蓝藻红色荧光蛋白All1280 GAF2在E. coli BL21(DE3)中的表达及其突变体构建（英文）

采用PCR技术从鱼腥藻(Anabaena sp.) PCC 7120中扩增获得红色荧光蛋白基因all1280 gaf2,并利用Bam HⅠ和SalⅠ酶切位点,将该基因插入到pET-30a(+)中,构建表达载体pET-all1280 gaf2。将该表达载体与藻胆色素生物合成质粒pACYC-ho1-pcyA同时转化到大肠杆菌E. coli BL21 (DE3),表达后获得大肠杆菌色素细胞。结果显示,该色素细胞在荧光显微镜下具有红色荧光,且在15E/15Z态之间具有可逆光效应。进一步以pET-all1280 gaf2为模板,通过定点突变技术在all1280 gaf2基因中引入C53A突变,获得了突变体All1280 GAF2 (C53A)。将All1280 GAF2 (C53A)与藻胆色素在E. coli BL21 (DE3)中共表达,获得了比野生型红色荧光更强的大肠杆菌色素细胞。研究结果表明,与野生型相比,All1280 GAF2 (C53A)具有较高的摩尔消光系数和荧光量子产率,红色荧光更强。     

蓝细菌光敏色素Alr1966GAF2及其突变体的表达与光化学性质研究

采用PCR技术从鱼腥藻（Anabaena sp.PCC7120）中扩增蓝细菌光敏色素基因片段alr1966gaf2,将alr1966gaf2插入到pET-30a（+）载体中,构建表达质粒pET-alr1966gaf2。最后将Alr1966GAF2与HO1、PcyA在E.coli BL21（DE3）中共表达获得色素蛋白Alr1966GAF2,并对该蛋白的光化学性质进行分析。结果显示,色素蛋白Alr1966GAF2结合色素为藻蓝胆素（phycoerythrobilin,PCB）或藻紫胆素（phycoviolobilin,PVB）,在3种不同吸收态15Z-P_{428 nm}、中间态和15E-P_{514 nm}之间具有顺序可逆光效应。通过定点突变技术将DXCF基序中的保守性Cys突变为Ala,获得了突变体Alr1966GAF2（C72A）。将Alr1966GAF2（C72A）与HO1、PcyA共表达,获得色素蛋白Alr1966GAF2（C72A）。研究结果表明Alr1966GAF2（C72A）结合色素为PCB,Alr1966GAF2（C72A）-PCB具有较强的荧光活性,其荧光量子的产率高达0.11。Alr1966GAF2（C72A）不仅能够共价结合PCB,还可以结合胆绿素（Biliverdin,BV）,均具有较强的红色荧光活性。     

蓝细菌光敏色素Alr1966GAF2及其突变体的表达与光化学性质研究

采用PCR技术从鱼腥藻(Anabaena sp. PCC7120)中扩增蓝细菌光敏色素基因片段alr1966gaf2,将alr1966gaf2插入到pET-30a(+)载体中,构建表达质粒pET-alr1966gaf2。最后将Alr1966GAF2与HO1、PcyA在E. coli BL21(DE3)中共表达获得色素蛋白Alr1966GAF2,并对该蛋白的光化学性质进行分析。结果显示,色素蛋白Alr1966GAF2结合色素为藻蓝胆素(phycoerythrobilin,PCB)或藻紫胆素(phycoviolobilin,PVB),在3种不同吸收态15Z-P428 nm、中间态和15E-P514 nm之间具有顺序可逆光效应。通过定点突变技术将DXCF基序中的保守性Cys突变为Ala,获得了突变体Alr1966GAF2(C72A)。将Alr1966GAF2(C72A)与HO1、PcyA共表达,获得色素蛋白Alr1966GAF2(C72A)。研究结果表明Alr1966GAF2(C72A)结合色素为PCB,Alr1966GAF2(C72A)-PCB具有较强的荧光活性,其荧光量子的产率高达0.11。Alr1966GAF2(C72A)不仅能够共价结合PCB,还可以结合胆绿素(Biliverdin,BV),均具有较强的红色荧光活性。     

