内蒙古中部地区小叶锦鸡儿天然居群表型多样性分析

对采自内蒙古中部地区的7个小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla Lam.)天然居群的207份材料进行了表型多样性分析.结果表明:小叶锦鸡儿种内表型性状存在丰富的变异,无论在居群间还是在居群内均表现出极显著差异(P<0.001);叶片、荚果、种子等11个表型性状居群间分化系数为16.90%,居群内表型性状分化系数为83.10%,是小叶锦鸡儿表型变异的主要来源;主成分分析显示荚果柄长、荚果长、关节长是造成小叶锦鸡儿表型变异的主要影响因子;依据小叶锦鸡儿表型性状,通过聚类分析将7个小叶锦鸡儿居群分为3类,第1类为多伦居群,第2类为西乌旗居群,第3类为四子王旗、察右后旗、化德、镶黄旗和正镶白旗5个居群.     

小叶锦鸡儿天然居群叶形态性状变异研究

为揭示小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)天然居群叶形态性状的变异规律及其生态适应性特征,该研究以10个小叶锦鸡儿天然居群为对象,通过多重比较、巢式方差分析、相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析等方法,对7个叶形态性状进行分析。结果表明：(1)小叶锦鸡儿叶形态性状在居群内和居群间均存在极显著差异(P < 0.01),平均变异系数为10.13%,不同性状的变异幅度为6.23%~12.78%;平均叶形态性状的表型分化系数为43.62%,居群内变异(30.09%)大于居群间变异(24.91%),说明居群内是其叶形态性状变异的主要来源。(2)相关性分析表明,环境因子对小叶锦鸡儿的叶形态性状变异有很大的影响,在地理空间上主要呈现出沿海拔梯度的变异模式;主成分分析的结果显示,小叶宽、叶柄宽和叶柄长对小叶锦鸡儿叶形态变异起主导作用;利用欧式距离对小叶锦鸡儿居群进行UPGMA聚类分析结果显示,基于叶形态性状和环境因子可分别将小叶锦鸡儿10个居群分为3类和2类,Mantel检验结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿的叶形态性状变异不存在地理连续性。研究结果为小叶锦鸡儿的适应性进化和开发利用提供了理论依据。     

浙江省桐庐县长叶榧居群遗传结构的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术,对浙江省桐庐县白云源森林公园的6个长叶榧（Torreya jackii）亚居群进行分析,阐明长叶榧在小地理范围内的遗传结构。12个引物对6个长叶榧亚居群的120个个体进行扩增,共得到194个位点,其中多态位点87个,总多态位点百分率（P）为44.85%,平均为29.21%。长叶榧总Shannon信息指数（I）为0.166 3,平均为0.119 9;总Nei指数（h）为0.103 5,平均为0.075 5。P、I、h均表明长叶榧总体水平的遗传多样性较高,亚居群水平的遗传多样性较低。AMOVA分子变异分析显示,21.45%的变异存在于亚居群间,78.55%的变异存在于亚居群内。长叶榧亚居群间的遗传分化系数（G_st）为0.270 5,基因流为1.347 8。6个长叶榧亚居群的平均遗传距离为0.037 0,根据亚居群间的遗传距离进行UPGMA聚类,结果为生境相似的亚居群聚在一起。     

甘肃锦鸡儿（Caragana kansuensis Pojark.）及其易混种的分类学探讨

对甘肃锦鸡儿（Caragana kansuensis Pojark.）及其易混种进行了探讨,认为甘肃锦鸡儿与短脚锦鸡儿（C.brachypoda Pojark.）是两个不同的物种。在陕西北部、山西西北部等地被鉴定为甘肃锦鸡儿的类群,实为错误鉴定,其与甘蒙锦鸡儿（C.opulens Kom.）相近,区别在于前者小叶较狭,两面被毛较密,背面干后常发红色,也与白毛锦鸡儿(C.licentiana Hand.-Mazz.)相近,区别在于前者叶柄较长,小叶较长而狭,荚果近光滑。同意赵一之教授的观点,将其作为C.opulens的一个变异类型处理,发表新变种狭叶甘蒙锦鸡儿（C.opulens Kom. var. angustifolia Y. Z. Zhao ex Zhao. Y. Chang et F. C. Shi）。     

