Isolation of hydrogenase from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus

Summary A soluble, cytoplasmic hydrogenase was detected and partially purified from Mastigocladus laminosus. It was found to be unstable but could be stabilized to some extent by Mg⁺⁺; 50% of the activity remained after one week in air at 4 °C.     

Photosynthetic activities of a membrane preparation of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus

Photosynthetically active membranes have been prepared from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigogladus laminosus by treatment with lysozyme. The membranes were active in electron transport through photosystem I and II as well as in photophosphorylation and proton uptake. Cells were grown at 40°, 45° and 55°C respectively. The temperature optimum of oxygen evolution of whole cells was about 10°C higher than the growth temperature. In isolated membranes the temperature optimum for cyclic photophosphorylation was identical to the growth temperature of the cells whereas the optimum for photosystem II electron transport never exceeded 40°C. Photophosphorylation was inhibited by N, N-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCCD), carbonyl-cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone and NH₄Cl, whereas proton uptake was enhanced by DCCD. Electron transport was slightly inhibited by these treatments. The membranes could be stored for several weeks at-20°C in 50% glycerol without any loss in the activities.Abbreviations DPIP 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol - CCCP Carbonyl-cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone - DCCD N,N-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide - PMS N-methylphenazonium methosulfate - DCMU 3-(3-4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea - TMP 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 7.8, 10 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.8     

Phylogeography of the Thermophilic Cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus

We have taken a phylogeographic approach to investigate the demographic and evolutionary processes that have shaped the geographic patterns of genetic diversity for a sample of isolates of the cosmopolitan thermophilic cyanobacterial Mastigocladus laminosus morphotype collected from throughout most of its range. Although M. laminosus is found in thermal areas throughout the world, our observation that populations are typically genetically differentiated on local geographic scales suggests the existence of dispersal barriers, a conclusion corroborated by evidence for genetic isolation by distance. Genealogies inferred using nitrogen metabolism gene sequence data suggest that a significant amount of the extant global diversity of M. laminosus can be traced back to a common ancestor associated with the western North American hot spot currently located below Yellowstone National Park. Estimated intragenic recombination rates are comparable to those of pathogenic bacteria known for their capacity to exchange DNA, indicating that genetic exchange has played an important role in generating novel variation during M. laminosus diversification. Selection has constrained protein changes at loci involved in the assimilation of both dinitrogen and nitrate, suggesting the historic use of both nitrogen sources in this heterocystous cyanobacterium. Lineage-specific differences in thermal performance were also observed.     

Isolation and biliprotein characterization of phycobilisomes from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus Cohn

A method for the effective isolation of functionally intact phycobilisomes from the thermophilic cyanobacterium M. laminosus is presented, using an unconventional high buffer molarity for stabilizing the aggregates and introducing a DNAse treatment of the disrupted cells to obtain sharp banding of the phycobilisomes in the linear sucrose density gradients.The structural integrity of the isolated phycobilisomes is demonstrated by a fluorescence emission maximum at 673 nm of aggregated allophycocyanin and by electron microscopy.Besides C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin, phycoerythrocyanin is a constituent pigment of the phycobilisomes. These pigments indicated in the absorption spectrum of phycobilisomes with a maximum at 610 nm and two shoulders at 650 and 580 nm, respectively, were characterized by spectral data and isoelectric points.     

Ultrastructure of the cyanobacterium,Mastigocladus laminosus

The morphology and ultrastructure of the thermophilic cyanobacteriumMastigocladus laminosus were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Mature cultures consisted of relatively old, wide filaments that branched frequently to form younger, thinner filaments. The cells of the younger filaments had a consistently cylindrical morphology, while those of older filaments were rounded and pleomorphic. The internal ultrastructure of the cells depended somewhat on their age. As young cells became larger and wider, their thylakoids underwent slight rearrangement and spread out toward the center of the cytoplasm. Polyphosphate bodies, carboxysomes (polyhedral bodies), and lipid-body-like structures increased in number as the cells aged, but ribosomes and cyanophycin granules were depleted. Cell division involved septum formation followed by ingrowth of the outer membrane and sheath. Cells in older filaments were separated from each other by a complete layer of sheath material. Septum formation in older cells was also seen to occur parallel to the long axis of the filament, thereby confirming that true branching took place.     

Isolation and characterization of phycoerythrocyanin and chromatic adaptation of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus

The thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus exhibits chromatic adaptation: In green light the production of the phycobiliprotein phycoerythrocyanin is enhanced drastically.Phycoerythrocyanin was characterised with respect to its molecular weight, isoelectric point, absorption spectra and size of its aggregates. The two subunits of the protein were separated and characterised according to these criteria. Their chromophore contents, amino acid compositions and N-terminal amino acid sequences were also determined. The sequences were compared with those of allophycocyanin and C-phycocyanin from Mastigocladus laminosus.Abbreviations PEC phycoerythrocyanin - -PEC -subunit of PEC - -PEC -subunit of PEC - PE phycoerythrin - PC phycocyanin - APC allophycocyanin - SDS PAGE sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis - chl a chlorophyll a     

Heterocyst differentiation in the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus.

