾菌的数量是白茅的3.51倍。分离培养后将出现解钾圈的菌株进行鉴定, 利用解钾液体培养实验测定其解钾量, 发现从加拿大一枝黄花根际土中分离得到的15个解钾菌株中, 有9个具有高效解钾能力, 其处理液中K ⁺含量较空白对照高出85.11%-192.54%, 其中菌株H2-20解钾能力最强, 解钾量为10.657 mg·L ^-1。加拿大一枝黄花根际解钾菌解钾作用显著高于白茅。经16S rDNA鉴定发现, 加拿大一枝黄花15个根际解钾菌株分属11个属, 其中有6个属已经被报道证实具有明显解钾能力。这些结果表明加拿大一枝黄花根际解钾菌数量较为丰富, 且大多具有较高解钾活性, 可能对其钾富集具有重要贡献。     

Effects of glyphosate on interspecific competition between Solidago canadensis and Imperata cylindrica

Aims The extensive use of herbicide to control invasive plants would change the relationship between alien and neighboring plants. In order to provide data for rational use of herbicide and a theoretical reference for further studies on the ecological effects of glyphosate, we explored the variation of the relationship between an invasive plant Solidago canadensis and a native plant Imperata cylindrica when they were sprayed glyphosate.
Methods A replacement series experiment was conducted from June to August 2016 in Wetland Ecosystem Research Station of Hangzhou Bay, State Forestry Administration, to examine the effects of glyphosate at seven concentration levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8 mL·L^-1) on the growth and interspecific competition of S. canadensis and I. cylindrica.
Important findings (1) Glyphosate treatment significantly inhibited the growth of S. canadensis and I. cylindrica (p < 0.05). During the test, cumulative growth of height and leaf number of S. canadensis were apparently reduced with the increase of glyphosate concentration, but the leaf number of S. canadensis treated with 0.3- 1.5 mL·L^-1 glyphosate was re-growing with time, while the one treated with 1.8 mL·L^-1 was mostly dead. The withering rate of tiller and green leaf of I. cylindrica also significantly increased with the increase of glyphosate concentration, and the growth indices of this plant treated with 0.3-0.6 mL·L^-1 were also re-growing with time. (2) Glyphosate treatment significantly affected interspecific competition (p < 0.05), which diminished as the glyphosate concentration increased. (3) Interspecific competition has significant influence on the biomass allocation of S. canadensis (p < 0.05). When facing competition, S. canadensis would allocate more organic matter to root and thus increase the ratio of root to shoot. Competition only inhibited the tiller number and total biomass of I. cylindrica, but insignificantly affected its ratio of root to shoot. (4) The interaction between glyphosate treatment and S. canadensis-I. cylindrica interspecific relationship also significantly influenced the biomass of S. canadensis and I. cylindrica (p < 0.05), but insignificantly affected the root/shoot ratio of two plants. Different plants have different tolerance to glyphosate stress. Compared with native plant I. cylindrica, S. canadensis has stronger tolerance to glyphosate. Low-concentration glyphosate could decrease the competitive intensity between S. canadensis and I. cylindrica, which may disturb the structure and dynamics of plant communities.     

丛枝菌根真菌对不同性别组合模式下青杨雌雄植株根系生长的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对雌雄异株植物根系生长, 尤其是对邻近生长的不同雌雄个体的影响还鲜有研究。该研究以泥土:河沙:蛭石体积比为1:1:1的混合物为培养基质, 分别在雄-雄、雌-雌和雄-雌3种组合栽培模式下对青杨(Populus cathayana)雌雄幼苗进行接种和不接种摩西球囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)处理, 通过比较接种AMF与否雌雄植株根系在侵染率、生物量、形态、碳、氮含量等方面的差异来分析AMF对青杨雌雄幼苗根系生长发育的影响。结果发现: 与对照组相比, 接种AMF对3种栽培模式下青杨雌雄植株的侵染率、根干质量、根系形态(除分枝强度、比表面积)和碳、氮含量影响显著。此外, 不同性别组合模式对青杨雌雄植株的根干质量、根系形态和碳、氮含量影响显著。接种AMF后, 与雌-雌合栽模式下的雌株相比, 雄-雌合栽模式下雌株的根干质量、氮含量都有不同程度的提高, 根系形态发生改变; 而与雄-雄合栽模式下的雄株相比, 雄-雌合栽模式下雄株的相应指标出现降低或轻微增加。该研究表明AMF对不同性别组合模式下青杨植株根系生长具有显著促进作用, 尤其是雄-雌合栽模式下AMF接种最有利于雌株根系的生长发育。     

