牛α-sl酪蛋白基因序列指导htPA突变体小基因在小鼠乳腺中的表达

将包括α－ｓｌ酪蛋白基因的启动子、ＬＡｔＰＡ小基因、α－ｓｌ酪蛋白基因下游调控序列的融合基 因经显微注射至小鼠的受精卵中,获得了５只转基因阳性鼠,其中１只转基因阳性雌鼠乳清中 ＬＡｔＰＡ的含量为０．１８μｇ／ｍｌ,说明构建的ＬＡｔＰＡ小基因能够正确表达出有生物活性的ＬＡｔＰＡ, 并且可在酪蛋白基因调控序列的指导下在小鼠的乳汁中表达。     

小鼠β-酪蛋白基因序列调控人t-PA突变体基因在小鼠乳腺的表达

为验证克隆的小鼠β－酪蛋白基因序列调控外源基因表达的能力,将人人t-PA突变体基因的信号肽－前肽编码序列用小鼠β－酪蛋白的信号肽编码序列替换,人t-PA突变体成熟肽cDNA融合到小鼠β－酪蛋白基因的第2外显子中,从而构建成旨在应用小鼠β－酪蛋白基因序列调控人t-PA突变体基因在小鼠乳腺中表达的载体。融合基因经显微注射到小鼠的受精卵中,285枚注射的受精卵移植到13只受体小鼠,经PCR和Southern杂交鉴定,42只出生小鼠中有12只为转基因阳性鼠。7只转基因阳性鼠乳汁中表达人t-PA突变体,最高表达水平为3．6593μg/ml,证明小鼠β－酪蛋白基因序列能够调控人t-PA突变体基因在转基因小鼠的乳汁中表达出具有生物活性的人t-PA突变体,为进一步制备了人t-PA突变体基因敲入小鼠模型提供了理论和实验依据。     

牛β-乳球蛋白基因调控序列指导组织型纤溶酶原激活剂在小鼠乳腺中的表达

用全长8.4kb的牛β－乳球蛋白基因（BLG）作为调控序列,用1.6kb的鸡溶菌酶MAR序列作为对抗转基因中位点效应的工龄,构建了组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（tPA）乳腺表达载体。对2300枚卵进行显微注射,以PCR和Southern-Blot检测,在170只出生小鼠中获得9只整合有牛BLG－tPA融合基因的转基因小鼠,并在转基因小鼠乳汗中检测到tPA r itd ntg ,tPA的表达水平最高达到12μg/mL。整合的小鼠基因组中的牛BLG－tPA融合基因能稳定地遗传给子代。     

牛β-乳球蛋白基因调控序列指导组织型纤溶酶原激活剂在小鼠乳腺中的表达

用全长8.4kb的牛β-乳球蛋白基因(BLG)作为调控序列,用1.6kb的鸡溶菌酶MAR序列作为对抗转基因中位点效应的工具,构建了组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)乳腺表达载体。对2300枚卵进行显微注射,经PCR和Southern\|Blot检测,在170只出生小鼠中获得9只整合有牛BLG-tPA融合基因的转基因小鼠,并在转基因小鼠乳汁中检测到tPA的活性,tPA的表达水平最高达到12μg/mL。整合在小鼠基因组中的牛BLGtPA融合基因能稳定地遗传给子代。     

组织纤溶酶原激活剂突变体在转基因小鼠乳腺中的表达

组织纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)是一种较理想的溶血栓药物,本研究采用其突变体——长效组织纤溶酶原激活剂(LAtPA)的cDNA作为目的基因,将它插入羊β-乳球蛋白(BLG)基因起始密码之前,使LAtPA的转录、翻译受控于BLG基因的5′、3′序列,再将所构建的BLG-LAtPA用显微注射方法建立转基因鼠,经点杂交筛选和Southern印迹鉴定,获得2只LAtPA基因整合阳性鼠,并在阳性母鼠乳汁中检测到有溶纤活性的LAtPA表达,表达水平1.5μg/ml。在这两只转基因鼠的9只F1代子鼠中,有5只是阳性的,tPA表达水平维持在1～2μg/ml,BLGtPA融合基因整合到小鼠基因组,能稳定地遗传给子代。     

