香蕉苗期氮素亏缺与补偿对植株生长和根系形态的影响

为探究氮素亏缺及亏缺后补偿供氮对蕉苗生长及其根系形态特征的影响,该研究以主要栽培品种基因组类型(AAA型和ABB型)的香蕉品种为材料,通过石英砂基质培养结合氮素亏缺与补偿处理,分析其株高、叶长、叶宽、新增绿叶数、地上部和根系的鲜重和干物质质量、根长和根表面积及根体积等指标的变化。结果表明：(1)亏缺30 d,香蕉苗呈现明显的缺氮表型症状,株高、叶长、叶宽及新增绿叶数均显著降低,根系干物质积累增加,品种Ⅰ、Ⅱ根系干物质分别提高64.71%、87.50%,根冠比增加,总根表面积分别增加4.38%、11.85%,体积分别增加71.78%、66.55%。(2)亏缺68 d,干物质积累受到明显抑制,品种Ⅰ、Ⅱ全株干物质质量降低33.74%、42.04%,根系干物质质量与常规处理无显著差异,根系形态参数变化趋势与轻度亏缺一致。(3)亏缺后补偿供氮,缺氮症状消失,植株生长指标恢复正常水平;品种Ⅰ、Ⅱ根系干物质质量显著增加51.22%、52.38%,根冠比显著高于常规处理,根系趋向正常形态生长,并且总根体积分别增加61.80%、45.92%;轻度氮素亏缺后适时补偿供氮,缺氮蕉苗可恢复正常生长,根系干物...     

Total soil nitrogen and nitrogen mineralization

Summary The mineralization capacity of 24 different soils was determined from incubation experiments. Relatively rapid mineralization and nitrification was found with soils from cultivated land, and pastures, but soils under natural vegetative covers of conifers and hardwoods were mostly ammonifying. A close relationship could be established between the total nitrogen content of the soil and the amount of mineral nitrogen formed during incubation. Important connections could also be shown between the available nitrogen contents at different times during the incubation period; these suggest that the incubation period can be considerably shortened.     

Uptake of fertilizer nitrogen and soil nitrogen by rice using15N-labelled nitrogen fertilizer

Data from five field experiments using labelled nitrogen fertilizer were used to determine the relative effects of soil nitrogen and fertilizer nitrogen on rice yield. Yield of grain was closely correlated with total aboveground nitrogen uptake (soil+fertilizer), less closely correlated with soil nitrogen uptake and not significantly correlated with fertilizer nitrogen uptake. When yield increase rather than yield was correlated with fertilizer nitrogen uptake, the correlation coefficient was statistically significant.Contribution from the Laboratory for Flooded Soils and Sediments, Agronomy Dept., Louisiana Agri. Exper. Sta., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, and Univ. of Florida, Agricultural Research and Education Center, Sanford, FL 32771.     

Carbon and nitrogen stoichiometry and nitrogen cycling rates in streams

Stoichiometric analyses can be used to investigate the linkages between N and C cycles and how these linkages influence biogeochemistry at many scales, from components of individual ecosystems up to the biosphere. N-specific NH₄⁺ uptake rates were measured in eight streams using short-term ¹⁵N tracer additions, and C to N ratios (C:N) were determined from living and non-living organic matter collected from ten streams. These data were also compared to previously published data compiled from studies of lakes, ponds, wetlands, forests, and tundra. There was a significant negative relationship between C:N and N-specific uptake rate; C:N could account for 41% of the variance in N-specific uptake rate across all streams, and the relationship held in five of eight streams. Most of the variation in N-specific uptake rate was contributed by detrital and primary producer compartments with large values of C:N and small values for N-specific uptake rate. In streams, particulate materials are not as likely to move downstream as dissolved N, so if N is cycling in a particulate compartment, N retention is likely to be greater. Together, these data suggest that N retention may depend in part on C:N of living and non-living organic matter in streams. Factors that alter C:N of stream ecosystem compartments, such as removal of riparian vegetation or N fertilization, may influence the amount of retention attributed to these ecosystem compartments by causing shifts in stoichiometry. Our analysis suggests that C:N of ecosystem compartments can be used to link N-cycling models across streams.     