荒漠北沙柳根系丛枝菌根真菌和黑隔内生真菌定殖状况

为利用土壤共生真菌资源促进荒漠植被恢复和生态重建, 分别于2013年6月、8月和10月, 从内蒙古元上都地区采集北沙柳(Salix psammophila)根围0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40和40-50 cm共5个土层的土壤样品, 系统研究了丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和黑隔内生真菌(DSE)的时空分布及其与土壤因子的相关性。结果表明: AMF和DSE的平均定殖率分别为77%和84%, 说明北沙柳根系能与这两类真菌形成良好的共生关系。AMF和DSE的分布和定殖具有明显的时空异质性, 并与土壤因子密切相关。AMF和DSE的平均定殖率均表现为10月> 8月> 6月。土壤深度对AMF和DSE的定殖率有显著影响, AMF和DSE定殖率的最大值分别在0-20 cm和0-10 cm土层。双因子方差分析表明, 月份和土层对AMF和DSE的定殖率以及土壤因子具有显著的交互效应。主成分分析表明, 土壤湿度、pH值、碱性磷酸酶、易提取球囊霉素是内蒙古荒漠环境中AMF和DSE定殖的主要影响因子。     

丛枝菌根真菌对杨树生长、气孔和木质部微观结构的影响

植物气孔与木质部导管及纤维的功能直接关系着植物的水分利用, 进而影响植物的生长。为研究丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对杨树抗旱性的影响, 采用温室盆栽的方法, 研究两种水分条件下, 接种根内球囊霉(Rhizophagus irregularis)对速生杨107 Populus × canadensis (P. nigra × P. deltoides) ‘Neva’气孔及木质部微观结构的影响。结果表明: AMF的侵染显著提高了杨树幼苗地上和地下部分生物量, 对叶片气孔长度、茎部导管细胞直径和纤维细胞长度也有促进作用。AMF对生物量和导管细胞直径的增加幅度表现出干旱条件下>正常水分条件下, 而对气孔长度的提高幅度表现出干旱条件下<正常水分条件下。正常水分条件下, AMF增加了杨树叶片的气孔密度, 减小了纤维细胞直径, 对相对水分饱和亏缺无影响; 干旱条件下, AMF增加了纤维细胞直径, 降低了相对水分饱和亏缺, 对气孔密度无影响。综上所述, 干旱条件下, AMF对导管水分传输能力的促进作用明显增加, 而对气孔蒸腾能力的促进作用有所减少, 从而更利于杨树在遭遇干旱时保持水分, 减少干旱对菌根杨树造成的水分亏缺, 提高菌根杨树对干旱的耐受性。     

Effects of waterlogging and increased soil nutrients on growth and reproduction of Polygonum hydropiper in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region

水淹和土壤养分是影响三峡库区消落带植物生长的主要环境因子。消落带不同高程的植物长期经历不同的淹水强度和土壤养分条件。该研究假设同一物种来自于消落带不同高程的植株可能产生性状分化, 从而对根部淹水和土壤养分变化具有不同的生长和繁殖响应策略。为了验证以上假设, 选取在三峡库区消落带高低高程均广泛分布的物种水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)为研究对象, 采集自然种群的种子。在温室同质园条件下, 研究了根部水淹和土壤养分提升对高低高程水蓼植株生长和繁殖特性的影响。研究结果表明根部水淹显著或趋于显著降低了水蓼植株功能叶的叶长、叶宽、总分枝数、叶生物量、花生物量和总生物量; 低养分处理显著或趋于显著降低了水蓼植株的总节数、总分枝数、根生物量、花生物量和总生物量, 表明根部水淹和低土壤养分对水蓼的生长和繁殖能力具有抑制作用。同时, 根部水淹和土壤养分的交互作用显著影响植株的根生物量, 表明根部水淹条件下高土壤养分更有利于植株根生物量的积累。高高程植株的根生物量和叶生物量显著或趋于显著高于低高程植株, 而低高程植株的始花时间早于高高程植株, 且繁殖分配也显著高于高高程植株, 表明高低高程水蓼植株对资源的分配策略不同。该研究结果表明水蓼的生长和繁殖特性受根部水淹和土壤养分共同限制, 但对根部水淹条件下高土壤养分生境具有较好的适应性; 同时, 低高程植株可以通过调整其生长和繁殖特性以提高对所处生境胁迫的适应性。     

间作大豆对甘蔗根际土壤细菌及固氮菌多样性的影响

为探讨间作大豆(Glycine max)对甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)根际土壤细菌及固氮细菌多样性的影响, 收集和开发固氮菌资源, 筛选高效甘蔗联合固氮体系, 选用3个甘蔗栽培品种‘ROC22’、‘GT21’、‘B8’与大豆品种‘Guizao 2’进行间种栽培, 采用巢式PCR特异扩增细菌16S rRNA基因片段和固氮细菌nifH基因片段, 并结合变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术, 对间作大豆的甘蔗根际土壤细菌及固氮细菌进行系统演化和多样性分析。聚类分析结果显示, 间作大豆改变了甘蔗根际土壤细菌及固氮细菌原来的群落组成结构, 尤其对固氮菌群落组成的改变更大, 但对群落物种的优势度影响较小。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数分析结果表明, 甘蔗-大豆间作显著影响甘蔗根际土壤中细菌和固氮菌的多样性, 其中对固氮细菌多样性的影响较大。不同甘蔗品种的根际土壤细菌和固氮菌在间作大豆条件下表现出不同的多样性, ‘ROC22’和‘GT21’间作处理甘蔗根际土壤固氮细菌的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于单作处理, 而‘ROC22’与大豆间作处理的甘蔗根际土壤固氮菌多样性最为丰富。在大豆生长盛期, 间作处理的甘蔗根际土壤细菌多样性最为丰富, 不同处理间的差异也最大, 随后下降。总体来看, 甘蔗-大豆间作显著地影响根际土壤细菌和固氮菌的群落结构和群落多样性, 有助于对甘蔗合理间作栽培模式的认识和筛选高效甘蔗联合固氮体系。     

摩西斗管囊霉改善连作花生根际土壤的微环境

花生(Arachis hypogaea)长期连作导致土壤环境恶化, 严重影响产量和品质。丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)作为有益真菌能够与80%的陆生植物根系形成共生关系, 这种共生体能够改善植物根系微环境, 提高植物对营养物质的吸收和对逆境胁迫的抗性。为了探究AMF对花生连作土壤微环境的影响, 该研究通过对花生连作土壤接种和未接种摩西斗管囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)试验, 在花生不同生长期检测根际土壤的酶活性、土壤矿物质含量、土壤微生物群落结构和多度的变化情况, 以及对连作花生产量和品质的影响。研究结果表明: 1)摩西斗管囊霉能够显著提高花生根际土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和硝酸还原酶的活性; 2)摩西斗管囊霉显著增加花生连作土壤中全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷和速效钾的含量; 3)摩西斗管囊霉显著降低土壤中有害真菌曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)的多度, 减少镰刀菌属(Fusarium)和赤霉菌属(Gibberella)的多度, 但是没有达到显著水平, 显著增加有益细菌放线菌Gaiella属的多度; 4)摩西斗管囊霉显著提高连作花生的产量, 增加籽仁中蛋白质、油酸和亚油酸的含量。因此, 摩西斗管囊霉能够改善连作花生根际土壤微生态环境, 增强连作土壤对致病菌的抵抗能力, 从而缓解连作障碍对花生根系的危害。     

中亚热带植被恢复阶段植物叶片、凋落物、土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

为揭示植被恢复过程中生态系统的养分循环机制及植物的生存策略, 根据亚热带森林群落演替过程, 采用空间代替时间方法, 以湘中丘陵区地域相邻、环境条件基本一致的檵木(Loropetalum chinensis) +南烛(Vaccinium bracteatu) +杜鹃(Rhododendron mariesii)灌草丛(LVR)、檵木+杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata) +白栎(Quercus fabri)灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana) +柯(Lithocarpus glaber) +檵木针阔混交林(PLL)、柯+红淡比(Cleyera japonica) +青冈(Cyclobalanopsis Glauca)常绿阔叶林(LCC)作为一个恢复系列, 设置固定样地, 采集植物叶片、未分解层凋落物和0-30 cm土壤样品, 测定有机碳(C)、全氮(N)、全磷(P)含量及其化学计量比, 运用异速生长关系、养分利用效率和再吸收效率分析植物对环境变化的响应和养分利用策略。结果表明: (1)随着植被恢复, 叶片C:N、C:P、N:P显著下降, 而叶片C、N、P含量和土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P显著增加, 其中LCC植物叶片C、N含量, 土壤C、N含量及其N:P, PLL植物叶片P含量, 土壤C:P显著高于其他3个恢复阶段, 各恢复阶段植物叶片N:P > 20, 植物生长受P限制; 凋落物C、N、P含量及其化学计量比波动较大。(2)凋落物与叶片、土壤的化学计量特征之间的相关关系较弱, 叶片与土壤的化学计量特征之间具有显著相关关系, 其中叶片C、N、P含量与土壤C、N含量、C:N (除叶片C、N含量外)、C:P、N:P呈显著正相关关系; 叶片C:N与土壤C、N含量、C:P、N:P, 叶片C:P与土壤C含量、C:N、C:P, 叶片N:P与土壤C:N呈显著负相关关系。(3)植被恢复过程中, 叶片N、P之间具有显著异速生长关系, 异速生长指数为1.45, 叶片N、P的利用效率下降, 对N、P的再吸收效率增加, LCC叶片N利用效率最低, PLL叶片P利用效率最低而N、P再吸收效率最高。(4)叶片N含量内稳态弱, 而P含量具有较高的内稳态, 在土壤低P限制下植物能保持P平衡。植被恢复显著影响叶片、凋落物、土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比, 叶片与土壤之间C、N、P含量及化学计量比呈显著相关关系, 植物通过降低养分利用效率和提高养分再吸收效率适应土壤养分的变化, 叶片-凋落物-土壤系统的N、P循环随着植被恢复逐渐达到“化学计量平衡”。     

Uptake kinetics of nitrogen and phosphorus by Zostera marina

Aims Nutrient availability is an external factor that affect the growth of seagrasses. However, the demand for and absorption of different forms of nitrogen and phosphorus by different tissues of seagrasses are unclear. In this study, the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by Zostera marina was studied to determine the nutrient uptake kinetics. The objectives of this research are to: 1) investigate the absorption characteristics of ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus in Z. marina; 2) evaluate the differences in absorption between the different forms of nitrogen; and 3) analyse the differences in absorption between the different tissues of Z. marina.Methods Equipment was used to separate the aboveground and belowground tissues of Z. marina. Six concentration levels of ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus were established to experimentally test the uptake kinetics of nutrients by Z. marina. The nutrient concentrations in different parts of seawater column were measured to determine the nutrient changes and calculate the kinetic characteristics of nutrient uptake.Important findings 1) The absorption of ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus by Z. marina was consistent with the characteristics of saturated absorption kinetics. The relationship between the absorption rate and the nutrient concentrations in water could be described by the Michaelis-Menten equation. 2) The maximum absorption rate (V_max) of ammonia nitrogen by Z. marina (52 μmol·g^-1·h^-1) was significantly higher than that of nitrate nitrogen (39 μmol·g^-1·h^-1). 3) Both aboveground and belowground tissues of Z. marina could absorb nutrient, but the V_max of leaves (aboveground tissues) for ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus absorption were 43.1, 30.5 and 15.6 μmol·g^-1·h^-1, respectively, which were 2.6-fold, 1.2-fold and 6-fold higher than the corresponding V_max of belowground tissues. The results show that the absorption capacity of Z. marina for ammonia nitrogen is higher than that for nitrate nitrogen, and the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus may depend primarily on the aboveground tissues (leaves). The results provide a theoretical basis for the study of the mechanisms of nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and utilization by Z. marina and the evaluation of marine ecological impacts.     

