Developpement de Leveillula taurica en Fonction des Facteurs Climatiques et Sensibilité de Capsicum annuumà Differents Stades Végétatifs

Influence of environmental factors on the development of L. taurica on pepper genotypes To our knowledge, the effects of certain environmental factors, as well as those of host genotype on the development of Leveillula taurica on pepper have not been extensively investigated. To study effects of the above factors on the development of this parasite, two Capsicum genotypes (‘Yolo Wonder' and ‘line 815’) have been tested and compared under different light and relative humidity conditions. In vitro, optimal light intensity for spore germination was situated between 20 and 80 μE/m²/s, and for the growth of germ tubes it was 20 μE/m²/s. In vivo, under continous darkness during 20 days, the different organs of the hosts were only slightly affected. Under light conditions, during 20 days after inoculation, the highest infection level on leaves was observed at 20 μE/m²/s, (60 % of leaves) while with the cotyledons it was observed between 20–80 μE/m²/s. Effects of relative humidity on the development of this parasite were also studied on ‘Yolo Wonder’ and ‘line 815′. With relative humidity below 50 %, 60 % of ‘Yolo Wonder’ plants and 33 % of ‘line 815’ were infected. Under conditions of saturated relative humidity, the level of infection was the inverse, i. e. 13 and 55 %, respectively. Moreover, ‘Yolo Wonder’ plants were found more or less susceptible to infection with L. taurica during their different development stages. At the cotyledon stage all plants were infected. After this stage, up to flowering, susceptibility depended on the physiological age of the leaves. First leaves (older leaves) were not infected, while young ones near the apex became progressively susceptible.     

Introduction à l’étude du site de Longgupo

The site of Longgupo, discovered in 1984, is located south of the crossing of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze, in the eastern part of Chongqing Province. Situated on the limestone slope of the Miaoyu Valley, three excavation campaigns have been carried out since 1985. The first two seasons took place from 1985–1988 and 1997–1998, directed by W.B. Huang and the last campaign from 2003–2006 by E. Boëda and Y.M. Hou. After the first two campaigns, the presence of several bones, with an estimated age of 1.9 My, notably including a mandible fragment attributed to a hominid² and the discovery of more than 20 lithic artifacts incited not only great interest in the scientific community, but controversy as well since these data contradicted diffusion models of the first hominids out of Africa. Paleoanthropological data often being privileged over other data, including lithic artifacts, the anthropic nature of the site was contested. Yet the few artifacts from the initial excavations irrefutably demonstrate their manufacture by humans, in particular those in exogenous stone. To definitively re-establish the authenticity of this site by applying the latest investigative methods, a new Franco-Chinese campaign was organized. The objective of the 2003–2006 field seasons focused on understanding and analysis of the archaeological data in their geomorphological and stratigraphic contexts.     

Sensibilité des plantules de Triticinées àľagent Pathogène du Piétin-Verse [Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoïdes (Fron) Deighton]

Sensitiveness of seedlings of Triticinae against the pathogenic agens of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton The study of the sensitiveness of 16 varieties or lines of Triticinae against two races of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides shows that, whatever the strain used, the importance of the attacks is much less serious on seedlings of Ae. ventricosa no. 11, Ae. squarrosa no. 15, Ae. squarrosa no. 33 and Roazon, Roazon was the least sensitive among the Triticum. It is obvious that Ae. ventricosa is the most resistant one in all varieties or lines used.     

Apports du site de Montclus (Gard) à l’origine et à la filiation du Montclusien (Mésolithique)

The Baume of Montclus is located in the Cèze valley (Gard). This site gave its name to a prehistoric tool-age, the Montclusian, which parted from the Sauveterrian. Middle and Upper Montclusian are present in Montclus, unlike the Lower Montclusian. The Montclusian industry, which starts here in about 8000 BP, includes a very high proportion of hypermicrolithes. It is followed by a Castelnovian industry from around 7000 BP. This one features very different Montclusian, showing thus a break. The Castelnovian survives in Montclus while the Cardial is already settled in Châteauneuf-les-Martigues and sites around the Ardèche river. After these Montclusian levels appear Cardial and Chassean layers. Neolithisation has been very gradual here, affecting tools first before the arrival of ceramic, around 6500 BP. What is the origin of Montclusian? And what could have become? Its origin might be further west with the Causses and Languedoc, where levels are rather similar. The Sauveterrian origin has long been established. But research shows a great diversity among the Sauveterrian originated industries. What the Montclusian was going to become is to discovered from the Lower Montclusian, quite original, and which should be found in other site. Montclusian might be on the geographic and cultural boderline of 2 districts: one being located west of the Rhône river, influenced by Sauveterrian, and which gave birth to Montclusian, the other east of the Rhône river bears witness to Castelnovian.     

Arkaïm-Sintachta : expérience de la mise en valeur des steppes eurasiatiques à l’Âge du Bronze

The “Earth of fortified settlement” is one of the last big discoveries of the end of the XXth century. Situated on the oriental slopes of the mounts of Ural, fortified settlement, date the Middle Bronze Age. These strengthened structures are particular in the archaeology of steppes. They were built according to geometrical plans, Cities in oval being the most ancient, the rectangular cities being the most recent. The most remarkable are together of strengthened structures appropriate for the culture of Sintachta-Arkaïm. This city distinguishes itself from the others by the unique integrity of the works of fortification and by the graves which are connected to these last ones. Situated on a prominence, Arkaim consists of two defensive walls, maybe of a third, the rampart and the ditch. The space between the defensive walls was occupied by the houses of shape trapezoidale and directed as beams to the center of the city. The center of the city, the rectangular shape, was not built and formed a place where foyers were found. Complex entrances were at the four corner of the city. The excavations of fortified settlement and graves allowed to have an idea on the level of development of the everyday life at the time of the Middle Bronze Age in transouraliennes plains.     