氮锌硒肥配合施用对白三叶的固氮作用与氮转移的影响

在湖北省宜昌县百里荒草场山地黄棕壤上配合施用氮锌硒肥,研究其对混播白三叶,混播黑麦草及单播黑麦草的干重及混播白三叶的固氮作用和氮转移的影响,试验结果表明：（1）氮锌硒肥配合施用,混播黑麦草的干重均高于相应处理的单播黑麦草,混播牧草和单播黑麦草重最高的处理都是N46Zn0Se5,其干重辚25．38 g／盆和19．93g/盆。（2）施氮对混播白三叶,混播黑麦草及单播黑麦草的生长有明显的促进作用,施锌,硒对混播白三叶,混播黑麦草及单播黑麦草的生长作用不明显。（3）混播白三叶氮素的主要来源是固氮作用,占全氮产量的57．6000％－77．258％。（4）混播白三叶固定氮的转移量只占混播黑麦草的全氮产量的0．316％－12．251％,通过正交方差分析发现,适量氮肥（N30mg/kg)促进固定氮的转移,高量氮肥（N46mg/kg)抑制固定氮的转移。     

模拟氮沉降对杂草生长和氮吸收的影响

以杂草早熟禾、黑麦草、野燕麦、天蓝苜蓿、白车轴草、北美车前、婆婆纳、无芒稗、牛筋草和刺苋为试验材料,以4.0g·m^-2·yr^-1的N输入为模拟氮沉降浓度,研究了不同杂草功能类群对模拟氮沉降的响应.结果表明,模拟氮沉降处理下,杂草的生物量(总生物量、地上部分生物量、根生物量)呈增加趋势,但不同功能类群对氮增加的响应明显不同,C₄禾本科、C₃豆科及C₃禾本科植物的生物量受到氮沉降的显著促进,但C₃非禾本科和C₄非禾本科植物的生物量则受氮沉降的影响不显著;不同功能类群的根冠比、植株含氮及植株吸收氮的总量对模拟氮沉降的响应无明显规律,但物种间差异显著.氮沉降提高野燕麦和北美车前的生物量的根冠比,但对其他生物种类没有显著影响.没有发现氮沉降对植物体内的含氮量有显著的影响,但氮沉降却显著地提高了除刺苋、早熟禾及婆婆纳之外的所有杂草物种对N的摄收.由于物种对氮沉降的响应不同,未来氮沉降的增加将加速杂草群落组成的变化.     

Changing nitrogen source on the yield and nitrogen content of soybeans

Summary Soybean plants were grown in nutrient culture solutions containing 150 ppm of N either as an equal concentration of NH₄ ⁺ or NO₃ ^–, or all NO₃ ^–. At the R2 stage of growth for some plants, the N form was changed to either all NO₃ ^– or all NH₄ ⁺, but at the same total N concentration as before. Highest seed yield was obtained with all NO₃ ^– over the entire growth period, the poorest when the N form was switched from an equal ratio of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^– to all NH₄ ⁺ at the R2 stage. Kjeldahl N concentrations in the plant leaves and seed were highest when NH₄ ⁺ was part or all of the N source in the nutrient solution. These results may partially explain why the literature is inconsistent on the effect of added fertilizer N on soybean seed yield, and may pose a problem in using leaf Kjeldahl N concentration to determine plant N sufficiency.     

