毁灭柱孢菌中一种人参皂苷Rb1水解酶的纯化及酶学性质研究

通过DEAE-纤维素阴离子交换层析、30％～80％（NH3）2SO3盐析、Sepharose CL-6B凝胶过滤层析和Mono Q HR5／5阴离子交换层析,从毁灭枉孢菌培养液中部分纯化出一种能够水解人参皂苷Rb,的β-葡萄糖苷酶F-I。F—I具有较好的pH稳定性和热稳定性,在pH4．0～11．0范围内和55℃以下表现出良好的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,其最适pH为5．0,最适温度为55℃。EDTA、Cu^2＋和Zn^2＋对该酶活性有较强的抑制作用。底物专一性分析表明,F—I能高特异性水解人工合成的底物pNPG,还能水解β-葡萄糖苷键连接的二糖如纤维二糖和龙胆二糖,说明此酶为一种β-葡萄糖苷酶。F—I对人参皂苷Rb1表现了较强的水解活性,而对人参皂苷Rb2和Rc的水解活性较低。该酶水解人参皂苷Rb1的路径为Rb1→Rd→F2→C—K。F—I对人参皂苷Rb1的这种高效水解为稀有人参皂苷的工业制备奠定了基础。     

正交试验法优选薯蓣皂苷元萃取条件研究

目的:为明确薯蓣皂苷元的最佳提取工艺,我们采用超临界CO2萃取技术,通过正交试验优化穿山龙中薯蓣皂苷元的提取工艺。方法:探讨萃取压力、萃取温度、分离Ⅰ压力、分离Ⅰ温度等因素对薯蓣皂苷元收率的影响。确定了薯蓣皂苷元的最佳萃取条件。结果:穿山龙中薯蓣皂苷元超临界萃取的最佳条件为萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度50℃,分离Ⅰ压力13 MPa,分离Ⅰ温度40℃。结论:超临界CO2萃取法提取薯蓣皂苷元工艺简单,安全有效。     

用盾叶薯蓣生产薯蓣皂苷元预发酵与水解条件优化

采用RP-HPLC法检测薯蓣皂苷元,对薯蓣皂苷元提取过程中影响产率的多种因素,分预发酵、水解2部分分别用单因素和正交设计的方法进行优化.结果表明:40℃预发酵16 h,加6%浓H2SO4,料液比为1∶6,温度为121～126℃,水解5 h,产率高达3.62%,说明预发酵与水解条件优化可以提高盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis C. H. Wright)生产薯蓣皂苷元的产率.     

少根根霉原变种发酵生产薯蓣皂苷元

从穿龙薯蓣Dioscorea nipponica中分离得到的一少根根霉原变种Rhizopus arrhizus var. arrhizus菌株,能实现薯蓣皂苷的生物转化。用该菌株发酵穿龙薯蓣D. nipponica生产薯蓣皂苷元,采用高效液相色谱法测定薯蓣皂苷元的含量,其总得率可达3.00%。运用该菌株发酵制备薯蓣皂苷元,操作简单,环保,且得率高。     

阶梯生物催化协同超声提取葫芦巴中薯蓣皂苷的工艺研究

研究响应面法优化阶梯生物催化协同超声提取葫芦巴中薯蓣皂苷的工艺。以葫芦巴中薯蓣皂苷提取量为考察指标,通过单因素试验及响应面试验设计,探讨依次加入纤维素酶和果胶酶复合酶制剂、糖化酶的使用量、酶解温度、pH值、酶解时间对薯蓣皂苷提取量的影响,优化阶梯生物催化协同超声提取葫芦巴中薯蓣皂苷的工艺条件。结果显示,薯蓣皂苷在最佳提取条件下的提取量为23.04 mg/g,比直接超声提取增加了33.88%,表明阶梯生物催化协同超声法是一种高效、简便的从葫芦巴中提取薯蓣皂苷的方法。     

