海三棱藨草及其近缘种果实形状和果皮微形态特征研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对海三棱藨草(× Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter (Tang & F. T. Wang))及其5个近缘种的果实形状、果皮微形态特征进行观察和分析。结果显示,海三棱藨草果实形状为双凸状,表面为波形网状纹饰,外果皮为中果皮厚度的2倍,与扁秆荆三棱( Bolboschoenus planiculmis (F. Schmidt) T. V. Egorova)明显不同,而与海滨三棱草( Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla)相似。研究结果支持将海三棱藨草归入三棱草属,不支持将海三棱藨草作为扁秆荆三棱的异名,推测其可能为海滨三棱草水滨亚种( Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus (A. Nelson) T. Koyama)的异名。     

海三棱藨草及其近缘种的DNA条形码研究

海三棱藨草[×Bolboschoenoplectus mariqueter(Tang&F. T. Wang) Tatanov]的分类学地位至今尚无定论。为明确海三棱藨草的分类学地位并探讨其与近缘种的关系,该研究分别利用1个核基因(ITS)和5个叶绿体基因(matK、ndhF、rbcL、trnL和trnL-trnF)的DNA条形码序列对海三棱藨草及其近缘种的4种21批样品进行扩增和测序,通过采用相似性搜索算法对单一序列和序列组合的物种鉴定效率进行评价,并基于贝叶斯推断方法构建系统发育树进行鉴定分析。结果表明：(1)ITS+matK序列组合的物种鉴定效率最高,为71.4%,可实现海三棱藨草及其近缘种的种间区分、鉴定。(2)基于ITS+matK序列组合构建海三棱藨草及其近缘种的系统发育树,发现同一物种的样品聚集度较好,海三棱藨草与三棱草属[Bolboschoenus(Asch.) Palla]的物种聚为一支,明显与水葱属[Schoenoplectus(Rchb.) Palla]物种分开,并且海三棱藨草与海滨三棱草[Bolboschoenus maritimus(Linnaeus) P...     

海三棱藨草及其近缘种基因组大小的测定

基因组大小是物种基因组的重要特征,通常用DNA C值来衡量,能够用于快速判断基因组倍性,并为分类学与进化生物学提供重要依据。海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)是长江口和杭州湾具有重要生态意义的标志性物种,被认为是扁秆藨草(S. planiculmis)和藨草(S. triqueter)的杂交种,因染色体小而难以准确确定倍性。近年来,部分研究者指出该物种的分类和命名存在疑点。该研究通过基因组Survey分析检测海三棱藨草样本CJ1的基因组特征,测序深度约为120 ×,并以绿豆(Vigna radiata)为参考标准,利用流式细胞术测定了海三棱藨草及其同域近缘种扁秆藨草和藨草以及海三棱藨草和扁秆藨草的杂交F1共13个样本的DNA C值和相对倍性。结果表明:(1)基因组Survey分析测得CJ1的基因组大小为244.12 Mbp,杂合率为0.68%,重复序列比例为42.38%,GC含量为37.25%。(2)流式细胞术测得来自不同区域的海三棱藨草各样本的基因组倍性相同,1C值在234.87 ～ 242.5 Mbp之间,其中CJ1的基因组大小与基因组Survey检测结果高度一致。(3)扁秆藨草的1C值在251.77 ～ 264.13 Mbp之间,藨草1C值为537.33 Mbp。根据上述基因组大小,认为海三棱藨草不可能是这两者的杂交种。该研究补充了海三棱藨草及其近缘种的基因组特征,为后续全基因组测序奠定基础,同时也否定了海三棱藨草起源于扁杆藨草和藨草杂交的假说。     

山东藨草属(广义)植物果皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对山东产藤草属Scirpus L.(广义)11个类群的坚果果皮微形态进行了观察和研究,该属11种的微形态可以分为4个类型,即:Ⅰ波形网状纹饰,Ⅱ网瘤状复合纹饰,Ⅲ平滑型纹饰,Ⅳ横长网状纹饰.研究结果支持将藤草属Scirpus L.(广义)中藨草亚属Subgen.Scirpus的具球茎藨草组Sect.Bolboschoenus Ascheron、藨草组Sect.Scirpus和丝状刚毛藤草组Sect.Trichophorum (Pers.) Darl.分别提升为三棱草属Bolboschoenus( Ascheron) Palla和蔗草属Scirpus L.以及将藤草属Scirpus L.(广义)中秆苞蔗草亚属Subgen.lsolepis的湖边藨草组Sect.Schoenoplectus Reichb.和藨草组Sect.Actaeogeton Reichb提升为水葱属Schoenoplectus( Rchb.)Palla的处理意见.认为应在水葱属下设立湖边水葱组Sect.Schoenoplectus ( Reichb.)F.Z.Li & L.N Liu,藨草组Sect.Actaeogeton( Reichb.)F.Z Li & L.N.Liu,剑苞藤草组Sect.Ehrenbergii F.Z.Li & L.N.Liu.支持将青岛藤草Scirpus trisetosus Tang et Wang作为藤草Scirpus triqueter L.异名处理的意见.并对山东藨草属种类的学名进行了订证.     

海三棱蔍草种群的物候与分布格局研究

海三棱藨草群落是生长在海岸带滩涂原生裸地上的原生植被,在上海地区分布面积达20多万亩。本项工作研究了上海市南汇县东海农场海堤外侧滩涂上海三棱藨草种群的物候和分布格局。根据滩涂高程以及海三棱藨草种群生长状况,可以划分成三个地带,即地带A,海三棱藨草与芦苇群落交错区;地带B,海三棱藨草种群生长最适的中潮位地带;地带C,海三棱藨草种群定居地带。由于三个地带内,生境条件不同,海三棱藨草种群的物候有明显差异。从地带A至C,海三棱藨草种群的分布格局依次为随机分布、均匀分布和随机分布或群聚分布。其空间分布格局在随时间变化的同时也在空间上改变其位置。     

海三棱藨草种群的物候与分布格局研究

海三棱藨草群落是生长在海岸带滩涂原生裸地上的原生植被,在上海地区分布面积达20多万亩。本项工作研究了上海市南汇县东海农场海堤外侧滩涂上海三棱藨草种群的物候和分布格局。根据滩涂高程以及海三棱藨草种群生长状况,可以划分成三个地带,即地带A,海三棱藨草与芦苇群落交错区;地带B,海三棱藨草种群生长最适的中潮位地带;地带C,梅三棱藨草种群定居地带。由于三个地带内,生境条件不同,海三棱藨草种群的物候有明显差异。从地带A至C,海三棱藨草种群的分布格局依次为随机分布、均匀分布和随机分布或群聚分布。其空间分布格局在随时间变化的同时也在空间上改变其位置。     

崇明东滩湿地自然植被演替过程中储碳及固碳功能变化

采用实地调查与实验室测定相结合的方法,研究了崇明东滩湿地植被演替过程中储碳、固碳功能的变化.结果表明：不同演替阶段的湿地植被的现存碳储量及其分配格局特征存在较大差异.先锋物种海三棱藨草的现存碳储量仅占芦苇现存碳储量的13%;地下根茎为芦苇现存碳储量的主要场所,而地上部分是海三棱藨草碳储量的主要场所.处于潮滩湿地演替中后期的芦苇群落比处在生态演替早期的海三棱藨草群落具有更强的固碳能力,芦苇群落和海三棱藨草群落的年固碳能力分别为(1.63±0.39) kg·m^-2和(0.63±0.28) kg·m^-2,说明随着海三棱藨草群落向芦苇群落演替,其固碳能力不断增强.     

The effect of temperature changes and K supply on the reproduction and growth of Bolboschoenus planiculmis

温度变化和钾添加对扁秆藨草生长及繁殖的影响 人类活动导致的气候变暖和农业面源污染已被认为是影响湿地植物生长和繁殖的重要因素。为了预 测和缓解这些人类活动的影响,研究沼泽植物如何响应这些环境变化具有重要意义。本研究选取在欧亚 大陆广泛分布的莎草科球茎植物扁秆藨草(Bolboschoenus planiculmis)为研究对象,考察气温变化(恒温： 15、20、25 °C及交替温度：20/10和30/15 °C)和钾添加(0、1、3、9 和18 mmol/L)对其生长和繁殖性状 的影响。研究结果表明,高的恒温(20、25 °C)比高的交替温度(30/15 °C)更有利于扁秆藨草球茎的形成, 而地上生物量和株高一般在较高温度下(30/15、25 °C)达到最大值。扁秆藨草的繁殖和生长性状均与施钾量 呈驼峰型关系,最适施钾量在1–3 mmol/L K。高恒温效应和最适钾浓度的交互作用对繁殖性状的促进作 用最大,但是,较高的温度(30/15和25 °C)和0–9 mmol/L的钾浓度只促进了生长性状的生长。综上所述, 扁秆藨草的种群优势度可能受益于全球变暖和额外的钾添加。     

海三棱藨草及互花米草对模拟盐胁迫的响应及其耐盐阈值

盐度作为滨海湿地的关键环境因子之一,影响盐沼植物的存活、生长及分布。未来海平面上升引起的盐水入侵,将导致滨海湿地的盐沼植物面临高盐胁迫的挑战,进而影响滨海湿地生态系统的结构和功能。本研究选择长江口中低潮滩的主要先锋植物海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)为对象,通过人工控制实验,比较不同盐度处理下两种盐沼植物存活、营养生长及繁殖的响应,并确定两种盐沼植物存活的耐盐阈值,从而比较未来盐水入侵背景下,本地物种海三棱藨草及外来物种互花米草对盐胁迫的响应和适应性。结果表明:(1)海三棱藨草和互花米草的存活率随着盐度的增加均呈下降趋势,相同盐度处理下互花米草的存活率显著高于海三棱藨草的存活率(P0.05);(2)盐胁迫明显影响了海三棱藨草和互花米草的生长,随着盐度的增加,海三棱藨草株高、地上生物量及地下生物量均呈逐渐下降的趋势,而互花米草株高、地上生物量及地下生物量呈先增加后下降的趋势,均在盐度为10‰时最高;(3)海三棱藨草和互花米草的分蘖数及结穗率均随着盐度增加呈下降趋势,盐胁迫在一定程度上抑制了两种植物的繁殖能力;(4)互花米草存活的耐盐阈值为43‰,高于海三棱藨草存活的耐盐阈值(21‰);(5)外来物种互花米草比本地物种海三棱藨草具有更强的耐盐性,未来海平面上升引起的盐水入侵将对本地物种海三棱藨草产生更加严重的影响。     

山东藨草属苞片下表皮微形态的研究

利用光学显微镜对山东产藨草属（Scirpus）11个类群的苞片下表皮微形态进行了观察和研究。结果表明,该属11个种的苞片下表皮微形态根据脉间气孔器列数可以分为两个类型,其中类型Ⅰ：脉间气孔器为4~12列,又可分为2个亚类型;类型Ⅱ：脉间气孔器为1~2列,又可分为4个亚类型。研究表明：藨草属苞片下表皮微形态支持藨草属中藨草亚属和秆状苞藨草亚属的划分;支持藨草亚属中具球茎藨草组和丝状刚毛藨草组的划分;支持秆状苞藨草亚属中藨草组的成立;对于湖边藨草组提出了不同的处理意见：该组仅包括青岛藨草S.trisetosusTang etWang和藨草S.triqueterL.两种,并将剑苞藨草S.ehrenbergiiB cklr.和水葱S.validusVahl分别独立成组,其新组名分别为：Sect.EhrenbergiiF.Z.Li,＆L.N.Liu sect.nov.,Sect.ValidusF.Z.Li,＆L.N.Liu sect.nov.。     

Development of microsatellites for Scirpus mariqueter Wang et Tang (Cyperaceae) and cross-species amplification in Scirpus planiculmis F. Schmidt

We report eight microsatellite markers developed for Scirpus mariqueter Wang et Tang using 5'-anchored PCR. They were tested using 30 S. mariqueter individuals. The observed and expected heterozygosity levels ranged from 0.0690 to 0.8426 and from 0.0678 to 0.5249, respectively. Cross-amplification was carried out in a congener, S. planiculmis F. Schmidt. All these markers will be very helpful in population genetics study of S. mariqueter and S. planiculmis.     

The genus Bolboschoenus in Iran: taxonomy and distribution

A revision of the Iranian Bolboschoenus was made based on studies of herbarium material and cultivated plants. Fruit features (fruit shape and pericarp anatomy) were used as the main distinguishing characters; style branching, inflorescence structure and the colour of floral scales were considered as accompanying distinguishing characters. The following taxa were recognized: Bolboschoenus glaucus (Lam.) S. G. Sm., B. affinis (Roth) Drobov, B. schmidii (Raymond) Holub, B. planiculmis (F. Schmidt) T. V. Egorova and B. maritimus (L.) Palla. Taxonomical difficulties, especially in the B. affinis group and B. maritimus are discussed. Bolboschoenus glaucus was found in all of the phytogeographical regions of Iran, and it is more frequent than any other Bolboschoenus species. Bolboschoenus planiculmis is very rare in the Irano–Turanian and Hyrcanian regions and grows only in human‐influenced habitats; it might be introduced as a weed in rice fields. Bolboschoenus maritimus, B. affinis and B. schmidii occur in the Irano–Turanian region only rarely. Bolboschoenus maritimus reaches the southeastern border of its distribution area in this region. All these species typically grow at higher altitudes. Great morphological variability in inflorescence structure was found in some species (especially in B. glaucus), which may be partly explained as a response to habitat conditions and partly by genotypic diversity.     

Achene structure and taxonomy of North American Bolboschoenus (Cyperaceae)

Surface and transverse section achene structures ofBolboschoenus maritimus, B. robustus, B. fluviatilis, B. novae-angliae, B. glaucus, and the putative hybridsB. maritimus × B. rubustus andB. glaucus × B. maritimus from North America are described and illustrated with SEM micrographs. The same three type of pericarp structure reported by Browning and Gordon-Gray (1993) from southern Africa were found except that the “type 2” (B. glaucus) was not matched precisely. Intermediate achene structures and other evidence support both the hybrid origin ofB. novae-angliae (=B. fluviatilis × B. robustus) and hybridization betweenB. glaucus andB. maritimus. The new combinationBolboschoenus novae-angliae is made.     

Effects of seasonal flooding and grazing on the vegetation of former ricefields in the Rhône delta (Southern France)

Six management regimes were tested during 5 years in 18 abandoned ricefields in the Rh^one delta, France: two artificial floodings for 6 months (winter and summer flooding, 10 cm deep) and a control only flooded by rain, each flooding treatment either with or without grazing by cattle and horses. In the absence of artificial flooding and in presence of grazing by domestic herbivores (i.e., maintaining the initial management since the abandonment) no significant change in plant communities was recorded after 5 years. The vegetation was mainly composed of halophytes (Salicornia fruticosa and Inula crithmoides). The removal of grazing led to the dominance of a salt tolerant grass: Aeluropus littoralis. Flooding favoured the dominance of clonal plants and led to a decrease in the number of species. In the ungrazed fields, changes in plant communities were related to the height of species with Bolboschoenus maritimus and Phragmites australis becoming dominant. When grazing was combined with summer flooding, B. maritimus dominated the first two years of the experiment, but with a low cover, and was replaced in the 3rd year by Typha angustifolia. When grazing was combined with winter and early spring flooding the competitive exclusion of B. maritimus by Juncus gerardii slowed the establishment of the former. The management of former ricefields led to the establishment and dominance of emergent species common to Mediterranean wetlands. Although it is subordinate to the maintenance of artificial flooding, the project may be considered a restoration (or a rehabilitation) of seasonally flooded marshes as original functions existing before the land was put under cultivation are re-established.     

Flexibacter ovolyticus sp. nov., a pathogen of eggs and larvae of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.

A psychrotrophic Flexibacter sp., Flexibacter ovolyticus sp. nov., was isolated from the adherent bacterial epiflora of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) eggs and was shown to be an opportunistic pathogen for halibut eggs and larvae. The strains which we isolated had the enzymatic capacity to dissolve both the chorion and the zona radiata of the egg shells. A total of 35 isolates were characterized by using morphological and biochemical tests. These strains were rod shaped, gram negative, Kovacs oxidase positive, and pale yellow and exhibited gliding motility. They did not produce acid from any of the wide range of carbohydrates tested. Our isolates had the ability to degrade gelatin, tyrosine, DNA, and Tween 80. Starch, cellulose, and chitin were not degraded. The strains were catalase and nitrate reductase positive, did not produce H2S, and did not grow under anaerobic conditions. F. ovolyticus resembles Flexibacter maritimus, but differs from the latter species in several biochemical and physiological characteristics. DNAs from F. ovolyticus strains had guanine-plus-cytosine contents which ranged from 30.3 to 32.0 mol% (strains EKC001, EKD002T [T = type strain], and VKB004), and DNA-DNA hybridization studies revealed levels of relatedness between F. ovolyticus EKD002T and F. maritimus NCMB 2154T and NCMB 2153 of 42.7 and 30.0%, respectively. Compared with previously described Cytophaga and Flexibacter spp. with low guanine-plus-cytosine contents, F. ovolyticus constitutes a new species. Strain EKD002 (= NCIMB 13127) is the type strain of the new species.     

Growth response of Bolboschoenus maritimus ssp. maritimus and B. maritimus ssp. compactus to different trophic conditions

Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla (=Scirpus maritimus L.) forms extensive stands in the littoral zone of small fishponds and as a weed in rice and maize fields. Within the species, two subspecies are distinguished: Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. maritimus, B. maritimus subsp. compactus. They differ in ecology, especially in their relationships with trophic conditions and salinity of habitats. To determine growth response of these two types to different nutrient levels, we compared their seasonal development under experimental cultivation at four controlled nutrient levels. Some differences between the subspecies were found to be stable, regardless of nutrient level, namely greater amount of smaller underground tubers and more extensive rhizome system in subsp. compactus compared to less numerous larger tubers and simpler rhizome system in subsp. maritimus. In response to trophic conditions,the plants of subsp. compactus were more resistant to the conditions of the highest trophic level than those of subsp. maritimus, which were stressed. This demonstrates better adaptability and spreading ability of B. maritimus subsp. compactus at high trophic levels.     

根状茎型植物扁秆荆三棱对土壤养分异质性尺度和对比度的生长响应

土壤养分的空间异质性在自然界普遍存在, 而克隆植物被认为能很好地适应和利用土壤养分异质性。尽管尺度和对比度是异质性的两个重要属性, 但有关土壤养分异质性的尺度和对比度及其交互作用对克隆植物生长和分株分布格局影响的研究仍比较缺乏。在一个温室实验中, 根状茎型草本克隆植物扁秆荆三棱(Bolboschoenus planiculmis) (异名扁秆藨草(Scirpus planiculumis))被种植在由高养分斑块和低养分斑块组成的异质性环境中。实验为两种尺度处理(大斑块和小斑块)和两种对比度处理(高对比度和低对比度)交叉组成的4种处理组合。在每个处理中, 高养分和低养分斑块的总面积相同; 在所有4种处理中, 土壤养分的总量也完全相同。无论在整个克隆(植株)水平, 还是在斑块水平, 尺度、对比度及其交互作用对扁秆荆三棱的生物量、分株数、根状茎长和块茎数的影响均不显著。然而, 在斑块水平, 扁秆荆三棱在高养分斑块中的生物量、分株数、根状茎长和块茎数均显著高于低养分斑块, 而在高养分斑块中相邻分株间的距离(间隔物长)小于低养分斑块, 并且这种效应均不依赖于斑块尺度的大小和对比度的高低。因此, 在土壤养分异质性环境中, 扁秆荆三棱可以通过缩短间隔物长, 并可能通过提高根状茎的分枝强度, 把较多的分株和潜在分株放置在养分条件好的斑块中。这种响应格局体现出克隆植物的觅食行为, 有利于整个克隆对异质性资源的吸收和利用。然而, 该实验中的尺度和对比度对扁秆荆三棱分株的放置格局均没有显著效应。作者推测, 在一个更大的斑块尺度和(或)对比度范围内, 扁秆荆三棱对土壤养分异质性的响应可能不同。因此, 下一步的研究应涉及更广泛的尺度和对比度。     

Low Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis Serovar israelensis Spores in Four Mosquito Biotopes of a Salt Marsh in Southern France

We studied the persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (Bti) in a typical breeding site of the mosquito Ochlerotatus caspius in a particularly sensitive salt marsh ecosystem following two Bti-based larvicidal applications (Vectobac 12AS, 1.95 L/ha). The treated area was composed of four larval biotopes that differed in terms of the most representative plant species (Sarcocornia fruticosa, Bolboschoenus maritimus, Phragmites australis, and Juncus maritimus) and the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. We sampled water, soil, and plants at various times before and after the applications (from spring to autumn, 2001) and quantified the spores of B. thuringiensis (Bt) and Bacillus species. The B. cereus group accounted for between 0% and 20% of all Bacillus spp. before application depending on the larval biotope. No Bti were found before application. The variation in the quantity of bacilli during the mosquito breeding season depended more on the larval biotope than on the season or the larvicidal application. More bacilli were found in soil (10(4)-10(6) spores/g) than on plant samples (10(2)-10(4) spores/g). The abundance in water (10(5) to 10(7) spores/L) appeared to be correlated to the water level of the breeding site. The number of Bti spores increased just after application, after declining; no spores were detected in soil or water 3 months after application. However, low numbers of Bti spores were present on foliage from three of the four studied plant strata. In conclusion, the larvicidal application has very little impact on Bacillus spp. flora after one breeding season (two applications).