健康妇女下生殖道解脲脲原体及其分群分型研究

目的了解健康妇女下生殖道Uu携带情况和定量值,揭示正常携带状态下Uu的分群分型情况。方法对2005年4月至8月在中山大学附属第二医院体检中心进行体检的健康妇女1018例,取宫颈分泌物进行Uu FQ-PCR检测,Uu阳性标本再用RDB法进行Uu分群分型。结果1018例中Uu阳性371例(阳性率36.4%),其中Uu FQ-PCR<1×106copy/ml且Uu呈单独阳性289例(77.9%)。371例Uu阳性标本,可以检测出血清型的共337例,未检出34例,总检出率为90.8%。parvum群278例(82.5%),urealyticum群30例(8.9%),两群混合阳性29例(8.6%);parvum群中,血清1型单型别阳性50例(18.0%),血清3型单型别阳性81例(29.1%),血清6型单型别阳性111例(39.9%),血清14型单型别阳性4例(1.4%),多型别阳性32例(11.5%)。结论Uu在健康妇女下生殖道中存在无症状的携带状态。在健康妇女中,Uu主要表现为Uu定量<1×106copy/ml而且Uu呈单独阳性。健康妇女中Uu以parvum群占优势,并且以parvum群中的1、3、6型的单型别为主,提示parvum群,尤其是其中的1、3、6单型别是正常人群携带的可能性较大。     

酶联免疫吸附试验夹心法检测解脲脲原体方法的建立

目的为了提高解脲脲原体(Ureaplasma urealyticum,UU)检测的快速性。方法用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)夹心法检测UU抗原并与传统的培养法相比较。结果ELISA夹心法敏感度为92.6%,特异度为97.4%,最低能够检测出蛋白含量为5～10ng/ml的UU抗原。结论ELISA夹心法是一种敏感、方便、快捷、适合大规模标本检测解脲脲原体的方法。     

男性患者解脲脲原体三种不同检测方法评价及药敏分析

目的对男性患者解脲脲原体进行三种检测方法的对比研究及药敏分析。方法选取桂林医学院附属医院自2015年1月至2015年12月收治的406例男性解脲脲原体感染患者作为临床研究对象,分别同时用培养鉴定法、DNA实时荧光定量法(RT-PCR)及RNA实时荧光恒温扩增检测(SAT)法三种方法对标本进行检测。以培养鉴定法作为对照组,对比RT-PCR及SAT方法对解脲脲原体的阳性检出率。结果培养鉴定法、RT-PCR、SAT法阳性检出率分别为41.7%、35.5%、43.6%,培养鉴定法与SAT法阳性检出率明显高于RT-PCR,具有显著差异(χ~2=4.35,P=0.0362);培养鉴定法与SAT法阳性率无明显差异(χ2=2.89,P=0.0982),有较好的一致性(K=0.890,P0.05);药敏结果显示,解脲脲原体对强力霉素、美满霉素敏感性较高,敏感率为97.6%。结论对男性疑似解脲脲原体感染患者建议选择不同检测方法诊断以保证阳性检出率,可以更好指导临床抗生素合理使用。     

环介导等温扩增技术对解脲脲原体的临床检测

目的建立并优化环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术对解脲脲原体(U.urealyticum)的检测,并应用于临床样本分析。方法针对U.urealyticum的urease基因设计LAMP引物;研究LAMP的最适温度、最佳检测时间及灵敏度和特异度;与传统PCR检测进行方法学比对。结果 LAMP技术检测U.urealyticum的最适温度和最佳时间分别是61℃和60 min,并且具有良好灵敏度和特异度,较普通PCR检测的灵敏度高出1 000倍。临床样本检测中,PCR和LAMP技术达到的灵敏度分别为25.00%和87.50%。两种方法的特异度均为100.00%。结论 LAMP与PCR相比在基层检测和大规模筛查方面有显著的优势和巨大的利用价值。     

慢性阴道炎患者生殖道解脲脲原体和沙眼衣原体感染分析

目的通过荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术检测慢性阴道炎患者阴道内解脲脲原体(Uu)和沙眼衣原体(Ct)感染状况,用以指导临床正确治疗。方法应用荧光定量聚合酶链反应对380例慢性阴道炎患者的阴道分泌物进行解脲脲原体和沙眼衣原体PCR检测。结果解脲脲原体阳性率为42.9%,其阳性标本的平均拷贝数为3.4×105copies/ml,沙眼衣原体阳性率为16.6%,其阳性标本的平均拷贝数为5.8×104copies/ml,解脲脲原体和沙眼衣原体合并感染的阳性率为12.6%。结论PCR技术具有简便、快捷、准确的优点,是目前快速诊断慢性阴道炎患者Uu、Ct感染状况的可靠诊断方法之一。     