嗜热藻BP-1中几个蓝细菌光敏色素结构域体内重组及光化学性质研究

通过蛋白质序列同源性比对分析,在嗜热藻（Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1）里面找到了与已知的Pb/Pg型蓝细菌光敏色素TePixJ和TeTlr0924同源的3个基因tlr0911、tlr1215和tlr1999。通过分子克隆技术把它们的GAF结构域分别构建在pET30a（＋）表达载体上,与可生成藻蓝胆素（PCB）的质粒pACYCDuet-ho1-pcyA在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）体内重组,生成重组蛋白,利用亲和层析柱分离纯化,纯化后的蛋白质经过锌荧光和蛋白质酸性尿素变性以及荧光光谱和吸收光谱等实验分析鉴定,结果表明,Tlr0911-GAF存在蓝光吸收态Pb406 nm和绿光吸收态Pg527 nm之间的可逆光转换,它可共价结合两种藻胆色素,即藻紫胆素（PVB）和藻蓝胆素（PCB）,Tlr1999-GAF则存在蓝光吸收态Pb417 nm和青光吸收态Pt496 nm之间的可逆光转换,它同样共价结合PVB和PCB,而Tlr1215-GAF1和Tlr1215-GAF2不能自发结合藻胆色素,不具有光活性。     

大豆查尔酮合成酶(CHS)基因的克隆、表达及其在雪莲提取液中的代谢产物分析

以中国大豆为材料,利用PCR方法克隆查尔酮合成酶（Chalcone synthase,CHS）全基因,采用SOE法克隆得到去掉内含子的查尔酮合成酶基因,核酸序列分析表明,该基因编码区长1170bp,编码390个氨基酸,与已报道的CHS的cDNA序列同源率达到97%。构建pET-GMCHS工程表达质粒,通过大肠杆菌E.coli BL21（DE3）高效表达系统表达大豆CHS。 通过12% SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析表明,获得了分子量在42.9KD的一条蛋白质特异表达带。液相色谱分析大肠杆菌E.coli BL21（DE3）高效表达系统在雪莲提取液中的代谢产物,样品和空白对照样对比,样品在273nm,3.0min出现新的吸收峰,质谱分析结果表明CHS利用雪莲提取液中代谢中间产物合成了新的黄酮类物质。     

月季eIF－5A基因的表达增强宿主大肠杆菌对高温和低温的耐性

真核生物翻译起始因子（eIF－5A）是在调控生物生长发育、衰老与环境响应中起重要作用的蛋白质。设计eIF－5A基因的兼并引物,对月季受高温诱导的叶片cDNA进行PCR扩增,获得特异性片段回收、克隆和测序,确定该cDNA为月季eIF-5A(命名为RceIF5A),含有480bp的核苷酸,编码159个氨基酸。将该cDNA序列克隆到原核表达载体PET32a中,获得重组子pET32a－eIF5A。高温（50℃）和低温（4℃）胁迫下含有该基因的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21 (pET32a-eIF5A)比E. coli BL21 (pET32a)有明显的抗性提高,据此认为含有重组子的E. coli BL21 (pET32a-eIF5A)对高低温的抗性可能与eIF-5A基因的表达相关。该基因的GeneBank登录号为 EF177192。     

嗜热藻BP-1中几个蓝细菌光敏色素结构域体内重组及光化学性质研究北大核心CSCD

通过蛋白质序列同源性比对分析,在嗜热藻(Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1)里面找到了与已知的Pb/Pg型蓝细菌光敏色素TePixJ和TeTlr0924同源的3个基因tlr0911、tlr1215和tlr1999。通过分子克隆技术把它们的GAF结构域分别构建在pET30a(+)表达载体上,与可生成藻蓝胆素(PCB)的质粒pACYCDuet-ho1-pcyA在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)体内重组,生成重组蛋白,利用亲和层析柱分离纯化,纯化后的蛋白质经过锌荧光和蛋白质酸性尿素变性以及荧光光谱和吸收光谱等实验分析鉴定,结果表明,Tlr0911-GAF存在蓝光吸收态Pb406 nm和绿光吸收态Pg527 nm之间的可逆光转换,它可共价结合两种藻胆色素,即藻紫胆素(PVB)和藻蓝胆素(PCB),Tlr1999-GAF则存在蓝光吸收态Pb417 nm和青光吸收态Pt496 nm之间的可逆光转换,它同样共价结合PVB和PCB,而Tlr1215-GAF1和Tlr1215-GAF2不能自发结合藻胆色素,不具有光活性。     