Prise en charge des cancers de la prostate : points de vue du radiothérapeute

In 2011, the prostate cancer positions itself clearly like a problem of public health. The radiotherapy has shown these twenty last years significant improvements with the advent of the three-dimensional conformation radiotherapy as a standard in the treatment of the adenocarcinoma prostate cancer, and now with the contribution of the modulation of intensity which makes it possible to consider an increment of amount on estimated target volume without toxicity added to the organs at risks. Radio-hormonotherapy association for high-risk cancers also went to current practice. The nuclear medicine through new tracers and new indications probably will allow the experts dealing with these patients to better define the indications and to better distinguish the patients who will profit authentically from a therapeutic strategy more than of another, and even to associate them…     

L'analogie et la représentation de l'art primitif à la fin du XIX siècle

In this paper, we will examine the foundations of Western representation of Paleolithic art at the end of the nineteenth century. Taking the period of 1864-1902 into account, we will prove the leading role of analogy between “modern primitive societies” and “prehistoric societies” in the very definition of “primitive art”. According to us, the representation of the “primitive artist” at that time was largely based in comparison between art which came from modern primitive societies living in Africa, Australia or America, and prehistoric art which was authenticated at about 1865. Through this examination, we will show the way in which analogy functions as a main category in the construction of scientific knowledge.     

Les industries lithiques préoldowayennes du début du Pléistocène inférieur du site de Dmanissi en Géorgie

The lithic industry discovered at the Dmanissi site, in Georgia is dated to between 1.81 and 1.7 Myrs and is in association with a rich faunal assemblage composed of large Quaternary vertebrates, as well as several hominid fossils attributed to Homo georgicus, and attests to the human presence on the border of Europe at the beginning of the Lower Pleistocene. The material taken into account in this study was excavated from 1991 to 1999 and comprises 4446 lithic pieces coming from Beds I through VI of the site. The assemblage is very homogenous from the base to the top of the deposits and shows no significative evolutionary tendencies. The lithic material includes a high proportion of whole pebbles (33.8% of the assemblage) coming from two nearby rivers, the Mashavera and the Pinezaouri. They are essentially of fine and coarse grained volcanic tuff, basalt, but also of rhyolite, granite, quartz, as well as other volcanic and metamorphic rocks. Pebbles used for percussion, shaping or debitage were chosen according to their petrographic nature, their morphology and their size. Whole pebbles with percussion marks situated on their extremities or with isolated removals showing convexe edges, are abundant (1.3% of the assemblage). Other pebbles showing percussion marks on a flat face, were used as anvils. Broken pebbles and pebble fragments are very numerous (30.4% of the assemblage). These often show percussion marks on their cortical surfaces. Fractures are generally related to violent percussion as the pebbles were used for striking instruments, or as they were intentionally broken. Some fractures may have been caused accidentally during flaking. Pebble tools represent 4.8% of the lithic assemblage and 10% of the industry, excluding whole and fractured pebbles. These include essentially the primary choppers (pebbles with isolated concave removal negatives) (6% of the industry and 60.1% of the pebble tools), choppers showing continuous cutting edges without a point (2.1% of the industry and 21.2% of the pebble tools). Chopping-tools are very rare (0.8% of the industry and 8.7% of the pebble tools). Although choppers without pointed cutting edges were made using very few removals (3.3 on average), they usually present a regular cutting edge and seem relatively standardised. Cores are well represented (5% of the industry, excluding whole and broken pebbles). They are characterized by a low degree of exploitation and by a frequence of cortical striking platforms. Cored knapped on a single face are most frequent, representing nearly half of the pieces (42.3%), while bifacial cores are present in smaller proportions (34.2%) and multifacial cores are rare (6.3%). Non-modified flakes are very numerous and usually of small size and intentional retouch is absent. On the other hand, the cuttingedges of many the pieces; broken pebbles, pebble tools, cores and flakes, show irregular micro-retouch and irregular retouch such as isolated notches or with continuous or overlapping configuration, sometimes associated with localised crush marks which appear to have been caused by intensive use and heavy working of the pieces. A total of 31.3% of the non-modified flakes show irregular retouch on their cutting edges. One of the main characteristics of the Dmanissi industry appears therefore to be the obtaining of flakes, most often of small size, to be used without modification. The technological and typological characteristics of the lithic industry from Dmanissi allow to attribute the assemblage to a "Pre-Oldowayen" cultural horizon (Lumley de et al., 2004), characterized by the absence of small retouched tools, which appears in East Africa from 2.55 Myrs ago. This cultural horizon is present at the border of Europe, at Dmanissi, around 1.81 Myrs ago and in Western Europe, on the shores of the Mediterranean, at Barranco León about 1.3 Myrs ago and at Fuente Nueva 3 about 1.2 Myrs ago. The lithic industry from the Dmanissi site seems anterior to the Oldowan cultural horizon, characterized by the presence of standardized small retouched tools, which appears in East Africa around 1.8 Myrs ago and emerges in Mediterranean Europe around 800?000 years ago.