人参皂苷Rb3糖基水解酶的纯化及其反应特性

人参皂苷Rb3是三七茎叶皂苷的主要成分。为了充分利用廉价的三七茎叶皂苷,该研究以微生物Aspergillus sp. P90r菌为对象,综合运用生物转化的方法,经过提取、分离纯化和酶活力测定等步骤,最终以确定酶反应途径的方式得到了所产的特异性人参皂苷Rb3糖基水解酶的相关性质和动力学等反应特性。结果表明:该酶比Absidia sp. GRB3-X8r菌产酶活力高15%~25%,SDS-PAGE电泳结果测得分子量约为65.6ku,纯化后酶蛋白的含量为0.237 mg·mL~(-1),蛋白比活力可达到169 U·mg~(-1),纯化倍数为13.70,回收率为9.39%。人参皂苷Rb3糖基水解酶在pH=5.0的偏酸性环境下酶活力很高,最适反应条件:pH=3.0~5.0,温度45℃,其中在pH=4.0~6.0范围内相对稳定。该酶在20 min时进入混合级反应,酶反应米氏常数Km值为8.77 mmol·L~(-1),V_(max)为57.44 mmol·L~(-1)·h~(-1),在60 min时反应速度达到最大,Vmax趋于稳定,为66.63mmol·L~(-1)·h~(-1)。通过对酶的催化特性研究表明,该酶先水解Rb3的20-O-木糖基,其次水解3-O-葡萄糖基,最终催化反应产物中有F2和C-K生成。综上结果,微生物Aspergillus sp. P90r菌酶具有能水解人参皂苷Rb3木糖基和葡萄糖基的特异性。     

根霉α-半乳糖苷酶的三相分离及其酶学性质

根霉Rhizopus sp. A01发酵豆渣产α-半乳糖苷酶,粗酶液依次经过三相分离、Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤获得了电泳纯的α-半乳糖苷酶,纯化了6.7倍,总酶活回收率达到46%;凝胶过滤和SDS-PAGE显示该酶为相对分子质量为87.6kDa的单体蛋白。该酶水解对硝基苯-α-D-吡喃半乳糖苷的最适pH值为5.0,最适温度为55℃,表观Km、kcat/Km分别为2.56mmol/L、47,400L/mol·s;能微弱水解蜜二糖和棉子糖,水解蜜二糖的速率是水解棉子糖速率的3.4倍;水解活性受多种     

菜豆幼苗EPSP合成酶的分离纯化和它的部分性质

利用硫酸铵分级沉淀,SephedexG-50凝胶柱层析,FPLCMono-Q和磷酸纤维素离子层析法从菜豆幼苗中分离提纯了EPSP合成酶。该酶被纯化2961.6倍,比活性达到6219.4nmolmg-1蛋白min-1。该酶分子量经SDS-PAGE检测为51kD,等电点为pH5.7,酶促反应最适pH7.5,最适温度45℃。6.2μmol/L的除草剂草甘膦能抑制EPSP合成酶活性的50%。     

盾叶薯蓣内生真菌及其对宿主培养物生长和皂苷元生产的影响

从盾叶薯蓣根状茎中分离并鉴定了9株内生真菌,经悬浮培养14d,分别制备灭活菌丝和菌液浓缩物。其中,内生尖孢镰刀菌Dzf17能有效地提高盾叶薯蓣无菌苗和培养细胞薯蓣皂苷元的含量和产率,且灭活菌丝的诱导效果要强于菌液浓缩物。Dzf17灭活菌丝处理无菌苗,薯蓣皂苷元的产率为78.697mg/L,是对照(27.471mg/L)的2.865倍;用Dzf17菌液浓缩物处理无菌苗,皂苷元产率为41.822mg/L,是对照的1.522倍。Dzf17灭活菌丝处理培养细胞,薯蓣皂苷元的产率为1.391mg/L,是对照(0.691mg/L)的2.013倍;用Dzf17菌液浓缩物处理培养细胞,皂苷元产率为1.214mg/L,是对照的1.757倍。结果表明,在盾叶薯蓣无菌苗或细胞培养中添加一定量的内生真菌灭活菌丝或菌液浓缩物对于提高薯蓣皂苷元含量和产量将是一种有效的方法。     

内生菌液体发酵提高穿山龙提取物中薯蓣皂苷元的含量

目的:分离提取穿龙薯蓣内生真菌,筛选能够发酵提高穿山龙药材提取物中薯蓣皂苷元含量的功能菌种.方法:采用PDA培养基分离纯化穿龙薯蓣内生真菌,将内生真菌与灭菌后穿山龙药材提取物在恒温振荡培养箱中,120 r/min,28℃培养7天.以高效液相法测定发酵物中薯蓣皂苷元的含量,并与原药材提取物、灭菌药材提取物以及未灭菌药材提取物的发酵物进行比较.结果:分离提取穿龙薯蓣内生真菌102种,其中C39菌能够稳定提高灭菌后穿山龙提取物中薯蓣皂苷元的含量,提高幅度达原药材提取物的20％-30％.结论:经液体发酵,穿龙薯蓣内生真菌C39能够稳定提高穿山龙药材提取物中薯蓣皂苷元的含量.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.