人t-PA突变体cDNA打靶敲入小鼠ES细胞β-酪蛋白位点的研究

应用克隆的基因组序列作为同源臂 ,构建了小鼠 β 酪蛋白基因定位敲入打靶载体。短臂长 2 7kb ,包括小鼠 β 酪蛋白基因 5′端侧翼区、第 1外显子、第 1内含子、部分第 2外显子。长臂包括小鼠 β 酪蛋白基因部分第 2内含子、第 3～ 7外显子、第 3～ 6内含子、部分第 7内含子 ,长 3 4kb。人t PA突变体cDNA在第 2外显子中与小鼠 β 酪蛋白信号肽序列融合。正筛选标记neo放置在 β 酪蛋白基因第 2内含子中部 ,负筛选标记tk位于短臂外侧。ES细胞株TC 1在滋养层上培养扩增。处理ES细胞使其密度达到 2× 10 7个 /mL后 ,将 4 5 μg线性化的打靶载体DNA与 1mL细胞混匀后电击。转染的细胞在含G4 18和Gancyclovir的选择培养基中培养 ,7d后挑取 192个抗性克隆 ,扩增、提取基因组DNA ,EcoRⅠ酶切后 ,用打靶载体 5′端内侧探针进行Southern杂交 ,野生型出现 9 8kb ,而中靶的 β 酪蛋白基因由于敲入的人t PA突变体携带一个EcoRⅠ位点 ,中靶等位基因出现 6 6kb。从 78株ES细胞株中获得 1株发生正确同源重组的中靶ES细胞。     

ＢＬＧ—ＬＡtPA和鼠ＷＡＰ共注射提高ＬＡtPA在转基因小鼠乳腺中的表达水平

为了提高长效组织纤溶酶原活剂（ＬＡtPA）在转基因小鼠乳腺中的表达水平,将受控于羊β－乳球蛋白（ＢＬＧ）的ＬＡtPA表达载体ＢＬＧ－ＬＡtPA与小鼠乳清酸蛋白（ＷＡＰ）基因片段进行共注射,采用此方法建立的转基因小鼠,经ＰＣＲ筛选和Ｓouthern印迹鉴定,获得３只ＬＡtPA和ＷＡＰ共整合阳性鼠,并在阳性母鼠乳汁中检测到有溶纤活性的ＬＡtPA表达,表达水平达到１０μg/mL。     

乳腺注射法表达人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂的研究

目的 :构建tPA乳腺定位表达载体 ,使其在牛乳汁中高效表达 ,观察目的基因表达的规律及其影响因素 ,为建立新型牛乳腺生物反应器提供理论基础。方法 :RT-PCR法克隆目的基因 ,通过酶切、连接、分离、纯化等方法构建含tPA-cDNA的乳腺定位表达载体 ;采用乳腺注射法将融合基因转入小鼠及牛的乳腺组织中。结果 :乳腺注射外源基因后 ,tPA可在小鼠和牛的乳汁中表达。结论 :乳腺注射法可使目的基因在乳腺组织中稳定地表达较长的时间 ,其表达量与显微注射法没有明显的差异 ,表明外源基因的表达不受转基因方法的影响。但tPA在牛乳汁中的表达量明显高于小鼠的表达量 ,提示不同动物的乳蛋白调控系统有一定的差异 ,可能受着不同的因素或调控系统的影响。     

转基因小鼠乳腺表达长效组织纤溶酶原激活剂

组织纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)是一种较理想的溶血栓药物,本研究采用其突变体长效组织纤溶酶原激活剂(LAtPA)的cDNA作为目的基因,将其插入羊β-乳球蛋白(BLG)基因起始密码之前,使LAt-PA的转录、翻译受控于BLG基因的5′、3′序列,将此构建BLG-LAtPA用显微注射方法建立转基因鼠,经点杂交筛选和DNA印迹鉴定,获得2只LAtPA基因整合阳性鼠,并在阳性母鼠乳汁检测到有溶纤活性的LAtPA表达,表达水平1.5μg/ml。在这两只转基因鼠的F1代子鼠中,9只中有5只是阳性的,tPA表达水平维持在1-2μg/ml,说明BLG-tPA融合基因整合到小鼠基因组,能稳定地遗传给子代。为今后利用牛、羊作为生物反应器表达LAtPA奠定了基础。     

小鼠输精管内转染法建立人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)乳腺定位表达生物反应器的研究

外源基因受精卵内显微注射目前仍然是种常用的建立转基因动物的方法,但此方法操作复杂,成本高。因此利用精子作为载体将外源基因带入卵细胞内建立转基因动物成了极具吸引力的方法,并且已有一些成功的报道。虽然该方法简单,但总体来说可重复性较差。我们在建立乳腺定位表达人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)小鼠模型中,对此方法做了改进,即将脂质体包裹的外源基因在小鼠输精管及附睾管内转染精子,而非以往的在体外转染,结果:(1)五只转染小鼠,术后10天内共使10只正常母鼠受精;(2)共繁殖出79只首建者小鼠,存活42只;(3)用PCR检测首建者小鼠外源基因的整合,阳性率为7/42(16.67%);(4)用凝胶平板溶圈试验检测5只PCR阳性的雌性首建者小鼠泌乳期乳汁中的活性tPA,3/5表达,表达量在12—20IU/ml之间(约相当于48—80ng/ml);(5)PCR检测4只子一代小鼠外源基因的遗传情况,阳性率为2/4。     