Effects of leachate from understory medicinal plants on litter decomposition and soil enzyme activities of Betula albo-sinensis and Eucommia ulmoides

Aims Forest litter decomposition is an important factor affecting nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability. In a complex system with forest and understory medicinal plants, leachate from the medicinal plants enriched in plant secondary metabolites (PSM) may inhibit litter decomposition and soil enzyme activity of forest trees. Thus, inspection on whether or not this phenomenon exits is one important basis for selecting understory medicinal plants.Methods In this paper, typical forest species Betula albo-sinensis and Eucommia ulmoides and six species of common medicinal plants (Corydalis bungeana, Mentha haplocalyx, Houttuynia cordata, Nepeta cataria, Gynostemma pentaphyllum and Prunella vulgaris) in Qinling Mountains area were taken as objects, and the litter decomposition experiment was carried out. The leachate (water-extraction solution) from the stems and leaves of the medicinal materials were sprayed onto the litter in order to study the effects of leachate from understory plants on forests litter decomposition, nutrient release (carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus) and soil enzyme activity.Important findings For litter of B. albo-sinensis, the decomposition half-life and the turnover period were extended by 76% and 4.3 times, respectively, under H. cordata leachate treatment and the inhibitory effects on the release of carbon and nitrogen were also significant. While under G. pentaphyllum leachate treatment, the half-life of litter decomposition and turnover period were extended by 35% and 2.7 times, respectively, and the inhibitory effects on the release of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were all significant. The leachate from these two species of medicinal plants displayed significant inhibitory effects on seven kinds of soil enzymes (invertase, carboxymethyl cellulase, β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase, polyphenol oxidase, protease and phosphatase) activity. For litter of E. ulmoides, the decomposition half-life and the turnover period were extended by 1.7 times and 4.2 times respectively, under H. cordata leachate treatment; while they were extended by 1 times and 9 times respectively, under G. pentaphyllum leachate treatment. The leachate from these two species of medicinal plants displayed significant inhibitory effects on the release of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from litter decomposition and the activities of all seven kinds of soil enzymes. Therefore, results suggested that H. cordata and G. pentaphyllum should not be planted under B. albo-sinensis and E. ulmoides forests, or the interplanting density must be low to reduce the inhibitory effects of litter decomposition.     

入侵植物与本地植物互作对丛枝菌根真菌AMF侵染率的影响

外来植物成功入侵与菌根共生体存在着密不可分的关系,丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）侵染率是反映其侵染植物情况的重要指标,影响侵染率的因素很多,但是入侵植物与本地植物互作对AMF侵染率的影响目前还不清楚。因此,本研究以外来入侵植物黄顶菊Flaveria bidentis、豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia、三叶鬼针草Bidens pilosa和本地植物狗尾草Setaria viridis、黄香草木犀Melilotus officinalis、藜Chenopodium album为研究对象,设置入侵植物单种处理、本地植物单种处理、每种入侵植物分别与本地植物两两混种处理以及每种入侵植物同时与所有本地植物混种处理,观察测定不同处理下入侵植物与本地植物根系丛枝、泡囊、菌丝及总侵染率,比较研究本地植物种类变化对入侵植物和本地植物根系AMF侵染率的影响,以及3种入侵菊科植物对本地植物AMF侵染率的影响规律是否一致。结果表明,与入侵植物单种相比,除豚草与藜、豚草同时与3种本地植物混种两个处理中,豚草根系的AMF菌丝及总侵染率显著增加外,其余所有处理中入侵植物总侵染率均无显著差异;与狗尾草或黄香草木犀单种相比,每种入侵植物同时与所有本地植物混种处理中,本地植物狗尾草和黄香草木犀根系上的AMF菌丝及总侵染率均显著降低,即随本地植物种类数目的增加,对本地植物根系的菌丝及总侵染率存在显著抑制作用,而对入侵植物无显著影响。     