生物转化法制备L-天冬酰胺

探索生物转化法制备L-天冬酰胺的技术与工艺。通过分子生物学方法,克隆来源于大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli, E.coli)JM109的天冬酰胺合成酶A基因asnA,并于E. coli BL21(DE3)中表达,利用构建的E.coli基因工程菌E.coli BL21(DE3)/pET28a(+)-asnA全细胞高密度催化L-天冬氨酸生产L-天冬酰胺,以PITC柱前衍生-高效液相检测底物和产物。表达的蛋白质分子质量约为37kDa,与预期大小相符,比酶活力为1786.6U/g。L-天冬氨酸转化率为95.8%,L-天冬酰胺产量可达126.5g/L,生产速率为15.81g/(L·h)。结果表明,已成功构建高效表达天冬酰胺合成酶A基因工程菌株,并用于催化L-天冬氨酸转化生产L-天冬酰胺,解决了L-天冬酰胺生物转化生产工艺中ATP成本过高的难题,为L-天冬酰胺制备提供新的绿色途径。     

海栖热袍菌胞外α-淀粉酶在E.coli中的高效表达

为解决密码子偏好性差异造成的表达水平低下问题,采取了3种手段提高海栖热袍菌胞外α-淀粉酶在E．coli中的表达水平。用PCR方法从海栖热袍菌（Thermotoga maritima）基因组DNA中扩增出胞外α-淀粉酶A的完整基因amyA,插入表达载体pET-20（b）中构建成质粒pET—amyA;运用基因工程手段将amyA基因富含稀有密码子的信号肽进行切除,将不含信号肽的amyAⅠ基因插入pET-20（b）中构建成质粒pET—amyAⅠ;用PCR法从大肠杆菌基因组中扩增出argU基因,插入pET—amyAⅠ中构建成质粒pET—amyAⅡ。将重组质粒分别转化到E．coli JM109（DE3）,并将重组质粒pET—amyAⅠ转化E．coli BL21-Codon Plus（DE3）-RIL。通过IPTG诱导测酶活性：在E．coli JM109（DE3）中表达的重组酶（pET—amyA）、（pET—amyAⅠ）、（pET—amyAⅡ）的酶活分别是1658．0U／mL、6721．7U／mL、8904．5U／mL,在E．coil BL21-CodonPlus （DE3）-RIL中表达的重组酶（pET—amyAⅠ）的酶活是13867．7U／mL。表明通过这些手段能大幅提高T.maritima胞外α-淀粉酶在E．coli中的表达水平。     

Reconstitution of blue-green reversible photoconversion of a cyanobacterial photoreceptor, PixJ1, in phycocyanobilin-producing Escherichia coli

PixJ1, a photoreceptor in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, mediates positive phototactic motility and contains two GAF domains, the latter of which binds a bilin chromophore. Full-length PixJ1 expressed and purified from Synechocystis showed unique reversible photoconversion between a blue light-absorbing (Pb) form and a green light-absorbing (Pg) form (1) in contrast to the reversible phototransformation between the red light-absorbing form and far-red light-absorbing form of the other GAF-containing photoreceptors such as plant or bacterial phytochromes. To clarify the origin of the blue-shifted photoconversion, we tried to reconstitute this blue-green reversible phototransformation by synthesizing the second GAF domain in Escherichia coli transformed with genes for biosynthesis of four different bilins, biliverdin (BV), bilirubin (BR), phycocyanobilin (PCB), and phycocyanorubin (PCR), as final products. The three expression systems, the BR system being the exception, produced a GAF polypeptide with a covalently bound bilin. The GAF polypeptide from the BV-synthesizing system exhibited an irreversible photoconversion, while that from the PCB-synthesizing system revealed photoconversion between Pb and Pg almost identical to that of the full-length PixJ1, indicating that PCB is responsible for the blue-green reversible photoconversion. Furthermore, the GAF polypeptide from the PCR-producing system exhibited almost the same reversible spectral change, possibly coming from the PCB accumulated in the PCR-biosynthetic pathway. Mass spectrometry (MS) of the main tryptic chromopeptide revealed that the chromophore binds to a 21-amino acid peptide that contains a cysteine-histidine motif for phytochrome chromophore binding and that an ion signal can be assigned to desorbed PCB. The absorption spectra of the denatured GAF polypeptide suggested that PCB is attached to the protein moiety in a twisted conformation that disrupts the pi-electron conjugation between the A and B rings, possibly being held in position through a second covalent linkage.     

