用假单胞菌进行三次采油的研究

人大庆油田油层水中分离得到1株假单胞菌P－21,对其发酵液进行研究。室内实验证明,8％的P－21发酵液与原油混合,在45℃的条件下作用24h,对原油的降粘率达到57.8％,防蜡率达到80％。而10％的P－21发酵液可能使人工岩芯中的原油采收率提高11.2%,同时使注入压力下降38.4%。因此,P－21在微生物提高原油采收率中有很大的应用潜力。     

芽孢杆菌发酵条件的优化及其在室内条件下提高原油采收率的初步研究

筛选到一株可以在厌氧条件下以原油为唯一碳源生长的芽孢杆菌L - 2 3。对其中试发酵条件进行了优化 ,确定了L - 2 3的最适发酵条件 ,用补料的方法控制葡萄糖浓度在 0 .6% ,在 16h内 ,发酵液的菌体浓度可以达到 5 .2× 10 9cell mL。把 5 %的L - 2 3发酵液加入到原油中 ,在 4 5℃条件下培养 2 4h ,能够使原油粘度降低 2 8%。在室内条件下 ,L - 2 3可以使原油的采收率提高 11%以上。实验证明 ,用L - 2 3进行微生物采油有很好的应用前景。     

假单胞菌L-11产生生物表面活性剂发酵条件的优化

确定了假单胞菌L-11用葡萄糖为底物产生生物表面活性剂的最适发酵培养基组成和发酵条件。在1L的发酵罐中,L-11的发酵液（10％）与原油的界面张力可以达到5.3×10-3mN/m。该产品可以用于微生物提高原油采收率的实验研究。对其放大工艺也进行了初步的研究。     

假单胞菌L-11产生生物表面活性剂发酵条件的优化

确定了假单胞菌L-11用葡萄糖为底物产生生物表面活性剂的最适发酵培养基组成和发酵条件。在1L的发酵罐中,L-11的发酵液（10％）与原油的界面张力可以达到5.3×10^-3mN/m。该产品可以用于微生物提高原油采收率的实验研究。对其放大工艺也进行了初步的研究。     

D-核糖发酵条件研究

对枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis ptn15-1的发酵条件进行优化。采用优化后的培养基对发酵液的pH、发酵温度、摇床转速、接种量、装液量等进行单因素实验。确定发酵最适发酵条件为：pH7.0,发酵温度37℃;摇床转速180r/min,接种量10%,300mL三角瓶装30mL发酵液,发酵时间为68h。在此条件下,该菌的D-核糖产量从31.7g/L提高到43.1g/L,提高了35.9%。     

发酵液预处理和树脂交链度等对L-赖氨酸吸附的影响

用絮凝技术预处理L-赖氨酸发酵液,不仅大大提高了发酵液的固液分离效果并使树脂对L-赖氨酸的重量吸附容量增加了25%。提高树脂的交链度(DVB=10%)既可使吸色率降低19%左右又可使其对L-赖氨酸的体积交换容量上升5%,树脂对L-赖氨酸的吸附特性还表现在上柱液中其浓度为4%处有一极值点,此值比生产上所用浓度时的体交量增加约20%,综合效果为提高L-赖氨酸回收率达15%左右,经济效益显著。     

柴达木沙漠链霉菌S10T阿糖腺苷的大孔树脂分离工艺优化与结构鉴定

为了获得具有药用价值的活性天然产物,采用4种大孔吸附树脂对柴达木沙漠链霉菌(Streptomyces qaidemensis)S10^T发酵液进行静态吸附和解吸实验,优化分离工艺。结果显示,AB-8型树脂具有良好的吸附和解吸性能,该树脂对柴达木沙漠链霉菌S10^T发酵液中的活性天然产物吸附工艺为发酵液pH值9,吸附时间4 h,洗脱液70%甲醇溶液。经正向硅胶、反相硅胶和葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20分离得到了一个化合物,¹H-NMR和¹³C-NMR结合高分辨质谱(LC-HR-MS)鉴定该化合物为阿糖腺苷(vidarabine),是一种具有抗病毒活性的核苷类抗生素,并简单探究了其在柴达木沙漠链霉菌中的生物合成过程。     