The High-Level Expression of Human Tissue Plasminogen Activator in the Milk of Transgenic Mice with Hybrid Gene Locus Strategy

Transgene expression for the mammary gland bioreactor aimed at producing recombinant proteins requires optimized expression vector construction. Previously we presented a hybrid gene locus strategy, which was originally tested with human lactoferrin (hLF) as target transgene, and an extremely high-level expression of rhLF ever been achieved as to 29.8 g/l in mice milk. Here to demonstrate the broad application of this strategy, another 38.4 kb mWAP-htPA hybrid gene locus was constructed, in which the 3-kb genomic coding sequence in the 24-kb mouse whey acidic protein (mWAP) gene locus was substituted by the 17.4-kb genomic coding sequence of human tissue plasminogen activator (htPA), exactly from the start codon to the end codon. Corresponding five transgenic mice lines were generated and the highest expression level of rhtPA in the milk attained as to 3.3 g/l. Our strategy will provide a universal way for the large-scale production of pharmaceutical proteins in the mammary gland of transgenic animals.     

Twin-Arginine Translocation of Active Human Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Escherichia coli

When eukaryotic proteins with multiple disulfide bonds are expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli, the efficiency of thiol oxidation and isomerization is typically not sufficient to yield soluble products with native structures. Even when such proteins are secreted into the oxidizing periplasm or expressed in the cytoplasm of cells carrying mutations in the major intracellular disulfide bond reduction systems (e.g., trxB gor mutants), correct folding can be problematic unless a folding modulator is simultaneously coexpressed. In the present study we explored whether the bacterial twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway could serve as an alternative expression system for obtaining appreciable levels of recombinant proteins which exhibit complex patterns of disulfide bond formation, such as full-length human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (17 disulfides) and a truncated but enzymatically active version of tPA containing nine disulfides (vtPA). Remarkably, targeting of both tPA and vtPA to the Tat pathway resulted in active protein in the periplasmic space. We show here that export by the Tat translocator is dependent upon oxidative protein folding in the cytoplasm of trxB gor cells prior to transport. Whereas previous efforts to produce high levels of active tPA or vtPA in E. coli required coexpression of the disulfide bond isomerase DsbC, we observed that Tat-targeted vtPA and tPA reach a native conformation without thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase coexpression. These results demonstrate that the Tat system may have inherent and unexpected benefits compared with existing expression strategies, making it a viable alternative for biotechnology applications that hinge on protein expression and secretion.     

Skin Abnormalities in Mice Transgenic for Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1: Implications for the Regulation of Desquamation and Follicular Neogenesis by Plasminogen Activator Enzymes

Plasminogen activator enzymes have been implicated in the regulation of growth, migration, and differentiation which occur continually in normal epidermis and cyclically in the hair follicle. To elucidate further the importance of plasminogen activation in epidermal physiology, studies were conducted using mice transgenic for human plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). The epidermis of the newborn (4-7 days) transgenic mice was flaky and showed delayed hair growth compared to that of their control littermates. Histologic analyses revealed a greatly thickened stratum corneum in the transgenics. By 2 weeks after birth, no differences in epidermal morphology were apparent between transgenic and control littermates. Using in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry, and in situ reverse zymography techniques, epidermal PAI-1 expression was correlated temporally with the aberrant epidermal morphology. These data implicate plasminogen activator activity in the regulation of epidermal shedding and follicular neogenesis.     

Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Trabecular Meshwork Attenuates Steroid Induced Outflow Resistance in Mice

Tissue plasminogen activator, a serine protease encoded by the PLAT gene is present in the trabecular meshwork (TM) and other ocular tissues and has been reported to be downregulated by treatment with steroids in vitro. Steroids are known to cause changes in outflow facility of aqueous humor in many species. In the present study, we tested whether overexpression of PLAT can prevent and/or reverse the outflow facility of mouse eyes treated with steroids. Animals received bilateral injection with 20 µl of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) (40mg/ml) suspension subconjunctivally to induce outflow facility changes. Some animals received unilateral intracameral injection with 2 µl of adenoviral suspension [3-4x10¹² virus genomes per milliliter (vg/ml)] carrying sheep PLAT cDNA (AdPLAT) either concurrently with TA injection or one week after TA injection, whereas others received bilateral intracameral injection with 2µl of adenoviral suspension (9x10¹² vg/ml) carrying no transgene (AdNull) concurrently with TA injection. Animals were sacrificed one week after AdPLAT or AdNull treatment. Endogenous mRNA expression levels of mouse PAI-1 and MMP-2, -9 and -13 were also measured using qRT-PCR. Outflow facility one week after AdPLAT administration was increased by 60% and 63% respectively for animals that had not or had been pretreated with steroids. Overexpression of PLAT significantly upregulated expression of PAI-1, MMP-2, -9 and -13 compared to the levels found in TA only treated eyes. These findings suggest that overexpression of PLAT in TM of mouse eyes can both prevent and reverse the decrease in outflow facility caused by steroid treatment and is associated with upregulation of MMPs.     

人黑色素瘤细胞分泌的组织纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)的纯化

 本文报道了培养的人黑色素瘤细胞分泌的组织纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)的纯化方法。Bowes株人黑色素瘤细胞的分泌产物,经CM-Sephadex C--50层析,赖氨酸-Sepharose 4B,苯甲眯-sepharose 4B亲和层析后,即可得到纯化470倍的蛋白纯品。样品经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定为均一单带,测得其分子量约为72kD。纯化的t-PA与尿激酶相比较,发现前者有更高亲和纤维蛋白的能力。     

人促血小板生成素在转基因小鼠乳腺中定位表达的研究(英文)

通过转基因动物乳腺生物反应器大规模生产药用蛋白质已成为现代生物技术新的生长点之一。为研制表达人促血小板生成素的哺乳动物生物反应器的转基因小鼠模型,本论文以小鼠乳清酸蛋白 (mWAP) 基因5挾说骺厍团-s1-酪蛋白基因3挾说骺厍魑鹘谠菇擞糜诒泶锶舜傺“迳伤氐娜橄僮橹匾煨员泶镌靥錺WAPTPO(Fig.1)。通过常规显微注射的方法把mWAP启动子指导的hTPO表达载体导入小鼠受精卵,获得出生小鼠16只。经PCR检测,有6只为转基因阳性(Fig.2)。G0代小鼠中转基因整合率为37.5% (6/16),用ELISA方法在G0代转基因雌鼠的乳汁中检测了促血小板生成素的表达,表达量在0.8 mg/mL以上(Table 1)。这些结果表明我们已建立了乳腺表达hTPO 的转基因小鼠模型,为以后大型家畜乳腺生物反应器的研制提供了科学依据。     

人促红细胞生成素在转基因小鼠乳汁中表达

将山羊的β乳球蛋白启动子连接人促红细胞生成素基因,构建转基因表达载体。通过显微注射的方法转基因小鼠。经PCR斑点杂交和Southern杂交检测验证,获得4只转基因阳性小鼠,其中3只母鼠哺乳期收集乳汁,经EpoELISA检测为阳性。对4组转基因阳性小鼠的部分子代母鼠,经PCR和Southern杂交分析,又鉴定出6只获得遗传的阳性G1代母鼠以Dot-ELISA的方法检测,其中两只G1代母鼠乳汁中的Epo含量为0.5μg/mL。实验证实,867bp的β乳球蛋白启动子可以指导人促红细胞生成素在小鼠乳汁中表达。     

Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Deficiency Promotes Neoplasmatogenesis in the Colon of Mice

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) participates in cancer-related biologic processes, such as wound healing and inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of uPA deficiency on the long-term outcome of early life episodes of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)–induced colitis in mice. Wild-type (WT) and uPA-deficient (uPA^−/−) BALB/c mice were treated with DSS or remained untreated. Mice were necropsied either 1 week or 7 months after DSS treatment. Colon samples were analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. At 7 months, with no colitis evident, half of the uPA^−/− mice had large colonic polypoid adenomas, whereas WT mice did not. One week after DSS treatment, there were typical DSS-induced colitis lesions in both WT and uPA^−/− mice. The affected colon of uPA^−/− mice, however, had features of delayed ulcer re-epithelialization and dysplastic lesions of higher grade developing on the basis of a significantly altered mucosal inflammatory milieu. The later was characterized by more neutrophils and macrophages, less regulatory T cells (Treg), significantly upregulated cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-10, and lower levels of active transforming growth factor–β1 (TGF-β1) compared to WT mice. Dysfunctional Treg, more robust protumorigenic inflammatory events, and an inherited inability to produce adequate amounts of extracellular active TGF-β1 due to uPA deficiency are interlinked as probable explanations for the inflammatory-induced neoplasmatogenesis in the colon of uPA^−/− mice.     

Improved Medium for Extraction of Plasminogen Activator from Tissue

Quantitation of plasminogen activators present in tissue may depend to a large extent on the extraction procedure used to solubilize the enzymes. Potassium thiocyanate solution is known to be an efficient solubilizer, but it can inhibit assay systems other than fibrin plates. An equally effective acetate-detergent extractant is reported here which can be used with the highly sensitive azocase inolytic assay procedure. The results indicate that a threefold increase in activator activity can be extracted from selected tissues relative to that previously reported for a phosphate-detergent extractant. The extraction medium contains 75 mM K acetate, 0.3 M NaCl, 0.1 M L-arginine, 10 mM EDTA, 0.25% Triton X-100, final pH 4.2.