Soil nitrogen availability evaluations based on nitrogen mineralization potentials of soils and uptake of labeled and unlabeled nitrogen by plants

Summary Sudangrass [Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf] was grown in a greenhouse pot experiment on 39 soils having a broad range of chemical and physical characteristics. Labelled N as sodium nitrate (9% excess N¹⁵) was applied at rates of 200 and 400 mg of N per pot (2kg of soil). After 6 weeks of growth, total N and N¹⁵ were determined on plant tops and roots and on the cropped soils. Maximum yield differed widely among the soils owing to variations in yield-limiting factors other than N. Despite the diversity of responses to N fertilizer, the experiment provided a meaningful basis for assessing soil nitrogen availability. Amounts of N taken up from soils were similar from pots receiving no fertilizer N and from pots receiving labeled N.Amounts of soil organic N mineralized during cropping plus the mineral N present initially in the soils correlated highly with amounts of soil N taken up by whole plants (tops and roots). Average recovery by whole plants of mineral N formed before and during the cropping period was about 85 per cent, a value corresponding closely to recovery of fertilizer N in this experiment. The similarity in recovery of N provided by soil and fertilizer suggests that mineral N from these sources comprised a common pool that behaved as an entity with respect to mineralization-immobilization relations or other reactions affecting N availability to plants.A-values, the amounts of soil N having an availability equivalent to that of applied fertilizer N, were similar for two levels of applied labeled N and for tops and whole plants. Moreover, A-values were similar to amounts of N mineralized before and during crop growth. This result is particularly significant, since amounts of N mineralized during crop growth were estimated from N mineralization potentials, taking into account the effects of temperature on the mineralization rate constant. Thus, the study provides preliminary evidence that the soil N mineralization potential offers a basis for reliably estimating amounts of soil N mineralized during selected periods of time under specified temperature regimes.     

嫁接与施氮对甜瓜产量和氮素吸收、利用的影响

通过裂区设计田间试验,主区为2种栽培方式(嫁接栽培和自根栽培),副区为4个施氮水平(0、120、240、360 kg N·hm^-2),研究了栽培方式和施氮量对甜瓜产量和品质、氮素运移和分配,以及氮素利用率的影响.结果表明: 嫁接栽培的甜瓜商品瓜产量较自根甜瓜提高了7.3%,可溶性固形物含量降低了0.16%～3.28%;生长前期嫁接栽培甜瓜氮素累积量较自根栽培低,结果后嫁接栽培氮素累积量显著升高,收获时植株氮素累积量较自根栽培增加了5.2%,果实中的氮素累积量提高了10.3%;嫁接栽培植株氮素向果实的转移量较自根栽培提高了20.9%,嫁接栽培果实中的氮素分配率在80%以上,自根栽培的分配率在80%以下;在同一施氮水平下,嫁接栽培的甜瓜氮素吸收利用率较自根栽培提高了1.3%～4.2%,氮素农学效率提高了2.73～5.56 kg·kg^-1,氮素生理利用率提高了7.39～16.18 kg·kg^-1;从商品瓜产量、氮素吸收量和氮素利用率综合考虑,施氮量240 kg·hm^-2为本区域嫁接甜瓜较适宜的氮素用量.     

红松混交林凋落物氮储量及分解释放对土壤氮的影响

2012年5—10月,采用直接收获法,研究了小兴安岭地区云冷杉红松混交林和枫桦红松混交林两种林型凋落物的未分解层(L层)、半分解层(F层)和腐殖质层(H层)以及土壤表层(S层)氮储量及凋落物分解释放对土壤氮影响。结果表明:研究期间两种林型凋落物现存量变化范围分别为19.43~27.25和21.25~24.28 t·hm-2,氮储量变化范围分别为287.21~418.22和274.81~351.21 kg·hm-2,各层氮含量大小次序均为LFHS;云冷杉红松混交林各层凋落物现存量及其氮储存量5月和9月达到峰值,每月氮储量从L~H层均增加,凋落物分解释放氮在F和H层易富集,输入到土壤中较少;枫桦红松混交林各层凋落物现存量及其氮储量5月和10月达到峰值,每月氮储量从L~H层均减少,氮在凋落物各层中均易迁移,输入到土壤中的氮比云冷杉红松混交林多;两种林型L、F、H层凋落物现存量以及H层氮含量与S层氮含量之间,L和F层凋落物现存量与H层氮含量之间均呈显著正相关。     

土壤微生物生物量氮及其在氮素循环中作用

简述了土壤微生物生物量氮的含量及其影响因素,阐述了其在土壤氮素循环中的重要作用,着重讨论了其与可矿化氮、矿质氮、有机氮和固定态铵之间的关系,指出土壤微生物生物量氮与供氮因子间的关系在氮素循环研究中有非常重要的作用,可为调控土壤氮素的供应状况,减少氮素损失,提高氮肥利用率提供科学依据,并提出了需要深入研究的问题。     

不同小麦品种氮效率与氮吸收对氮素供应的响应及生理机制

以具有典型特征的不同氮效率小麦品种为材料,研究了低氮和高氮条件下小麦的生物学性状、生理参数和氮同化代谢酶活性.结果表明:低氮条件下,不同氮效率小麦品种根系干质量、茎叶干质量、植株氮累积量基本上为氮高效品种>中效品种>低效品种.低氮条件下,氮吸收高效品种（冀97-6360）的根系活跃吸附面积、TTC还原力、叶片硝酸还原酶活性和叶片NO₃^-含量最大;生理高效品种(石新5418)具有较高的叶片亚硝酸还原酶活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性,较低的植株全氮含量、叶片NO₃^-含量和硝酸还原酶活性.低氮条件下植株氮利用效率与氮吸收系数显著相关.不同小麦品种在高氮条件下的生物学性状、生理参数和氮同化代谢酶活性与低氮条件下不尽一致.     

氮肥运筹对稻茬冬小麦土壤无机氮时空分布及氮肥利用的影响

以宁麦9号和豫麦34号为材料,研究了氮肥基追比对土壤无机氮时空变化、氮素表观盈亏和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施用基肥提高了越冬期0-60 cm土层NO3--N和NH4+-N含量,拔节期追肥对孕穗期各土层无机氮含量无显著影响,追施孕穗肥显著提高了开花期0-60 cm土层硝态氮含量和0-20 cm土层铵态氮含量。不施氮处理各生育阶段均表现为氮素亏缺,施氮处理氮素盈亏呈明显的阶段性,播种至孕穗阶段出现氮素盈余,孕穗至成熟阶段出现氮素亏缺;全生育期氮素表观盈余量两品种平均以5∶5处理最低,7∶3处理最高。两品种氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观回收率和产量均随基肥比例的增加呈先增后降的趋势,均以5∶5处理最高。因此,在小麦生产中应适当减少基施氮肥用量,在小麦拔节孕穗期适当增加追肥比例有利于提高产量和氮肥利用效率,并降低土壤氮素损失。     

水氮供应对夏棉产量、水氮利用及土壤硝态氮累积的影响

通过田间试验,研究了黄淮地区水氮供应对夏棉生长、产量及水氮利用效率的影响,探索在保证产量的同时提高水氮利用效率、减少农田水氮排放的管理模式.试验设置5个氮素水平(0、60、120、180、240 kg·hm^-2,分别记为N₀、N₁、N₂、N₃、N₄)和3个灌水水平(滴灌,灌水定额30、22.5、15 mm,分别记为I₁、I₂、I₃),使用裂区设计,主区为氮用量,裂区为灌水水平,共15个处理,3次重复.结果表明: 氮素和水分施用对夏棉生长和产量都有明显促进作用,但氮素影响更显著,是该地区调控夏棉生长和籽棉产量的主要因素.随着施氮量和灌水量的增加,花铃期生殖器官积累量、地上部干物质积累量和籽棉产量在开始阶段都逐步增加,当施氮量超过180 kg·hm^-2时,进一步增施氮肥会导致生殖器官积累量、地上部干物质积累量和籽棉产量减小.籽棉产量在N₃I₁处理达到最大,为4016 kg·hm^-2.增加施氮量能显著提高地上部总吸氮量和茎叶含氮量,但会降低氮肥偏生产力.灌溉水利用效率和田间水分利用效率分别在N₃I₃和N₃I₁处理最大,分别为5.40和1.24 kg·m^-3.随着施氮量的增加,土壤硝态氮含量明显增加,且硝态氮累积区域有下移趋势.综合考虑对地上部干物质积累、产量、水氮吸收利用及土壤硝态氮累积等的影响,N₃I₁处理可作为试验区夏季棉花生产的最优水氮管理方案.     

Alterations in nitrogen assimilation and partitioning in nitrogen stressed plants

Although nutrient stress is known to alter partitioning between shoots and roots, the physiological basis for the phenomenon is unresolved. Experiments were conducted to examine assimilation of ¹⁵NO₃ by N-stressed plants and to determine whether apparent changes in assimilation in the root contributed to alterations in whole-plant partitioning of reduced-N. Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. NC 2326) were exposed to a low concentration of NO₃^? in solution (80 μM) for 9 days to effect a N-stress response. Exposure of plants to 1000 μM¹⁵NO₃^? for 12 h on selected days revealed that roots of N-stressed plants developed an increased capacity to absorb NO₃^?, and accumulation of reduced-¹⁵N in the root increased to an even greater extent. When plants were exposed to 80 or 1000 μM¹⁵NO₃^? in steady-state, ¹⁵NO₃^? uptake over a 12 h period was noticeably restricted at the lower concentration, but a larger proportion of the absorbed ¹⁵N still accumulated as reduced-¹⁵N in the root. The alteration in reduced-¹⁵N partitioning was maintained in N-stressed plants during the subsequent 3-day “chase” period when formation of insoluble reduced-¹⁵N in the root was quantitatively related to the disappearance of ¹⁵NO₃^? and soluble reduced-¹⁵N. The results indicate that increased assimilation of absorbed NO₃^?, in the root may contribute significantly to the altered reduced-N partitioning which occurs in N-stressed plants.     

Plant nitrogen dynamics and nitrogen-use strategies under altered nitrogen seasonality and competition

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Numerous studies have examined the effects of climatic factors on the distribution of C(3) and C(4) grasses in various regions throughout the world, but the role of seasonal fluctuations in temperature, precipitation and soil N availability in regulating growth and competition of these two functional types is still not well understood. This report is about the effects of seasonality of soil N availability and competition on plant N dynamics and N-use strategies of one C(3) (Leymus chinensis) and one C(4) (Chloris virgata) grass species. METHODS: Leymus chinensis and C. virgata, two grass species native to the temperate steppe in northern China, were planted in a monoculture and a mixture under three different N seasonal availabilities: an average model (AM) with N evenly distributed over the growing season; a one-peak model (OM) with more N in summer than in spring and autumn; and a two-peak model (TM) with more N in spring and autumn than in summer. KEY RESULTS: The results showed that the altered N seasonality changed plant N concentration, with the highest value of L. chinensis under the OM treatment and C. virgata under the TM treatment, respectively. N seasonality also affected plant N content, N productivity and N-resorption efficiency and proficiency in both the C(3) and C(4) species. Interspecific competition influenced N-use and resorption efficiency in both the C(3) and C(4) species, with higher N-use and resorption efficiency in the mixture than in monoculture. The C(4) grass had higher N-use efficiency than the C(3) grass due to its higher N productivity, irrespective of the N treatment or competition. CONCLUSIONS: The observations suggest that N-use strategies in the C(3) and C(4) species used in the study were closely related to seasonal dynamics of N supply and competition. N seasonality might be involved in the growth and temporal niche separation between C(3) and C(4) species observed in the natural ecosystems.     

