镧对鲤鱼五种组织超氧化物歧化酶同工酶及酶活性的影响

将鲤鱼暴露于不同浓度的氯化镧溶液120 d,研究稀土元素镧对鲤鱼脑、肝胰脏、肾、鳃、肌肉5种组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶及酶活性的长期影响,结果表明:镧对SOD的影响表现出一定的组织差异性.在实验浓度范围内(0.01～5 mg/L),镧对肝胰脏、鳃、肌肉SOD均有明显抑制作用,且与对照组相比相差显著或极显著(P< 0.05或P< 0.01),而脑、肾SOD活性与对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05).同工酶电泳实验结果表明:镧能使鲤鱼肝胰脏、脑、肾、肌肉、鳃SOD酶带活性强弱发生明显变化,还能使肝胰脏SOD同工酶酶带缺失.     

稀土元素对鲤鱼肝胰脏多种酶及MDA含量的影响

目的：探究稀土元素对鱼类肝胰脏抗氧化性及淀粉酶的长期影响。方法：将鲤鱼暴露于0.01、0.1、2、5mg/L的La^3＋溶液中120d,研究分析了La^3＋对鲤鱼肝胰脏POD和SOD活性,MDA含量及SOD和AMY同工酶的影响。结果：表明0.01、0.1、2、5mg/LLa^3＋组与对照组相比,镧对肝胰脏中MDA含量影响不显著,对SOD和POD的活性却表现出了显著抑制（p〈0.05或p〈0.01）。同工酶电泳实验结果表明：鲤鱼肝胰脏SOD酶带,对照组有3条,但处理组各有1条,且酶带亮度弱于对照;0.01、0.1mg/L组La^3＋导致AMY酶带亮度较对照组明显增强,且新增1条酶带。但2、5mg/L组,镧对AMY同工酶影响并不显著。结论：La^3＋能使肝胰脏SOD、POD活性减弱,能使SOD、AMY同工酶酶谱发生显著变化。     

柱状田头菇菌丝对镉胁迫的抗氧化响应

研究了不同浓度Cd处理对柱状田头菇菌丝抗氧化酶及谷胱甘肽含量的影响.结果表明,在低浓度范围内随着Cd处理浓度的增加,菌丝抗氧化酶的活力上升,过氧化氢酶(CAT)与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性分别在Cd浓度为0.1和0.4mmol·L-1时达最大值;过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和脂氧合酶(LOX)的活性在Cd浓度为0.2mmol·L-1时达到峰值.而在高Cd浓度处理时,柱状田头菇菌丝抗氧化酶系(POD、CAT、SOD等)显著受到抑制.0.4~1.6mmol·L-1Cd处理可显著提高菌丝体内还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平,却不影响氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量.在整个试验过程中,均未检测到抗坏血酸及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性.用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析Cd胁迫下柱状田头菇菌丝抗氧化酶的同工酶谱发现,0.1~0.8mmol·L-1Cd处理可诱导过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(EST)和脂氧合酶(LOX)新同工酶的表达,提高组成型过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶的表达强度;1.6mmol·L-1Cd处理显著抑制POD、CAT、SOD等的表达.     