超低渗油藏微生物吞吐技术的矿场试验

【目的】通过对渭北低渗油藏内源微生物的研究,考察分离纯化的内源解烃菌产生表面活性剂和降解原油的能力、岩心驱替增油效率,同时验证其在超低渗油田单井吞吐矿场实验的应用效果,探讨微生物采油技术在超低渗油田提高采收率的工艺和可行性。【方法】采集超低渗油藏的油水样,应用油平板进行产表面活性剂解烃菌的分离,通过生理生化特性和16S r RNA基因序列分析对菌株进行种属鉴定,评价其油藏环境适应性,利用内源-外源功能微生物复配体系进行原油降解,在填砂管和岩心物模上进行驱油实验,将优化好的微生物复配体系应用于现场实施单井吞吐工艺的实验。【结果】从渭北某区块超低渗油藏的原油样品中分离得到一株铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),命名为WB-001。该菌株可使发酵液的表面张力降至29.04 m N/m,使渭北原油蜡质含量降至8.48%。填砂管实验表明WB-001与外源枯草芽胞杆菌OPUS-HOB-001(Bacillus subtilis)复配后,驱油效率较单纯水驱提高了9.72%;岩心驱替实验较水驱提高12.54%。微生物单井吞吐措施后,平均日产油由措施前的0.42 t增加到0.89 t,累计增油44.47 t;原油降粘率为11.70%,降凝率为9.41%,采出水表面张力降低幅度为18.93%。【结论】通过详细的室内评估和成功的矿场实验,证明微生物采油技术在超低渗油藏有一定的应用可行性,并为后续规模化应用提供了理论基础和物质基础,为超低渗油田的高效精细开发探索一条新的途径。     

竹黄多醣的研究——Ⅰ.分离纯化及其性质

竹黄是腐生于我国南方剑竹上的一种子囊菌。子实体经分离后,菌丝接种,液体发酵。发酵液过滤,菌丝用沸水抽提,乙醇沉淀,去蛋白质,透析后即得粗制品。粗制品经DEAE-纤维素柱层析两次得到白色粉末的两个多醣组分,Sb1及Sb2。Sb1及Sb2分别经玻璃纤维纸高压电泳,凝胶柱层析,气相层析证明为一单一物质。Sb1及Sb2比旋度均为正值。Sb1具890cm~(-1)的红外吸收。两者均不含氮。与碘无反应。经纸层析与气相色谱分析,Sb1含D-葡萄糖,D-半乳糖和L-阿拉伯糖,其克分子比为0.37:1.0:0.07。Sb2含D-葡萄糖,D-半乳糖,D-甘露糖和L-阿拉伯糖,其克分子比为0.25:1:0.47:0.12。     

竹黄多醣的研究——Ⅰ.分离纯化及其性质

竹黄是腐生于我国南方剑竹上的一种子囊菌。子实体经分离后,菌丝接种,液体发酵。发酵液过滤,菌丝用沸水抽提,乙醇沉淀,去蛋白质,透析后即得粗制品。粗制品经DEAE-纤维素柱层析两次得到白色粉末的两个多醣组分,Sb_1及Sb_2。Sb_1及Sb_2分别经玻璃纤维纸高压电泳,凝胶柱层析,气相层析证明为一单一物质。Sb_1及Sb_2比旋度均为正值。Sb_1具890cm~(-1)的红外吸收。两者均不含氮。与碘无反应。经纸层析与气相色谱分析,Sb_1含D-葡萄糖,D-半乳糖和L-阿拉伯糖,其克分子比为0.37:1.0:0.07。Sb_2含D-葡萄糖,D-半乳糖,D-甘露糖和L-阿拉伯糖,其克分子比为0.25:1:0.47:0.12。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism