舟山渔场渔业资源可持续利用指标体系的构建与评价

以舟山渔场为例,选择了渔业资源环境、社会和经济3个子系统的24个指标,对各子系统的指标体系进行了主成分分析．在此基础上采用灰关联度分析。计算了舟山渔场1954～1990年的相对关联度,以此作为评价舟山渔场渔业资源可持续利用的指标,对舟山渔场的渔业资源可持续利用水平进行了评价．结果表明,1962年前舟山渔场渔业资源的可持续利用水平较低;1962年后可持续利用水平不断上升,在1974达到最高。相对关联度比1962年增加44．78％;1978年后可持续利用水平持续下降,1983年降至最低水平,只有1974年的51．72％．     

Parallel application-level behavioral attributes for performance and energy management of high-performance computing systems

Run time variability of parallel applications continues to present significant challenges to their performance and energy efficiency in high-performance computing (HPC) systems. When run times are extended and unpredictable, application developers perceive this as a degradation of system (or subsystem) performance. Extended run times directly contribute to proportionally higher energy consumption, potentially negating efforts by applications, or the HPC system, to optimize energy consumption using low-level control techniques, such as dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS). Therefore, successful systemic management of application run time performance can result in less wasted energy, or even energy savings. We have been studying run time variability in terms of communication time, from the perspective of the application, focusing on the interconnection network. More recently, our focus has shifted to developing a more complete understanding of the effects of HPC subsystem interactions on parallel applications. In this context, the set of executing applications on the HPC system is treated as a subsystem, along with more traditional subsystems like the communication subsystem, storage subsystem, etc. To gain insight into the run time variability problem, our earlier work developed a framework to emulate parallel applications (PACE) that stresses the communication subsystem. Evaluation of run time sensitivity to network performance of real applications is performed with a tool called PARSE, which uses PACE. In this paper, we propose a model defining application-level behavioral attributes, that collectively describes how applications behave in terms of their run time performance, as functions of their process distribution on the system (spacial locality), and subsystem interactions (communication subsystem degradation). These subsystem interactions are produced when multiple applications execute concurrently on the same HPC system. We also revisit our evaluation framework and tools to demonstrate the flexibility of our application characterization techniques, and the ease with which attributes can be quantified. The validity of the model is demonstrated using our tools with several parallel benchmarks and application fragments. Results suggest that it is possible to articulate application-level behavioral attributes as a tuple of numeric values that describe course-grained performance behavior.     

京郊农业生物循环系统生态经济能值评估——以密云尖岩村为例

国内外学术界和决策者对于循环农业给予了相当关注,但关于循环农业研究,从产业经济角度进行定量分析目前仍处于相对匮乏状态.以京郊典型的尖岩村农业生物循环农业范式为案例,采用能值方法,以翔实的数据描述了从种植、养殖到食用菌生产的各个阶段能量输入与输出,通过能值评估指标体系判断在整个循环产业链条中,各生产环节对环境经济产生的影响,结果显示:(1)农业生物循环系统的能值投资率(2.57)较养殖(116.23)、食用菌子系统(158.73)低;环境负荷率(1.40)也较养殖子系统(7.24)、食用菌子系统(13)低,表明,该循环模式可减少对自然资源和外来经济投入的依赖,能够获得自身的资源补偿.(2)农业生物循环系统的净能值产出率和可持续发展指数较高,说明,该模式有较强的获利性,是较理想的产业系统,在北京郊区推广价值较高.     

基塘农业生态工程模式的能值评估

应用能值分析方法及最新推出的评价系统可持续发展能力的能值指标(EISD),分别对珠江三角洲三水市的3种基塘农业生态工程模式进行了系统层和子系统层的能值比较研究。结果表明,模Ⅲ的可持续发展性能最强,其EISD比模式Ⅰ、Ⅱ分别高出58．3％和29．7％;种植业子系统经济效益好,但环境压力大。是模式内可持续发展性最差的子系统;畜牧业子系统生产环效果不佳,但增益环效果明显;渔业子系统经济效益好,环境压力小。是系统内可持续发展性最强的子系统。引入翘嘴鳜的生态经济边际效益显著。     