Cyanobacteriochrome TePixJ of Thermosynechococcus elongatus harbors phycoviolobilin as a chromophore

Cyanobacteria have several putative photoreceptors (designated cyanobacteriochromes) that are related to but distinct from the established phytochromes. The GAF domain of the phototaxis regulator, PixJ, from a thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 (TePixJ_GAF) is a cyanobacteriochrome which exhibits reversible photoconversion between a blue light-absorbing form (max = 433 nm) and a green light-absorbing form (max = 531 nm). To study the chromophore, we prepared TePixJ_GAF chromoprotein from heterologously expressed Synechocystis and performed spectral analysis after denaturation by comparing it with the cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1 which harbors phycocyanobilin (PCB) as a chromophore. The results indicated that the chromophore of TePixJ is not PCB, but its isomer, phycoviolobilin (PVB). It is suggested that the GAF domain of TePixJ has auto-lyase and auto-isomerase activities.     

The cyanobacteriochrome, TePixJ, isomerizes its own chromophore by converting phycocyanobilin to phycoviolobilin

The cyanobacterial phototaxis regulator protein, TePixJ, is a member of the subfamily of cyanobacteriochromes that binds phycoviolobilin (PVB) as a chromophore and exhibits reversible photoconversion between blue light-absorbing (Pb) and green light-absorbing (Pg) forms. We reconstituted the PVB-binding photoactive holocomplex in vivo and in vitro. Coexpression of the apoprotein and phycocyanobilin (PCB) in Escherichia coli (in vivo reconstitution) produced a mixture of the PCB-bound and PVB-bound holoproteins. Reconstitution in vitro of the apoprotein and synthetic PCB quickly generated a photoactive complex, which covalently bound PCB and exhibited partially reversible photoconversion between two species by UV-vis spectroscopy (with a λ(max) values of 430 and 545 nm). Further incubation produced slow isomerization of PCB to PVB with concomitant improvement of photoreactivity. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that Cys522, and a second conserved Cys (Cys494), are both essential for the assembly of the photoactive complex. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed green light-induced cross-linking, and blue light-induced release, of a thiol group, possibly that of Cys494. These results suggest that the Pb/Pg-type cyanobacteriochrome TePixJ is assembled in at least three steps: (i) rapid and stable chromophorylation of PCB, (ii) additional photoreversible chromophorylation, and (iii) subsequent slow isomerization of PCB to PVB. In addition to its known autolyase activity with Cys522 and photoreversible isomerase activity (of the Z and E isomers at C15 and C16 of PCB), the GAF domain of TePixJ therefore appears to have other roles: as an isomerase (converting PCB to PVB) and as a photoreversible autolyase with a second conserved Cys residue.     

Characterization of two thermostable cyanobacterial phytochromes reveals global movements in the chromophore-binding domain during photoconversion

Photointerconversion between the red light-absorbing (Pr) form and the far-red light-absorbing (Pfr) form is the central feature that allows members of the phytochrome (Phy) superfamily to act as reversible switches in light perception. Whereas the chromophore structure and surrounding binding pocket of Pr have been described, those for Pfr have remained enigmatic for various technical reasons. Here we describe a novel pair of Phys from two thermophilic cyanobacteria, Synechococcus sp. OS-A and OS-B', that overcome several of these limitations. Like other cyanobacterial Phys, SyA-Cph1 and SyB-Cph1 covalently bind the bilin phycocyanobilin via their cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenyl cyclase/FhlA (GAF) domains and then assume the photointerconvertible Pr and Pfr states with absorption maxima at 630 and 704 nm, respectively. However, they are naturally missing the N-terminal Per/Arndt/Sim domain common to others in the Phy superfamily. Importantly, truncations containing only the GAF domain are monomeric, photochromic, and remarkably thermostable. Resonance Raman and NMR spectroscopy show that all four pyrrole ring nitrogens of phycocyanobilin are protonated both as Pr and following red light irradiation, indicating that the GAF domain by itself can complete the Pr to Pfr photocycle. (1)H-(15)N two-dimensional NMR spectra of isotopically labeled preparations of the SyB-Cph1 GAF domain revealed that a number of amino acids change their environment during photoconversion of Pr to Pfr, which can be reversed by subsequent photoconversion back to Pr. Through three-dimensional NMR spectroscopy before and after light photoexcitation, it should now be possible to define the movements of the chromophore and binding pocket during photoconversion. We also generated a series of strongly red fluorescent derivatives of SyB-Cph1, which based on their small size and thermostability may be useful as cell biological reporters.     

Photophysical diversity of two novel cyanobacteriochromes with phycocyanobilin chromophores: photochemistry and dark reversion kinetics

Cyanobacteriochromes are phytochrome homologues in cyanobacteria that act as sensory photoreceptors. We compare two cyanobacteriochromes, RGS (coded by slr1393) from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and AphC (coded by all2699) from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120. Both contain three GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase, adenylyl cyclase and FhlA protein) domains (GAF1, GAF2 and GAF3). The respective full-length, truncated and cysteine point-mutated genes were expressed in Escherichia coli together with genes for chromophore biosynthesis. The resulting chromoproteins were analyzed by UV-visible absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy as well as by mass spectrometry. RGS shows a red-green photochromism (λ(max) = 650 and 535 nm) that is assigned to the reversible 15Z/E isomerization of a single phycocyanobilin-chromophore (PCB) binding to Cys528 of GAF3. Of the three GAF domains, only GAF3 binds a chromophore and the binding is autocatalytic. RGS autophosphorylates in vitro; this reaction is photoregulated: the 535 nm state containing E-PCB was more active than the 650 nm state containing Z-PCB. AphC from Nostoc could be chromophorylated at two GAF domains, namely GAF1 and GAF3. PCB-GAF1 is photochromic, with the proposed 15E state (λ(max) = 685 nm) reverting slowly thermally to the thermostable 15Z state (λ(max) = 635 nm). PCB-GAF3 showed a novel red-orange photochromism; the unstable state (putative 15E, λ(max) = 595 nm) reverts very rapidly (τ ~ 20 s) back to the thermostable Z state (λ(max) = 645 nm). The photochemistry of doubly chromophorylated AphC is accordingly complex, as is the autophosphorylation: E-GAF1/E-GAF3 shows the highest rate of autophosphorylation activity, while E-GAF1/Z-GAF3 has intermediate activity, and Z-GAF1/Z-GAF3 is the least active state.     

Photoconversion mechanism of a green/red photosensory cyanobacteriochrome AnPixJ: time-resolved optical spectroscopy and FTIR analysis of the AnPixJ-GAF2 domain

The photoconversion mechanism of a green/red sensory cyanobacteriochrome AnPixJ was studied. The phycocyanobilin-binding second GAF domain of AnPixJ of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 was expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The His-tagged AnPixJ-GAF2 domain exhibited photoconversion between the green- and red-absorbing forms, APg(543) and APr(648), respectively. We detected four intermediate states in the photocycle between them, as follows: APr(648) → red light → APr(648)* → (with a rise time constant τ(r) of <100 ns) R1(650-80) (with a decay time constant τ(d) of <1 μs) → R2(610) (τ(d) = 920 μs) → APg(543) → green light → APg(543)* → (τ(r) < 50 ns) G1(570) (τ(d) = 190 μs) → G2(630) (τ(d) = 1.01 ms) → APr(648). These intermediates were named for their absorption peak wavelengths, which were estimated on the basis of the time-resolved difference spectra and global analysis of the time courses. The absorption spectrum of APr(648) resembles that of the Pr form of the phytochrome, while all the other states showed peaks at 530-650 nm and had wider bandwidths with smaller peak amplitudes. The fastest decay phases of fluorescence from APr(648)* and APg(543)* gave lifetimes of 200 and 42 ps, respectively, suggesting fast primary reactions. The APg(543)-minus-APr(648) difference FTIR spectrum in an H(2)O medium was significantly different from those reported for the Pfr/Pr difference spectra in phytochromes. Most of the peaks in the difference spectrum were shifted in the D(2)O medium, suggesting the high accessibility to the aqueous phase. The interactions of the phycocyanobilin chromophore with the surrounding amino acid residues, which are fairly different from those in the GAF domain of phytochromes, realize the unique green/red photocycle of AnPixJ.