柠条锦鸡儿不同居群形态变异研究

结合数量统计方法对柠条锦鸡儿12个居群的12项形态特征进行了研究。结果表明：除小叶对数、叶形和荚果长外,其余形态性状在居群内或居群间都表现显著差异;以12个形态性状为基础的聚类分析将所研究的12个居群分为3类;主成分分析结果显示每荚种子、干粒重、托叶长和叶长等4个性状是造成柠条锦鸡儿表型差异的主要因素。     

河北木蓝的叶表型可塑性研究

以中国分布最广、形态变异复杂且分类上存在争议的木蓝属植物河北木蓝(Indigofera bungeana Walp.)为研究对象,运用GIS技术从较大尺度上(17省28县29个居群)进行叶表型可塑性分析,利用表型可塑性指数和变异系数对叶表型可塑性进行评价,并对叶表型性状与环境因子的相关性进行分析。结果显示:河北木蓝叶表型性状在居群间的变异大于居群内;叶长、叶柄长、最少小叶数、最多小叶数、小叶长、小叶宽6个叶表型性状均具有可塑性,其中叶长的可塑性最大,小叶数目的可塑性最小;年均降水量是对叶表型可塑性影响最大的环境因子;6个叶表型性状与海拔均呈负相关,与年均气温呈正相关。研究结果可为河北木蓝的分类、适应性进化和开发利用奠定基础。     

贵州省野生皂荚种实表型性状多样性分析

为深入了解贵州省野生皂荚(Gleditsia sinensis)荚果表型性状的遗传多样性及其变异类型,为皂荚的遗传改良、种质鉴定、亲本选择以及品种培育奠定理论基础。该研究以贵州省7个野生皂荚群体70个个体为研究对象,采用方差分析、主成分分析、相关性分析及多性状综合评价等方法对皂荚群体的10个种实表型性状进行系统分析和综合评价。结果显示：(1)所测皂荚的表型性状差异在群体内均达到极显著水平(P＜0.01);在群体间,除每荚粒数、种子宽、种子长宽积以及种子长宽比之外,其余表型性状的差异均达极显著水平(P＜0.01)。(2)7个居群野生皂荚各性状平均变异系数为21.16%,其中凯里市(P4)居群的变异系数最高(24.44%);居群间荚果的变异(29.22%)高于种子的变异(11.04%),且变异主要来自于群体内。(3)相关分析显示,皂荚种实各性状之间存在不同程度的关联性;主成分分析显示,前4个主成分(皂荚种子大小、单个荚果出籽数量、种子形态指数因子、与荚果长和种子厚相关的因子)的累积贡献率达69.783%,可基本反映皂荚表型性状的大部分信息;以10个种实性状对皂荚野生群体进行综合评价发现,来自于惠水县(P7)群体的皂荚种实性状综合评价最高。研究表明,贵州省野生皂荚在群体间及群体内具有丰富的表型变异,且群体内的变异大于群体间的变异,变异主要来自于群体内。     

内蒙古地区锦鸡儿属三种植物叶表皮微形态比较研究

利用光学显微镜（LM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对内蒙古地区自然生境中生长的小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla Lam.）、中间锦鸡儿（C. davazamcii Sancz.）和柠条锦鸡儿（C. korshinskii Kom）叶表皮微形态进行了观察,并测定了相应的数量指标。结果表明：所有材料的上下表皮细胞均为不规则形或多边形,垂周壁主要为平直或拱形,稀有浅波状;多数材料具鳞片状和层状蜡被;角质层多为条纹状;均有气孔器分布,类型多样,以不等细胞型和无规则型为主;气孔外拱盖多覆盖蜡被,内缘多光滑或浅波状;乳突只出现在小叶锦鸡儿和中间锦鸡儿,而柠条锦鸡儿没有出现。该研究表明,3种植物叶表皮微形态受遗传因子和环境条件共同作用,多数特征在属的水平上保持稳定,少数性状可以用作种分类的辅助指标;表皮微形态特征显示三者在生态适应对策上具有相似性,而在种间关系上可能中间锦鸡儿与小叶锦鸡儿的亲缘关系更近。     

小叶锦鸡儿基因组DNA的提取及AFLP反应体系的建立

以小叶锦鸡儿幼嫩叶片为材料,采用改良的SDS法提取其基因组DNA,通过优化AFLP技术体系中的几个主要因素,建立了适合小叶锦鸡儿的AFLP银染反应体系。改良的SDS法能通过在提取液中加入β-巯基乙醇防止氧化、加入PVP去除酚类等物质,获得满足AFLP分析要求的纯度高、完整性好的基因组DNA;用EcoRⅠ和MseⅠ37 ℃双酶切4 h后可以将500 ng的基因组DNA完全切开。酶切产物和接头经16℃连接过夜后,用带有1个选择性碱基的引物和带有3个选择性碱基的引物分别进行预扩增和选择性扩增,扩增产物经变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离,用AgNO₃染色,得到了清晰的指纹式样。小叶锦鸡儿AFLP反应体系的建立为利用该技术研究小叶锦鸡儿的遗传多样性奠定了实验基础。     

锦鸡儿属植物一些种类的染色体数目及核型研究

报道了国产10种锦鸡儿的染色体数目,并对其中9种的核型进行了研究。这9个种的核型公式分别为：荒漠锦鸡儿（Caragana roborovskyi）,2n＝16＝10m(2SAT)+6sm;川西锦鸡儿（C. erinacea）,2n=16=10m+6sm;密叶锦鸡儿（C. densa）,2n=16=10m（2SAT）+6sm;刺叶锦鸡儿（C. acanthophylla）,2n=16=12m+4sm;柄荚锦鸡儿（C. stipitata）,2n=16=10m+6sm;甘蒙锦鸡儿（C. opulens）,2n=16=12m(2SAT)+4sm;白皮锦鸡儿（C. leucophloea）,2n=32=22m(4SAT)＋10sm;北疆锦鸡儿（C. camilli-schneideri）,2n=32=20m(4SAT)+12sm;中亚锦鸡儿（C. tragacanthoides）,2n=32=20m(2SAT)+10sm+2st+2B。白毛锦鸡儿（C.licentiana）2个居群的染色体数目均为2n=32,为四倍体。研究结果表明,锦鸡儿属的核型一般比较对称,核型上的特化往往与其形态上的特化相关联,但也有例外。从倍性水平上来看,二倍体类群多是一些羽状叶的种,在分布上倾向于亚洲东部其祖先分布区,而四倍体的种类多是一些假掌状叶的类群,分布于西部干旱生境中,在形态上也表现的较为特化。这也符合锦鸡儿属的演化趋势。     

Morphological variations of Caragana microphylla populations in the Xilingol steppe and their relationship with environmental factors

The morphological variations of branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of Caragana microphylla and their correlations with environmental factors were analyzed based on five natural populations in the Xilingol steppe, Inner Mongolia, China. Nested variation analysis showed that there were significant differences in all of the 28 morphological characters within and among populations in 16 morphological characters, and the variations within populations were much greater than those among populations in most morphological characters. Cluster analysis showed that the five populations of C. microphylla could be divided into two groups in morphological characters, and there was significant positive correlation between the divergence of morphological characters matrix and geographical distance matrix. Principal component analysis showed that leaflet length, area of a compound leaf, fresh-mass of a compound leaf, and shoot fresh-mass were main morphological characters that varied among C. microphylla populations. Spearman correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations between some morphological characters and soil factors. Soil N:P ratio, available N content, total N content, organic matter content and soil water content were main factors that were associated with morphological characters of C. microphylla.     

Morphological variations of Caragana microphylla populations in the Xilingol steppe and their relationship with environmental factors

The morphological variations of branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds of Caragana microphylla and their correlations with environmental factors were analyzed based on five natural populations in the Xilingol steppe, Inner Mongolia, China. Nested variation analysis showed that there were significant differences in all of the 28 morphological characters within and among populations in 16 morphological characters, and the variations within populations were much greater than those among populations in most morphological characters. Cluster analysis showed that the five populations of C. microphylla could be divided into two groups in morphological characters, and there was significant positive correlation between the divergence of morphological characters matrix and geographical distance matrix. Principal component analysis showed that leaflet length, area of a compound leaf, fresh-mass of a compound leaf, and shoot fresh-mass were main morphological characters that varied among C. microphylla populations. Spearman correlation analysis showed that there were significant correlations between some morphological characters and soil factors. Soil N:P ratio, available N content, total N content, organic matter content and soil water content were main factors that were associated with morphological characters of C. microphylla.     

Morphometric comparison of populations of Orchis sitnia Lam. (Orchidaceae) from Oxfordshire and Kent

BATEMAN, R. M. & FARRINGTON, O. S., 1989. Morphometric comparison of populations of Orchis sitnia Lam. (Orchidaceae) from Oxfordshire and Kent. Univariate and multivariate morphometric analyses of Orchis simia Lam. from its two remaining naturally-founded populations in Britain (Goring, Oxfordshire and Faversham, Kent) reveal only minor morphological differences between the populations and suprisingly low levels of intra-population variation. This probably reflects recent founding from Continental seed at Faversham and penecontemporaneous, human-induced, catastrophic contraction of the gene pool at Goring. The apparently restricted gene pools of these populations may adversely effect their long-term survival.     

祁连山青海云杉天然群体的种实性状表型多样性

 以系统揭示其表型变异程度和变异规律为目的,对祁连山青海云杉(Picea crassifolia )天然分布区的10个群体的8个种实性状进行了比较分析。采用方差分析、多重比较,相关分析、聚类分析等多种分析方法,对群体间和群体内的表型多样性进行了讨论。方差分析结果表明,各种实性状在群体间都存在极显著差异,除球果干质量和球果长/球果径外,其余性状在群体内都存在着极显著的差异;表型分化系数即群体间变异为27.18%,小于群体内的变异(72.82%);球果长、球果径、球果干质量、球果形状指数、种子长、种子宽、千粒重和种子形状指数的变异系数分别为：10.08%、5.80%、19.29%、9.66%、8.38%、15.34%、6.52%和13.94%;8个种实性状间多数呈极显著或显著的正相关,球果干质量、种子长、千粒重、球果长和球果径为青海云杉易测定和重要的种实性状;种实性状呈现出以经度变异为主的梯度规律性;通过表型性状的聚类分析可以将青海云杉10个群体划分为4类。     

甘草野生种群果实与种子形态特征的地理变异研究

目的：研究甘草荚果和种子形态特征地理变异规律并分析其形成的生态学机制。方法：采用样方调查的方法测定全国4省区8个旗县甘草野生种群的地上植株形态特征,采用双重筛选逐步回归分析方法探讨甘草荚果和种子形态特征的地理变异规律及其形成的生态学机制。结果：（1）不同甘草种群的荚果数、荚果腺毛长度、种室数目、每荚种子粒数和结实率5项指标的差异达到了极显著水平（P〈0．01）;荚果长度、荚果厚度、荚果腺毛密度和种子长度4项指标的差异达到了显著水平（P〈0．05）。（2）荚果厚度、种室数目等5项形态特征与经度呈显著相关,只有荚果腺毛长度1项指标与纬度显著相关。结论：甘草野生种群荚果与种子形态特征存在显著的地理变异,其变异趋势以经向变异为主,光照因子差异是导致地理变异的主要原因,其次为温度因子和水分因子,其相关关系可用多元回归模型解释。     

扁蓿豆不同分布区野生居群形态多样性研究

结合数量统计分析对扁蓿豆14个居群的14项形态特征进行了研究,结果表明:除叶长、荚果长、荚果宽、荚果形状、种子长和千粒重以外,其余形态性状在居群间或居群内都表现显著差异;以14个形态性状为基础的聚类分析将所研究的14个居群分为4类;主成分分析结果显示株高、叶面积、花序结荚数、花序种子数和种子宽等5个性状是造成扁蓿豆表型差异的主要因素.     