北京市北环水系富营养化因子分析

以北京市北环水系水体为例,利用聚类分析将研究区分为河流子系统和湖泊子系统.因子分析表明,河流子系统第一主成分富营养元素为总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH₄-N),第二主成分为温度(T)和溶解氧(DO);湖泊子系统第一主成分为总氮和氨氮,第二主成分为总磷、酸碱度(pH)、透明度(SD)和温度,第三主成分为溶解氧和叶绿素a(Chla),表明研究区的水体富营养化主要由富营养盐负荷引起.结合逐步回归分析方法,建立富营养水平预测回归模型,根据模型自变量选择证明河流子系统富营养化特征为磷限制型,湖泊子系统为氮限制型.从水量和水质上对营养盐浓度负荷变化分析表明,研究区年最小生态环境用水为4872×10⁴m³,1990～1998年,除1998年外,现实的生态环境需水均不能满足需求.随着流域人口的不断增长,生活污水、城市径流和固体废弃物淋溶液中营养物质进入水体,研究区营养盐浓度负荷有随时间不断增长的趋势,针对这种趋势提出了应对措施.     

市域尺度农村系统氮素流动及污染氮足迹核算——以沈阳市为例

理解农村系统的氮素流动、排放和利用过程对减少农业活动引起的潜在环境污染和促进养分资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。本研究基于集成食物链养分流动模型和氮足迹模型,提出市域尺度农村系统氮核算框架,并从种植、动物养殖和农村人居3个子系统对1998—2018年沈阳市的氮素流、循环利用和污染氮足迹开展量化比较研究。结果表明: 2018年沈阳市种植子系统、动物养殖子系统和农村人居子系统的氮素利用率分别为36.1%、59.7%和70.1%,分别比1998年增长了15.9%、9.1%和0.7%;2018年沈阳市农村系统污染氮足迹总量为123.5 Gg,比1998年增长了21.6%;1998—2014年沈阳市农村系统污染氮足迹增长较快,随后有所下降;2018年种植子系统、动物养殖子系统和人居子系统中未利用氮素分别为129.5、62.2和8.7 Gg,相当于420.4、202.1和8.7 Gg氮肥的养分资源量。总体上,农村系统氮素利用率从生产端到消费端逐渐递增,但对农村系统氮素的时空分异情况还有待进一步的研究。     

城市生态系统现状评价的生命力指数

鉴于城市生态系统的生命特征,采用比拟思想,引入城市生命体概念到城市生态系统现状评价中,以全面而形象地反映城市生态系统的发展状况。构建了包括生产力、生活态、生态势和生机度的城市生命力指数框架,并进一步给出了具体的评价指标体系、评价模型及评价结果分级标准。以重庆万州为例,开展了城市生命力指数评价的案例研究。评价结果表明,2000～2005年间,万州城市生命力指数处于较衰弱状态,但一直在平稳上升,应通过一定的生态规划措施,提高万州城市生态系统的生产力、生活态、生态势及生机度,尤其要注重增强生态系统的生机与活力,以实现城市生命力的继续提升。     

黄河三角洲区域生态经济系统动态耦合过程及趋势

黄河三角洲地区正处于快速开发建设时期,资源丰富,但生态环境脆弱,区域生态经济耦合状况影响着区域可持续发展的态势。借鉴一般系统论的思想,构建了区域生态经济系统耦合过程模型,定量分析了黄河三角洲区域生态经济系统的耦合过程与演进趋势。结果表明:1990年以来黄河三角洲区域生态系统综合指数与经济系统综合指数均呈上升趋势,区域资源供给和生态环境调节能力逐渐提高,经济生产能力和社会消费水平不断提升;黄河三角洲区域生态系统与经济系统总体上处于互动协调发展状态,1990—2007年区域生态经济系统耦合度指数先增加后减少,耦合过程经历了由相悖发展到良性耦合的过程;按照区域生态经济系统耦合趋势外推,2019年将接近最佳耦合点45°;区域生态经济系统仍处于较低水平的良性耦合,区域生态经济发展的速度和质量有待进一步提升。应协同推进区域经济生态化和生态经济化建设,建立高效生态经济体系,努力实现区域生态资源资产化、价值化,提升区域生态经济系统耦合的状态水平。     

基于适应性循环理论与压力-状态-响应框架的区域社会-生态系统演进研究

21世纪以来都市圈快速扩张对区域社会-生态系统的可持续发展构成威胁,基于动态演进视角的区域社会-生态系统运行机制解析备受关注。以南京都市圈为例,从区域和城市两个尺度,基于适应性循环理论与压力-状态-响应框架解析2000—2019年近20年来都市圈社会-生态系统的交互适应循环阶段,以及每个阶段系统的差异化应激响应机制。研究表明南京都市圈社会-生态系统整体经历了3个适应循环周期,现处于新一轮的适应性循环阶段,系统适应性呈上升趋势,但社会子系统和生态子系统尚未取得协调。都市圈内各城市的社会-生态系统演进类型有所不同,可分为稳定增长型、波动增长型、不均衡发展型和生态危机型四类。未来需要采取差异化的社会-生态系统治理策略,确保都市圈整体优化发展。     

黄土高原中南部农果复合型生态农业生产力特征

以黄土高原中南部的西坡、飞马河和南沟3村为对象,研究了农果复合型生态农业的生产力特征.结果表明,(1)同一植物各器官的生产力果实最大,茎叶次之,根最小;(2)农果复合型生态农业中,农业子系统越发达,系统生物生产力越高,经济生产力越小,经济产值越低;果业子系统越发达,系统生物生产力越小,经济生产力越高,经济产值越高;(3)畜牧业子系统生产力均处于相对较低的水平,制约了系统总生产力的提高.     

Graphic modeling of epithelial transport system: causality of dissipation

The epithelial transport system is a thermodynamic system which is composed of membranes and fluid compartments. The membranes are assumed to be dissipative subsystems in which power dissipates, and fluid compartments are capacitive subsystems in which power is stored. Each subsystem can be subdivided into elementary thermodynamic processes, and can be represented by generalized capacitors, power transducers and resistors in a bond graph. In the modeling of the dissipative subsystem, the causality of the dissipative process was taken into consideration and the representation of power coupling was developed. The dissipative subsystem can be represented by a combination of coupling modules and conductors. Phenomenological equations with parameters from the model were derived. This study shows that the behavior of transport systems can be simulated using these equations.     

Nonlinear control of bioreactors with input multiplicities in dilution rate

Control problems of continuous bioreactors having two input multiplicities in dilution rate on the productivity are analyzed. The nonlinear system is represented by a unity gain linear subsystem cascaded with a nonlinear gain subsystem. A conventional PI controller designed for the linear subsystem followed by the solution of the nonlinear gain equation gives a nonlinear controller. The performance of the nonlinear controller is compared with that of the conventional PI controller and also of the nonlinear controller [1] designed based on the output equation. The present nonlinear PI controller gives a superior performance. A single set of controller settings can be used for both the operating points. Whereas the linear PI controller and the nonlinear controller proposed by Henson and Seborg [1] destabilize the system.     

Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. XIIth note. Biological evolution of the respiratory stereotype and subsystem in invertebrates

This note presents the respiratory stereotype and subsystem in invertebrates, developing the previous notes on the emunctory stereotype and subsystem (Xth and XIth notes). As in the previous ones, Cannon's homeostasis conception and Bertlanffy's theory of systems were corroborated with Needham's theory of internal laws and of limits of organizational biological levels, and with the author's theory of biological stereotypes (Marza, Repciuc, Eskenasy, 1962). Four links of the respiratory stereotype (Rsp. Stp.) and subsystem (Rsp. SS) were distinguished. The respiratory subsystem was differentiated when, in triblastic animals, the organizational level of higher worms and of their offsprings was reached. The four links of the Rsp. Stp. are: the Ist link is represented by the oxidoreduction processes of tissue and organ cells; the IInd is the internal conveying link of O2 and CO2; the IIIrd comprises the osmotic surfaces changes and the transport of gases inwards the branchiae or lungs, and later by the water (respectively air)--blood barrier; the IVth link is formed from the structures and mechanisms of rhythmic movements which significantly increase the exchanges at the barrier level. Each link has its specific properties. The gradual evolution of each link and of the vicarious organs of gas exchange is dwelt upon, as well as the interactions between the respiratory subsystem and the other homeostasis subsystems. The theoretical interpretation of the Rsp. Stp. and Rsp. SS evolution also resorted to the theories of stabilizing selection (Schmalhausen, 1949), of canalizing selection (Waddington, 1975 and of disruptive selection (Simpson, 1953; Mayr, 1970).     

畜牧业在农业生态系统中的地位——窦店畜牧业的系统分析

本研究把畜牧业看作整个农业生态系统中的一个亚系统,定量分析了各种畜禽对能量、蛋白质和营养物质的转化效率,分析了畜牧亚系统与其它亚系统间以及与环境间的能量与物质的交流,从而对窦店畜牧业的生产力水平及其在整个农业生态系统中的地位做出客观评价,对畜牧结构的调整提出了建议,并讨论了农区畜牧业和农业生态系统的开放等问题。     

长江经济带工业生态效率评价及区域差异研究

提高长江经济带工业生态效率,是促进工业向绿色转型升级的重要路径,更是促进区域经济与生态协调发展的重要选择。将工业生态系统分解为工业经济、环境、能源三个子系统,以2009—2013年9省2市的工业数据为基础,采用网络DEA模型对长江经济带9省2市的工业生态效率及三个子系统效率进行评价。结果显示:(1)长江经济带工业生态效率水平整体呈上升趋势,且自上游至下游效率水平依次递增。(2)长江经济带工业经济子系统效率水平相对稳定,区域内以下游最高、上游最低;环境子系统效率水平呈增长趋势,区域内以下游最高、中游最低;能源子系统效率水平呈增长趋势,区域内以下游最高、上游最低;(3)收敛性检验显示,长江经济带工业生态效率及各子系统效率呈收敛趋势,其中工业经济子系统效率呈相对稳定的状态。研究为长江经济带工业生态效率的改善提出了可操作性的政策建议。     

Internal model control for structured rank deficient system based on full rank decomposition

In this paper, an internal model control method is first proposed for structured rank deficient systems based on full rank decomposition. The system is first converted into a column full rank system by designing a pre-compensator. Then a feedback-compensator is designed to improve the dynamic characteristics of the full rank system and decrease the controller design difficulties. Rather than performing complex designing calculations, the pre- and feedback- compensators are designed by the full rank decomposition method. Furthermore, the non-square relative gain subsystem selection criterion is used to choose the square subsystem and to realize loop pairing. Consequently, the selected square subsystem is used as an internal model to design the internal model controller. Finally, a simple process is taken as the simulation object to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the new method. Simulations results illustrate that the proposed strategy is not only simple and easy to implement but also has a good performance even the system model is mismatched.     

太原市土壤亚系统中镉污染规律的研究

太原是中国的一个重工业基地。经过解放后5 0年的投资建设 ,太原已经建立起冶金、机械、能源工业为主体的现代经济体系和供水、供电、通讯、交通等较为齐全的城市基础设施体系。然而 ,长期以来 ,由于经济增长方式粗放 ,“三废”物质大量排放 ,城市环境质量遭到严重损害 ,已被列为全国污染最为严重的城市之一 ,环境的恶化已经威胁到居民身心健康 ,也影响太原市的可持续发展。因此 ,必须对此进行深入研究 ,找出对策。本文仅就太原土壤亚系统中的Ｃｄ污染进行了研究。1　研究地区与方法1 1　自然概况本项研究的范围包括太原市的城区和近郊区 ,…     

基于脆弱性视角的环渤海地区人海关系地域系统时空特征及演化分析

脆弱性已成为全球环境变化与可持续性科学研究的前沿领域,人海关系地域系统作为海洋地理学研究的重要内容,研究一定地域范围内人海地理空间的结构特征及演变规律。以环渤海地区为例,首先,对其海洋资源、海洋科技力量和人才资源及海洋基础设施等进行概述,分析海洋经济的发展过程;其次,以脆弱性为切入点,运用集对分析法分析环渤海地区人海关系地域系统脆弱性演进及影响因素;最后,运用三角图法对1996—2012年环渤海地区人海关系地域系统脆弱性进行类型分异,进而有针对性地提出降低脆弱性的对策。结果表明:(1)环渤海地区人海关系地域系统脆弱性指数发展变化不同,但均呈下降态势,稳定性显著增强;(2)环渤海地区人海关系地域系统脆弱性属于单一子系统脆弱型的次数较少,复合子系统脆弱型和均衡脆弱型是主要类型,出现次数较多;(3)可通过加强陆海统筹,优化海洋产业结构,加强海洋污染治理,推进海洋科学技术创新,加快人才培养和加强基础设施建设等措施实现降低人海关系地域系统脆弱性。     

Estimation of the role of predatory epigeic beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Staphylinidae) in regulation of pest population density in agroecosystems

Epigeic polyphagous predatory beetles can regulate the pest abundance. The range of population densities at which regulation is possible is specific to each predator-prey subsystem and can be determined experimentally. In the subsystem of ground and rove beetles (Carabidae and Staphylinidae) and the cabbage maggot Delia brassicae Bouché and in that of Carabus hampei Küst. and the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, regulation occurs at low pest densities: in the former subsystem, at oviposition rates not exceeding 3 eggs per day per plant, and in the latter, at the pest density varying from 1 to 36 eggs per potato plant. Within these density ranges, both the absolute and relative number of pest individuals eliminated by the predatory beetles increase. The maximum fraction of the pests destroyed by these entomophages is observed at medium prey population densities, which corresponds to functional response of type III (Holling, 1965).