Pb-Cu复合胁迫对马蔺幼苗生长和生理指标的影响

采用营养液培养法,研究了不同质量浓度Pb-Cu复合胁迫对马蔺[Iris lactea Pall. var. chinensis (Fisch.)Koidz.]幼苗生长和一些生理指标的影响. 结果表明, 处理35 d后, 在50.00 mg·L-1Pb与0.10、 1.00、 10.00 mg·L-1Cu组成的3个复合胁迫处理组中,马蔺幼苗的株高、根长、地上部分和地下部分的鲜质量和干质量、叶片叶绿素a(Chla)和叶绿素b(Chlb)的含量均低于对照组(0.00 mg·L-1Pb-0.01 mg·L-1Cu),叶片SOD和POD活性则显著高于对照组;其中,50.00 mg·L-1Pb-10.00 mg·L-1Cu处理组幼苗的株高、根长、Chla和Chlb含量及SOD和POD活性均最高,地上部分和地下部分的鲜质量和干质量也较高.在100.00 mg·L-1Pb与0.10、1.00、10.00 mg·L-1Cu组成的3个复合胁迫处理组中,100.00 mg·L-1Pb-0.10 mg·L-1Cu处理组幼苗的株高、根长、地上部分和地下部分的鲜质量及干质量、Chla和Chlb含量以及SOD和POD活性基本上都显著高于对照组,100.00 mg·L-1Pb-1.00 mg·L-1Cu处理组中幼苗的株高、地上部分鲜质量和干质量以及叶片的SOD和POD活性也均显著高于对照组;而在100.00 mg·L-1Pb-10.00 mg·L-1Cu处理组中幼苗的株高、根长以及地上部分和地下部分的鲜质量和干质量均最低,Chla和Chlb的含量则显著低于对照组.研究结果表明, 50.00 mg·L-1Pb与较高质量浓度Cu(10.00 mg·L-1)复合处理可在一定程度上缓解Pb胁迫对马蔺幼苗的伤害;而100.00 mg·L-1Pb与较低质量浓度Cu(0.10 mg·L-1)复合处理不但能减轻Pb胁迫对马蔺幼苗的伤害,还有一定的刺激生长的作用;但较高质量浓度的Pb-Cu复合胁迫则加剧了对马蔺幼苗的生长和生理代谢的抑制作用.     

Effects of lanthanum on the active oxygenscavenging enzyme activities and ultrastructure in Potamogeton crispus leaves

在菹草培养液中施用LaCl3·8 H2O培养菹草,研究了稀土镧对菹草活性氧清除酶活性及叶细胞超微结构的影响.结果表明,菹草在含适宜浓度La3+的培养液中长势均好于对照.较低浓度La3+处理时,菹草叶绿素含量、叶片自发荧光强度、硝酸还原酶(NRase)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及可溶性蛋白质含量均升高,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、细胞膜透性、O2-产生速率及丙二醛(MDA)含量则呈降低趋势,电镜观察结果为La3+对菹草生长的影响提供了细胞学证据.实验认为促进菹草生长的最适La3+浓度为5～10 mg·L-1.     

硝酸镧和兰科菌根真菌对铁皮石斛生理特性的影响

利用盆栽的方式研究了不同硝酸镧水平(0、1.0、3.0、5.0和7.0mg·L-1)下接种兰科菌根真菌对铁皮石斛生物量、多糖和蛋白质合成的影响,并分析了叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化,以探讨硝酸镧和兰科菌根真菌对铁皮石斛生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)添加适量的硝酸镧有利于菌根真菌侵染和菌根发育,提高铁皮石斛幼苗生物量。(2)在接种菌根真菌的同时添加5.0mg·L-1的硝酸镧,铁皮石斛的根重、茎叶重和总生物量均达到最大,分别是未添加硝酸镧以及未接种对照组的4.26倍、4.98倍和4.87倍,其菌根侵染率也高达92.8%;而且可显著提高叶片中叶绿素含量,并显著降低细胞内的丙二醛含量。(3)在适量(5.0mg·L-1)的硝酸镧水平下接种菌根真菌能促进铁皮石斛幼苗多糖和蛋白质的合成,并显著提高细胞内SOD、CAT和POD活性。研究认为,菌根真菌与适宜浓度硝酸镧(5.0 mg·L-1)联合使用能显著促进铁皮石斛菌根的形成,增强植株的生理活性和适应能力,提高其生物量和多糖等活性成分的积累,有效改善铁皮石斛的药用品质。     