种植密度对苜蓿生长及生物量的影响

种植密度作为影响作物产量和品质的重要因素, 会造成植物对于光照、水分和养分的竞争。为研究种植密度对苜蓿生长与产量的影响, 在日光温室环境下, 以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)为材料, 设置25、100、400、800、1 500、2 000株·m ^-2, 共6个种植密度, 对紫花苜蓿的种群密度和生长状况进行了观测。结果表明, 各处理播种后15天的平均种植密度分别为25、100、373、745、1 255、1 938株·m ^-2; 随着紫花苜蓿的生长, 除了低密度(25、100株·m ^-2)处理没有发生植株数量的变化外, 其余4个密度处理植株数量均有所减少, 即发生不同程度的自疏, 至第二茬收获时(播种后第187天)种群数量分别减少为297、571、759、839株·m ^-2。植株个体的株高、基径和分枝数量随着现存密度的增加呈指数下降; 个体生物量与现存密度的关系满足竞争密度效应的幂函数关系, 即随着密度的增加而减小。紫花苜蓿单位面积地上生物量符合最终产量恒定法则, 然而, 随着密度的增加, 地下生物量有先增加后减小的趋势。     

Interrelated effects of mycorrhiza and free‐living nitrogen fixers cascade up to aboveground herbivores

Aboveground plant performance is strongly influenced by belowground microorganisms, some of which are pathogenic and have negative effects, while others, such as nitrogen‐fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, usually have positive effects. Recent research revealed that belowground interactions between plants and functionally distinct groups of microorganisms cascade up to aboveground plant associates such as herbivores and their natural enemies. However, while functionally distinct belowground microorganisms commonly co‐occur in the rhizosphere, their combined effects, and relative contributions, respectively, on performance of aboveground plant‐associated organisms are virtually unexplored. Here, we scrutinized and disentangled the effects of free‐living nitrogen‐fixing (diazotrophic) bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum (DB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae (AMF) on host plant choice and reproduction of the herbivorous two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on common bean plants Phaseolus vulgaris. Additionally, we assessed plant growth, and AMF and DB occurrence and density as affected by each other. Both AMF alone and DB alone increased spider mite reproduction to similar levels, as compared to the control, and exerted additive effects under co‐occurrence. These effects were similarly apparent in host plant choice, that is, the mites preferred leaves from plants with both AMF and DB to plants with AMF or DB to plants grown without AMF and DB. DB, which also act as AMF helper bacteria, enhanced root colonization by AMF, whereas AMF did not affect DB abundance. AMF but not DB increased growth of reproductive plant tissue and seed production, respectively. Both AMF and DB increased the biomass of vegetative aboveground plant tissue. Our study breaks new ground in multitrophic belowground–aboveground research by providing first insights into the fitness implications of plant‐mediated interactions between interrelated belowground fungi–bacteria and aboveground herbivores.     

Relationships between soil nutrients and plant functional traits in different degradation stages of Leymus chinensis steppe in Nei Mongol,China

Aims Understanding ecological implications of plant functional traits is helpful in exploring community assembly under different environments of nature and human disturbances, and then to reveal the maintenance mechanism of the ecosystem services. By analyzing vegetation and soil data derived from field observations in Leymus chinensis steppe of Xilin River Basin in Nei Mongol, we aimed to explore the responses of plant functional traits to changing soil nutrients at different degradation stages. Methods We observed 69 plots for both plant community structure and soil attributes using quadrat and soil-drilling methods. Five plant functional traits, namely the specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N), leaf lignin content (LLC), and maximum height (MH), were measured for each plot. We also tested soil attributes, such as total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and organic carbon (OC). The sixty-nine communities were classified into four groups (undegraded L. chinensis + forbs, slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp., moderately degraded L. chinensis + Cleistogenes squarrosa, and heavily degraded L. chinensis + Artemisia frigida) using TWINSPAN software. The relationships between plant functional traits and soil nutrient variables were analyzed for the four community groups using the Pearson’s correlation test with SPSS 21.0 software. Important findings (1) The soil nutrients decreased with the grassland degradation process and there were significant differences in TN and TP between the undegraded L. chinensis + forbs and heavily degraded L. chinensis + A. frigida communities; (2) plant functional traits also showed strong differences between the degradation stages. MH and C:N decreased with degradation. A significant difference was observed in MH between the undegraded L. chinensis + forbs and slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp. communities. The difference in C:N was also significant between the undegraded L. chinensis + forbs and heavily degraded L. chinensis + A. frigida communities; (3) the effects of soil nutrients on plant functional traits changed with grassland degradation. AN was negatively correlated with MH, LLC, and C:N in the slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp. community. In the moderately degraded L. chinensis + C. squarrosa community, those three traits mentioned above showed significantly positive correlations with TP; (4) while analyzing the degraded grassland, different relationships between plant functional traits were found. In the slightly degraded L. chinensis + Stipa sp. community, LLC was positively correlated with all other traits. Moreover, positive correlations also occurred between C:N and MH, C:N and LDMC, and C:N and LLC. In the heavily degraded L. chinensis + A. frigida community, all traits demonstrated the most significantly positive correlations.     

Effects of ozone and aerosol pollution on photosynthesis of poplar leaves

由于经济的快速发展, 中国大部分地区正面临着严峻的复合型大气污染, 其中臭氧和气溶胶是两种主要污染物。已有的研究表明臭氧对叶片的氧化性伤害能够抑制光合作用, 而气溶胶可通过增加散射辐射比例或缓解高温抑制促进光合作用。但复合污染下, 臭氧和气溶胶如何共同调控叶片光合作用, 仍缺乏研究。该研究利用北京及周边地区之间的污染梯度, 选择加杨(Populus × canadensis)作为实验对象, 于2012-2013年生长季期间对叶片光合速率进行连续观测, 并同时监测臭氧浓度(AOT40)、气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)、空气温度和冠层内外光合有效辐射(PAR)等环境因子, 以期探讨大气复合污染下臭氧和气溶胶变化对植物叶片光合作用的影响及相关机制。结果表明: (1)臭氧浓度与空气温度、气溶胶浓度之间均呈显著正相关关系, 但气溶胶浓度与空气温度没有显著相关关系; (2)臭氧浓度增加显著抑制了阳生叶片的光合作用, 但气溶胶浓度上升促进了阳生叶片的光合作用; 臭氧浓度升高对阴生叶片光合作用的影响较小, 但气溶胶浓度上升促进了阴生叶片的光合作用; (3)标准化后的结果显示, 臭氧对阳生叶片光合作用的影响最大, 此时气溶胶的促进作用一定程度上补偿了臭氧浓度上升所带来的抑制效应。对于阴生叶片光合作用而言, 气溶胶则是最重要的影响因素。该研究发现复合污染下阴生叶和阳生叶光合响应不同, 这表明冠层结构可能通过影响阴生叶和阳生叶的比例, 从而对植物生长产生不同影响。该研究对理解大气复合污染如何影响光合作用提供了的机理支持, 同时也表明, 为了维持生态系统生产力及功能, 需要同时控制气溶胶和臭氧污染。     

丛枝菌根真菌与氮添加对不同根形态基因型水稻氮吸收的影响

植物主要依赖自身根系从土壤中获取矿质养分; 具有不同根形态的植物对于养分的吸收能力存在差异。丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)能与陆地植物根系形成共生关系, 帮助植物吸收矿质养分。但是, AMF对于植物根系养分吸收的促进效应是否会受根形态的影响还鲜有研究。该研究选取4种不同根形态基因型水稻(根毛缺陷突变体rhl1、侧根缺陷突变体iaa11、不定根缺失突变体arl1和野生型Kas)为研究对象, 设置2种施氮水平处理(低氮: 20 mg·kg^-1氨氮; 高氮: 100 mg·kg^-1氨氮), 利用稳定同位素¹⁵N示踪标记技术, 探究AMF和氮添加对不同根形态植物氮吸收的影响。研究结果发现, 相比低氮处理, 高氮处理下, rhl1、Kas、iaa11与arl1的茎叶¹⁵N浓度分别提高了60%、72%、128%与118%, 说明氮添加显著促进了水稻氮吸收, 且iaa11与arl1对氮添加的响应更强烈。在低氮水平下, AMF对rhl1、Kas、iaa11与arl1氮吸收的平均效应值分别为17%、31%、42%、51%, 表明AMF对于植物氮吸收的促进效应受根形态影响, iaa11与arl1对AMF的响应明显高于Kas与rhl1; 相较于低氮水平, 高氮水平下AMF对于不同根形态水稻氮吸收的促进效应都会显著降低, 表明氮添加削弱了AMF对植物氮吸收的促进效应。该研究阐明了4种不同根形态基因型水稻氮养分吸收存在显著差异, 其中氮吸收能力较弱的基因型水稻对AMF的响应更强, 该结果补充了植物与AMF在养分吸收上存在功能互补的控制实验证据。     

Application of bio-fertilizers for enhancing growth and yield of common bean plants grown under water stress conditions

This study was planned to enhance the growth and productivity of common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown under different water stress level by using different microorganisms as bio-fertilizer agents. Water stress is a international problem that effects on morphological, functional and chemical processes of plants occasioning in altering growth, yield and water relations of economic plants like common bean plants. The interaction effect between water stress (WW as recommended irrigation after 6 days, WS1 after 12 days and WS2 after 18 days) and inoculation with different microorganisms [AMF (Glomus mosseae) and endophytic bacteria, (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)] used alone or in mixed was examined on the development and productivity of common bean plants. Mutual application of AMF and endophytic bacteria significantly increased the average values of most of growth, water relations (photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance) and yield parameters of common bean plants grown at WS1 and WS2 comparing with non-colonized plants. In this connection, colonization with AMF and endophytic bacteria with WS1 are the greater pods number, pod length, pods weight, 100 seeds weight, Yield by ton /Fed and water-use efficiency (WUE) by ton/ m³ than other treatments. Common bean yielded seeds had significantly increased nutrients content (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium), vitamin B₁, Folic acid, crude protein and crude fibers at AMF + endophytic bacteria under second water stress (WS1) when compared to other treatments.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对模拟大气氮沉降下灌木铁线莲根系形态及养分承载的影响

为了解菌根化处理的灌木铁线莲（Clematis fruticosa）苗木根系形态及养分承载对氮沉降的应激响应,以1年生盆栽灌木铁线莲为对象,分别采用单接种和混合接种,即：单接种根内根孢囊霉（Rhizophagus intraradices,以下简称+R）,单接种摩西斗管囊霉（Funneliformis mosseae,以下简称+F）;混合接菌（上述2菌种菌剂按体积1∶1混合,以下简称+RF）的菌根苗。以非菌根苗（未接菌,以下简称-M）为对照。氮沉降处理设置4个梯度（不施氮（0N,0 g·m^-2·a^-1）、低氮（LN,3 g·m^-2·a^-1）、中氮（MN,6 g·m^-2·a^-1）、高氮（HN,9 g·m^-2·a^-1））,1年后测定各处理细根形态（直径≤0.5 mm的总根长、总表面积、总体积、根尖数量）、菌根侵染率、土壤孢子密度及根、茎、叶各器官的养分（碳、氮、磷）含量等指标。①在+R和+RF处理下,LN处理的苗木菌根侵染率和孢子密度达到最大,且LN处理的苗木菌根侵染率显著高于HN处理;而+F处理的苗木菌根侵染率随氮沉降递增无显著差异。②0N处理下,+F和+R处理的灌木铁线莲苗木细根（直径≤0.5 mm）的总根长、总表面积、总体积和根尖数量均显著高于-M处理。然而,+F和+R处理的灌木铁线莲苗木上述根系形态指标随着氮沉降量的增加均呈下降的趋势。③+F和+R处理下,苗木养分承载量随氮沉降量增加呈增加的趋势。氮沉降处理下,接菌处理的苗木碳、氮、磷养分含量显著高于-M处理,其中+F处理下苗木碳氮磷养分含量最高。④直径≤0.5 mm细根形态指标与养分含量指标均呈正相关关系。综上,接菌处理可改变灌木铁线莲苗木细根形态对氮沉降的响应规律,接种摩西斗管囊霉有效增强苗木对氮沉降的适应能力,提高了高氮沉降处理下苗木的养分承载量。