氮形态对不同小麦基因型氮素吸收和光合作用的影响

利用水培试验,研究了3个小麦基因型对不同形态N素吸收和积累的差异.结果表明,在不同N浓度下,小麦对增铵营养和NH⁺的吸收速率显著高于NO₃^-营养,且在较高浓度下,增铵营养处理具有更强的吸收优势.与次敏感型莱州953和钝感型江东门相比,敏感型扬麦158不仅具有较强的NO₃^-和NH⁺吸收能力,而且具有最强的增铵营养吸收能力.增铵营养促进了扬麦158和莱州953对NO₃^-和NH⁺的吸收,但在一定程度上抑制了江东门对NO₃^-的吸收.与NO₃^-营养及NH⁺营养相比,增铵营养显著提高了扬麦158和莱州953的全株、地上部N积累量和叶片光合速率,而对江东门影响较小因此,增铵营养促进了植株的N吸收,提高了N积累和光合速率,从而促进了小麦生长     

Elevated CO2 increases nitrogen rhizodeposition and microbial immobilization of root-derived nitrogen

With this study, we aimed to determine how elevated CO(2) affects rhizodeposition and the cycling of rhizodeposited nitrogen (N) in the soil under C(3) and C(4) plants. In addition, we examined how cultivated genotypes of wheat (Triticum turgidum) and maize (Zea mays) responded to elevated CO(2) in comparison with their wild relatives. By constructing an N-transfer experiment we could directly assess cycling of the rhizodeposited N and trace the fate of rhizodeposited N in the soil and in receiver plants. Biomass production, rhizodeposition and cycling of root-borne N in maize genotypes were not affected by elevated CO(2). Elevated CO(2) stimulated above- and below-ground biomass production of the wheat genotypes on average by 38%, and increased rhizodeposition and immobilization of root-derived N on average by 30%. Concurrently, elevated CO(2) reduced mineral (15)N and re-uptake of the root-derived N by 50% in wheat. This study shows that elevated CO(2) may enhance N limitation by increasing N rhizodeposition and subsequent immobilization of the root-derived N.     

供氮水平对爬山虎幼苗生长形态和氮分配的影响

通过水培试验,研究了不同氮素水平(0、0.15、0.3、0.45、0.6和0.75g.L-1)条件下爬山虎幼苗的生长形态和体内氮分配状况.结果表明:低氮处理的爬山虎侧枝发育较小,而较高氮处理的侧枝着生位置低,且长度显著高于低氮处理;供氮水平的提高能促进植株的生物量及茎、叶、根氮含量和氮累积量的增加,其中叶生物量占全株生物量的比例最高,在50%以上;叶的氮累积量占整个植株总氮量的60%～70%.     

氮肥形态对冬小麦根际土壤氮素生理群活性及无机氮含量的影响

采用大田盆栽方法研究了硝态氮肥、铵态氮肥、酰胺态氮肥3种氮肥形态对冬小麦品种豫麦50生育中后期(拔节期、开花期、花后14 d、花后28 d)根际土壤氮转化相关微生物活性、酶活性和根际土壤NH+4离子、NO-3离子含量的影响。结果表明:随着生育期的推进,除脲酶外,氨化细菌、硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌、反硝化细菌和蛋白酶活性变化的均为"倒V"型变化特征,以花后14 d活性最强;而脲酶活性在拔节期最强,并且其活性远大于其它微生物及酶。氮肥形态对根际土壤氮素生理群及无机氮的影响不同。酰胺态氮肥促进了根际氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性,而硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌在硝态氮肥条件下活性较强。除拔节期外,土壤中NH+4离子在铵态氮肥处理下含量较高,NO-3离子在酰氨态氮肥处理下含量较高。因此,酰胺态氮能够促进小麦根际土壤有机氮的分解,硝态氮肥可以促进土壤中氨的转化,以利于小麦根系的吸收与利用。氮肥形态主要是通过影响土壤中氮素生理类群及酶的活性,从而影响土壤中无机氮的含量。