内蒙古扁蓿豆野生资源形态学特性研究

对产自内蒙古不同分布区12份扁蓿豆种质资源的12个形态性状进行主成分和聚类分析。结果表明,除荚果形状和种子宽外,其余形态性状在材料间都表现显著差异,扁蓿豆种质资源遗传变异丰富;通过多变量的主成分分析,第一主成分和第二主成分代表了扁蓿豆形态多样性的62.30%,枝条长、叶面积、荚果宽、种子长和千粒重等5个性状是造成扁蓿豆表型差异的主要因素;基于形态性状的聚类分析把12份材料聚为4类,其中第 1类MR-12扁蓿豆资源的株高、枝条长和株丛直径明显高于其他类,叶片大且叶量丰富,营养性状表现良好;结实性状中荚果长和千粒重较大,综合性状表现较好,可以作为合适的材料作为引种驯化和育种的试验材料。     

油松天然群体的种实性状表型多样性研究

为了揭示油松天然种群在不同地理环境条件下表型变异的程度和规律,在油松整个天然分布范围内选择了12个具有代表性的居群作为研究对象,对其球果、种子、种翅等12个种实性状的变异程度及其与环境因子间关系进行了比较分析。结果显示:(1)各个性状在居群内和居群间均存在较大的变异(CV>12%)。其中千山(QS),曾家镇(ZJ)和互助(HZ)3个居群表现出了较高的变异(CV>20%),而球果干重(CDW)和种子长(CL)是所有表型性状中变异幅度最大的(CV分别为31%和21%),但种翅性状与其他性状相比具有较高的稳定性。(2)巢式设计方差分析表明,在居群内表型分化系数(Vst)变化在3.18%~89.86%之间,而群体间的Vst为38.97%;与其他针叶树种相比,油松拥有较高的表型分化系数,且居群内的变异程度远高于居群间的变异,尤其是千山(QS)、曾家镇(ZJ)和互助(HZ)3个居群,这说明油松具有较高的环境异质性适应能力或恶劣环境耐受能力。(3)相关性分析表明,该研究的各形态特征与潜在蒸发量均为负相关,且大部分形态指标间及它们与潜在蒸发量间存在显著相关性,表明潜在蒸发量是油松形态特征变化的最重要环境影响因子,预示油松最适宜生长于温暖潮湿的环境中;并表明因各形态特征间相互紧密关联,所以它们受环境条件影响而共变。     

Determination of morphological variation in subspecies of Isatis glauca Aucher ex Boiss. from Central Anatolia

Isatis glauca Aucher ex Boiss. has four subspecies: glauca, galatica Y?ld?r?ml?, sivasica (Davis) Y?ld?r?ml? and iconia (Boiss.) Davis, naturally growing in Turkey. In this study, 77 accessions from nine I. glauca ssp. populations were characterised in terms of variation in morphological characters, including the number of branches per plant, plant height, diameter of stem base, diameter of middle stem, diameter of apical stem, width and length of fruit, length of fruit stalk, fruit shape, fruit base shape, fruit apices shape, loculus, ondulation, apical process of fruit, fruit weight, basal length of fruit, apical length of fruit, wing width of fruit, loculus length, loculus width, length of seed, dorsal width of seed, lateral width of seed and seed weight. The number of branches had the highest value of coefficient of variation (CV), 0.21–0.86, while the fruit width had the lowest value of CV 0.08–0.20. According to Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analyses, eco-geographical factors had a substantial effect on morphological variation. A principal component analysis explained 90.61 % of morphological variation through the study of five extracted components. A dendrogram, which was constructed according to the between-group linkages method, based on squared Euclidean distances, represented a hierarchical cluster analysis of 77 accessions. The results of the principal coordinate analysis, which showed differentiation according to morphological characters between nine populations, were consistent with the dendrogram. Consequently, morphological variation of I. glauca ssp. and the significant effects of eco-geographical factors on its morphological variation were discussed.     

不同居群塔里木沙拐枣(Calligonum roborowskii A. Los.)果实形态变异研究

应用方差分析、聚类分析、主成分分析、相关性分析等方法,对塔里木盆地分布的塔里木沙拐枣(Calligonum roborowskii A.Los.)5个居群的果实形态进行了形态差异分析。单因素方差分析显示果实长度、果实宽度、果实长宽/果实宽度比、刺毛长度、两肋间距、两刺间距、取刺毛后的瘦果长度、瘦果宽度、瘦果长度/瘦果宽度比与每果肋数等10个果实性状在不同居群间具有极显著差异;主成分分析显示两刺间距,两肋间距,刺毛长度等3个性状是造成各居群果实表型差异的主要指标;根据果实形态地理距离比较近的居群聚为一大支;相关性分析显示果实长度与果实宽度,海拔与刺毛长度极显著正相关。