应用Real-time PCR检测溶脲脲原体生物群的实验研究

目的建立一种检测溶脲脲原体两个生物群的快速简便方法。方法采用Real-time PCR技术对50例男性科门诊的尿道炎患者中的溶脲脲原体的两个生物群进行了检测。结果50例男性患者经Real-time PCR技术检测,溶脲脲原体阳性23例（36.9%）,在这23例溶脲脲原体阳性男性患者中,溶脲脲原体生物群1所占的比例为14%,溶脲脲原体生物群2所占的比例是32%,溶脲脲原体生物群1,2均阳性所占的比例为2%。结论Real-time PCR方法是检测溶脲脲原体两个生物群的一个快速,简便的方法。     

解脲脲原体药物敏感性变迁研究

目的:探讨上海地区2008与2012年泌尿生殖道解脲脲原体(Ureaplasma urealyticum,UU)耐药性变化,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法:采用自制UU药物敏感检测试剂对2008年450例和2012年459例患者的标本进行检测,观察UU阳性情况及UU对交沙霉素、氧氟沙星、阿奇霉素和强力霉素的药物敏感性。结果:2008年分离到150例UU阳性标本和2012年分离到134例UU阳性标本分别对交沙霉素、强力霉素、氧氟沙星和阿奇霉素等4种抗菌素的敏感率有显著性差异;2008年46例和2012年38例男性患者阳性标本中分离的UU分别对交沙霉素和阿奇霉素敏感率有显著性差异;对强力霉素和氧氟沙星敏感率无显著性差异。2008年104例和2012年96例女性患者阳性标本中分离的UU分别对交沙霉素、强力霉素、氧氟沙星和阿奇霉素等4中抗菌素的敏感率都有显著性差异。结论:5年间UU药物敏感性发生了变迁;临床医师应该关注本地区药物敏感性变迁,合理选用抗生素。     

解脲脲原体的生物群、血清型与致病

解脲脲原体可以寄居于人泌尿生殖道,在性成熟无症状妇女40%～80%子宫颈或阴道内携带解脲脲原体,感染多见于年青、多性伴及口服避孕药者.作为一种条件致病微生物,女性子宫颈处的解脲脲原体不一定引起临床上可见的炎症改变,其致病性与多种因素有关,如宿主免疫力、性伴数、血清型别等,如果无明显的临床体征,要考虑这些因素的影响,本文主要论述其致病性与可能血清型别的关系.     

自制解脲与人型支原体培养基的实验研究

目的用自制解脲与人型支原体培养基对泌尿生殖道标本支原体进行检测,并与传统的培养基比较.方法培养基以布氏肉汤为基础,并增加小牛血清含量;将传统培养基中的抑菌剂青霉素改为万古霉素、氟康唑与多粘菌素B;将解脲培养基中的酚红指示剂改为氯酚红.结果用自制培养基对1 071例泌尿生殖道标本支原体检测,阳性346例,阳性率为32.3%,解脲、人型支原体与其混和感染,分别占阳性总数的63.3%、7.2%和29.5%.221例标本用传统与自制解脲培养基同时检测,传统培养基有尿素分解69例,其中32例有细菌生长,阳性检出率为16.7%.自制培养基有尿素分解82例,仅5例有细菌生长,阳性检出率为37.1%.结论自制培养基营养丰富、配制简单、选择性强和变色灵敏,与传统培养基比较,检出率高,污染小,临床应用效果满意.     

PCR法检测正常女性宫颈中的溶脲脲原体生物群

目的了解正常妇女宫颈中溶脲脲原体两个生物群的分布及药物敏感性。方法采用PCR技术对妇科门诊的正常妇女宫颈的溶脲脲原体两个生物群进行检测。结果50例正常妇女经PCR-CE检测,21例(42.0%)溶脲脲原体阳性其中溶脲脲原体生物群1阳性16例(76.2%),生物群2阳性5例(23.8%)。结论溶脲脲原体生物群1可能是女性生殖道一种正常菌群。而溶脲脲原体生物群2能引起妇科疾病从而导致不孕。     

Pathogenicity of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum in the lower genital tract of female BALB/c mice