钙对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系保护酶同工酶表达的影响

以'新泰密刺'黄瓜为材料,采用营养液栽培方法,对根际低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系SOD、POD和CAT同工酶进行了分析.结果显示,与对照相比,单纯低氧胁迫处理的黄瓜幼苗根系SOD和CAT同工酶活性先降低再升高, 而POD同工酶活性则持续升高;营养液增施4 mmol·L-1 CaCl2明显缓解了低氧胁迫对黄瓜植株的伤害, 其SOD、POD和CAT同工酶活性接近对照水平;与单纯低氧胁迫相比,营养液增施50 μmol·L-1 LaCl3显著抑制了幼苗根系SOD、POD和CAT同工酶活性的升高;营养液增施20 μmol·L-1三氟拉嗪(TFP)引起植株根系SOD、POD和CAT同工酶表达量的剧烈波动,随胁迫时间的延长SOD和CAT同工酶均先迅速升高后又迅速降低,而POD同工酶活性则迅速降低.研究表明,外源Ca2+增加了Ca2+向黄瓜植株体内的运输,促进了低氧逆境胁迫信号向体内的传递,提高了根系保护酶的表达量及其活性氧清除水平,从而增强了黄瓜植株耐低氧胁迫的能力.     

山核桃外果皮黄酮提取液对小麦和绿豆幼苗的化感效应

以盆栽小麦和绿豆幼苗为材料,研究了7个浓度山核桃外果皮黄酮提取液(0.02～0.14 mg·L-1)处理对小麦和绿豆幼苗生长及其叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、氧自由基(O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率的影响.结果显示:在试验浓度范围内,各处理对小麦和绿豆生长具有促进作用;0.06～0.08 mg·L-1黄酮提取液对小麦苗高和根长的影响极显著(P<0.01),0.06 mg·L-1时根长和苗高的化感效应指数(RI)分别为0.136和0.120;0.12 mg·L-1黄酮提取液对绿豆胚根和胚轴具有极显著促进作用,对下胚轴和胚根的化感效应指数分别为0.147和0.123;适宜浓度黄酮提取液能显著提高小麦和绿豆幼苗叶片SOD、POD的活性,同时显著降低其O2产生速率、MDA含量和相对电导率.研究表明,适宜浓度的山核桃外果皮黄酮提取液具有促使小麦和绿豆幼苗生长、提高其叶片保护酶活性和增强细胞膜结构稳定性的作用.     

不同质量浓度多效唑对碗莲品种'火花'生长和 叶片部分生理指标的影响

研究了不同质量浓度(0~50 mg·L-1)多效唑对碗莲(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)品种'火花'('Huohua')生长的影响及多效唑处理过程中叶片部分生理指标的变化,并进行了隶属函数值分析和相关性分析.结果表明:质量浓度10~50 mg·L-1多效唑处理抑制碗莲品种'火花'生长.随着多效唑质量浓度提高,立叶数、立叶长、立叶宽、立叶高、花径、花高和开花总数总体上呈逐渐降低的趋势,且总体上与对照组(质量浓度0 mg·L-1多效唑)差异显著.随着处理时间延长,质量浓度10~50 mg·L-1多效唑处理组叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的变化趋势各异;质量浓度10~50 mg·L-1多效唑处理组叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,以及质量浓度10、20和30 mg·L-1多效唑处理组叶片中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性总体上呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,而质量浓度40和50 mg·L-1多效唑处理组叶片中CAT活性则呈逐渐降低的变化趋势.相关性分析结果表明:碗莲品种'火花'生长指标的隶属函数值间以及叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量和POD活性的隶属函数值与生长指标的隶属函数值间的相关性总体在0.05或0.01水平上显著.研究结果显示:质量浓度10、20和30 mg·L-1多效唑处理可有效控制碗莲品种'火花'生长,提高其观赏性;且其生长指标以及叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量和POD活性可以作为判断碗莲品种'火花'矮化效果的可靠、简易指标.     

硝酸银和乙烯利对黄瓜叶片中3种氧化还原酶同工酶和酶活性影响的比较

黄瓜经300 mg*L-1硝酸银和200 mg*L-1乙烯利处理后,叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)两种同工酶的酶谱带数和酶活性均明显受到诱导,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)几乎不受影响.两种药剂处理的POD和SOD酶谱和活性变化有明显差异,硝酸银诱导两种酶带和活性高峰出现早,而乙烯利则能诱导更多的酶带数.两种药剂诱导POD和SOD有同时增强表达的效果.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000