The aim of this study was to establish a murine model of lower genital tract infection by Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum and evaluate differences in pathogenicity of five serotypes. BALB/c female mice were divided into seven groups (five mice in each group), including five groups infected in the lower genital tract after treatment with estradiol with U. urealyticum serotypes 4 and 8 and U. parvum serotypes 1, 3, and 6, respectively, and two control groups of untreated mice and estradiol treated mice. The presence of infection was determined on solid and liquid culture media. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression in lower genital tract secretions was determined by PCR, and morphological and histological changes of the lower genital tract were observed. The genital secretions of all inoculated mice were positive for U. urealyticum and U. parvum on culture in both liquid and solid media. TNF-α expression at 7 and 14 days after infection was markedly increased as compared with that of the controls. Morphological changes of the external genitalia included hair loss and erosions, and histological examination revealed infiltration by inflammatory cells. The five serotypes tested were all found to be pathogenic, and the pathogenicity varied with serotype 4 showing the greatest pathogenicity.     

Development of real-time PCR for the differential detection and quantification of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum

Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum are recently recognized species of the genus Ureaplasma. In humans, Ureaplasma spp. can be found on mucosal surfaces, primarily in the respiratory and urogenital tracts. They have been implicated in various human diseases such as nongonococcal urethritis, intrauterine infections in association with adverse pregnancy outcome and fetal morbidity, and pneumonitis in immunocompromised hosts. We have developed two quantitative real-time PCR assays to differentially detect U. parvum and U. urealyticum. Based upon the sequence information of the urease gene (ureB), we designed two TaqMan primer and probe combinations specific for U. parvum and U. urealyticum, respectively. The assays did not react with nucleic acid preparations from 16 bacterial species commonly encountered in relevant clinical specimens, including seven urease-producing species. Each assay had a detection limit of approximately five copies per reaction of the respective gene target. The results suggest that these assays are both sensitive and specific for U. parvum and U. urealyticum. Further investigation of both assays using clinical specimens is appropriate.     

Genotypic characterization of Ureaplasma species by pulsed field gel electrophoresis

We describe the first use of pulsed field gel electrophoresis to genotype human Ureaplasma species. This technique can distinguish between U. urealyticum and U. parvum, differentiate most of the 14 serovars from one another, and identify differences among clinical isolates of the same serovar.     

Visual DNA microarrays for simultaneous detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis coupled with multiplex asymmetrical PCR

Visual DNA microarrays, based on gold label silver stain (GLSS) and coupled with multiplex asymmetrical PCR, were developed for simultaneous, sensitive and specific detection of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis. 5'-end-amino-modified oligonucleotides, which were immobilized on glass surface, acted as capturing probes that were designed to bind complementary biotinylated targets DNA. The gold-conjugated streptavidins were introduced to the microarray for specific binding to biotin. The black image of microarray spots, resulting from the precipitation of silver onto nanogold particles bound to streptavidins, were used to detect biotinylated targets DNA visually or with a visible light scanner. Multiplex asymmetrical PCR of U. urealyticum, C. trachomatis and Bacillus subtilis (used as positive control) was performed to prepare abundant biotinylated single-stranded targets DNA, which affected detection efficiency and sensitivity of hybridization on microarray. Plenty of clinical samples of U. urealyticum and C. trachomatis from infected patients were tested using home-made DNA microarrays. For its high sensitivity, good specificity, simplicity, cheapness and speed, the present visual gene-detecting technique has potential applications in clinical fields.     

In vivo and in vitro impairment of human and ram sperm nuclear chromatin integrity by sexually transmitted Ureaplasma urealyticum infection

The incidence of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection in the semen of infertile men is variable (7%-42%). Evidence has accumulated through routine semen analysis to suggest that this infection can cause embryo loss without necessarily affecting sperm quality. The aim of this study was to specifically investigate the effects of U. urealyticum infection on sperm chromatin stability and DNA integrity, which are known to be correlated to pregnancy outcome. Sperm cells isolated from human semen infected in vivo with U. urealyticum exhibited a low percentage of stable chromatin as determined by nuclear chromatin decondensation assay (42% +/- 4.8%, n = 8) and a high percent of denatured DNA as determined by sperm chromatin structure assay (60.9% +/- 9.1%, n = 7). After doxycyclin treatment, a significant improvement in both parameters was observed (73.7% +/- 3.6%, P: < 0.001 and 30.1% +/- 3.5%, P: < 0.008, respectively). Sperm cells infected in vitro exhibited higher rates of viability and motility than uninfected cells. In contradistinction, U. urealyticum caused significant dose- and time-dependent chromatin decondensation and DNA damage. The percentage of human sperm cells with denatured DNA increased significantly by 54.9% +/- 23.9% and 47. 9% +/- 12.1%, after 30 min infection with serotypes 8 and 3, respectively, at a multiplicity of infection of 100 ureaplasmas per sperm compared with uninfected control cells. The damage to DNA was significantly more pronounced in infected ram sperm (180.9% +/- 21. 5%). These results indicate that preserved sperm activity post U. urealyticum infection resulted in damage to paternal DNA, although a high fertilization rate was maintained, and embryonic development may, therefore, be impaired.     

女性生殖道解脲支原体感染与胎膜早破与新生儿窒息的相关性

摘要 目的：探讨女性生殖道解脲支原体(Ureaplasma urealyticum,UU)感染与胎膜早破与新生儿窒息的相关性。方法：2017年6月至2019年6月选择在地区门诊就诊的孕妇108例,检测生殖道解脲支原体感染情况,调查所有孕妇的一般资料、分娩方式、胎膜早破、新生儿窒息状况并进行相关性分析。结果：在108例孕妇中,48例检出解脲支原体感染,感染率为44.4 %。感染组的年龄、体重指数、产次、孕次、受教育年限、孕周等与非感染组对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。感染组的胎膜早破与新生儿窒息发生率分别为22.9 %和18.8 %,显著高于非感染组的3.3 %和1.7 %(P<0.05)。感染组的剖宫产率高于非感染组,自然分娩率低于非感染组,对比差异都有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在108例孕妇中,Pearson分析显示解脲支原体感染与胎膜早破、新生儿窒息都存在相关性(P<0.05)。结论：女性生殖道解脲支原体感染比较常见,可导致剖宫产、胎膜早破、新生儿窒息发生率增加,也与胎膜早破、新生儿窒息存在显著相关性。     

Ureaplasma antigenic variation beyond MBA phase variation: DNA inversions generating chimeric structures and switching in expression of the MBA N-terminal paralogue UU172

Phase variation of the major ureaplasma surface membrane protein, the multiple-banded antigen (MBA), with its counterpart, the UU376 protein, was recently discussed as a result of DNA inversion occurring at specific inverted repeats. Two similar inverted repeats to the ones within the mba locus were found in the genome of Ureaplasma parvum serovar 3; one within the MBA N-terminal paralogue UU172 and another in the adjacent intergenic spacer region. In this report, we demonstrate on both genomic and protein level that DNA inversion at these inverted repeats leads to alternating expression between UU172 and the neighbouring conserved hypothetical ORF UU171. Sequence analysis of this phase-variable 'UU172 element' from both U. parvum and U. urealyticum strains revealed that it is highly conserved among both species and that it also includes the orthologue of UU144. A third inverted repeat region in UU144 is proposed to serve as an additional potential inversion site from which chimeric genes can evolve. Our results indicate that site-specific recombination events in the genome of U. parvum serovar 3 are dynamic and frequent, leading to a broad spectrum of antigenic variation by which the organism may evade host immune responses.     

正常妇女和下生殖道炎症及不孕症时泌尿生殖道中的溶脲脲原体

本文报道165例妇女宫颈阴道分泌物和部分不育男性精液的溶脲脲原体的分离结果。正常妇女组检出率为33％(11/33)、宫颈炎和阴道炎组为67％(39/59)、不孕症组80％(35/44)、富颈癌组24％(5/21)。不孕夫妇中,13例男性精液检查有9例溶脲脲原体阳性。经比较有炎症组和不孕症组的溶脲脲原体检出率高于正常组2倍多,差异显著(P<0.01和<0.005)。鉴于溶脲脲原体作为人泌尿生殖道中的常住菌,其微生态意义与下生殖道炎症和某些不孕症的关系值得进一步深入研究。     

Rapid detection of tetM in Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum by PCR: tetM confers resistance to tetracycline but not necessarily to doxycycline

Tetracycline resistance in Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum has been associated with the tetM determinant and has recently been increasing in incidence. We report here a rapid method for detection of the tetM determinant based on the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a 397-bp DNA fragment from the tetM gene and verification of specificity using the restriction enzyme TaqI. Analysis of 42 U. urealyticum and 49 M. hominis isolates indicates that the PCR method may be clinically useful for determination of tetracycline sensitivity, as tetM is presently the only known determinant associated with tetracycline resistance in these two organisms. All of the tetM-positive M. hominis isolates were sensitive to doxycycline, indicating that tetM does not necessarily confer resistance to this antibiotic.