The morphological and ultrastructural aspects of heterocyst differentiation in the branching, filamentous cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus were examined with light and electron microscopy. The earliest differentiation stages involved cytoplasmic changes, including (i) rapid degradation of carboxysomes, (ii) degradation of polysaccharide granules, and (iii) accumulation of electron-dense ribosomal or protein material (or both). Intermediate differentiation stages involved synthesis of a homogeneous extra wall layer, development of necks leading to adjacent cells, and elaboration of a complex system of intracytoplasmic membranes. Late differentiation stages included further development of necks and continued elaboration of membranes. Mature heterocysts possessed a uniformly electron-dense cytoplasm that contained large numbers of closely packed membranes, some of which were arranged in lamellar stacks. Mature heterocysts lacked all of the inclusion bodies present in undifferentiated vegetative cells, but contained a number of unusual spherical inclusions of variable electron density. Cells in both narrow and wide filaments were capable of differentiating. No regular heterocyst spacing pattern was observed in the narrow filaments; the number of vegetative cells between consecutive heterocysts of any given filament varied by a factor of 10. Heterocysts developed at a variety of locations in the wide, branching filaments, although the majority of them were situated adjacent to branch points. M. laminosus displayed a marked tendency to produce sets of adjacent heterocysts or proheterocysts (or both) that were not separated from each other by vegetative cells. Groups of four or more adjacent heterocysts or proheterocysts occurred frequently in wide filaments, and in some of these filaments virtually all of the cells appeared to be capable of differentiating into heterocysts.     

Molecular population genetics and phenotypic diversification of two populations of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus

We investigated the distributions of genetic and phenotypic variation for two Yellowstone National Park populations of the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Mastigocladus (Fischerella) laminosus that exhibit dramatic phenotypic differences as a result of environmental differences in nitrogen availability. One population develops heterocysts and fixes nitrogen in situ in response to a deficiency of combined nitrogen in its environment, whereas the other population does neither due to the availability of a preferred nitrogen source. Slowly evolving molecular markers, including the 16S rRNA gene and the downstream internal transcribed spacer, are identical among all laboratory isolates from both populations but belie considerable genetic and phenotypic diversity. The total nucleotide diversity at six nitrogen metabolism loci was roughly three times greater than that observed for the human global population. The two populations are genetically differentiated, although variation in performance on different nitrogen sources among genotypes could not be explained by local adaptation to available nitrogen in the respective environments. Population genetic models suggest that local adaptation is mutation limited but also that the populations are expected to continue to diverge due to low migratory gene flow.     

Respiration in energy-transducing membranes of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus: II. Oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation was measured in isolated energy-transducing membranes of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus with NADH-mediated electron transport. This dark phosphorylation was similar to photophosphorylation in its sensitivity to uncouplers and energy-transfer inhibitors. However, photophosphorylation was 20- to 50-times more active than oxidative phosphorylation. The $\text{P}\text{O}$ ratio of oxidative phosphorylation was about 0.2. Besides oxidative phosphorylation, adenylate kinase- and ADP-P_i exchange activity were measured in the dark. The ADP-P_i exchange reaction was identified as polynucleotide phosphorylase.     

Development of motility in cultures of the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus

Abstract The time course for the development of motility in cultures of the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus was established quantitatively using a slicer tool as described here. The slicer tool produces samples of trichomes from centrifuged pellets that, under identical conditions, shed comparable numbers of hormogonia. The number of hormogonia formed in liquid culture rises steeply between 24 and 31 h of incubation, returning to essentially zero in the next 24 h. The initial lag may be devoted to the cell divisions needed to form the cells of the hormogonium. The drop in motility could be due to one or more heat-stable substance(s) accumulated in the medium, since used media inhibited motility and the effect resisted autoclaving. The fact that the inoculum needed to be ground in order for motility to occur suggests that the structure of the clump inhibits the shedding of hormogonia. Some ecological implications are proposed, assuming that the clump structure interferes with light and mass transfer.     

Functional assignment of chromophores and energy transfer in C phycocyanin isolated from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus

The optical characteristics and pathway of energy transfer in the C phycocyanin trimer isolated from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus were investigated at steady state by absorption, circular dichroism, fluorescence and fluorescence polarization spectroscopy. Based on the comparison of optical data with the 3-dimensional structure of the C-phycocyanin trimer determined by X-ray analysis (Schirmer, T., Bode, W., Huber, R., Sidler, W. and Zuber, H. (1984) in Proceedings of the Symposium on Optical Properties and Structure of Tetrapyrroles, (Blauer, G. and Sund, M., eds.), pp. 445–449, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, and (1985) J. Mol. Biol. 184, 257–277), the functional assignment of three types of chromophore was established. An α subunit has an s chromophore and the chromophores at the positions 84 and 155 in the amino acid sequence of the β subunit are assigned as f and s chromophores, respectively. In the C phycocyanin trimer energy transfer occurs from the α chromophore in one monomer to the β_f chromophore in an adjacent monomer, and from the β_s chromophore to the β_f chromophore in the same monomer. The direction of energy flow is from the outside to the inside of the trimer, where the locus for the binding of a colourless polypeptide is postulated. In the phycobilisomes the energy concentrated at the β_f chromophores might be transferred toward the allophycocyanin core mainly by the β_f chromophores in the phycocyanin rods.     

Significance of braided trichomes in the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus.

Loops and braids in filaments of the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus were observed. Braided filaments were generally in the form of a right-handed helix (87%) but were occasionally observed as left-handed helices (13%). It was demonstrated by time-lapse photomicrography that braids continued to grow as braids and that loops coiled into braids as growth proceeded. Measurements of the distance between grooves in 74 braids yielded an average distance of 13 +/- 3 micron, a result which suggests that braid formation is not random. We propose that the braids arise as a consequence of the helical growth of cells that make up the filaments of M. laminosus.     

Hydrogen evolution by a thermophilic blue-green alga Mastigocladus laminosus

The thermophilic blue-green alga (cyanobacterium), Mastigocladuslaminosus isolated from a hot spring, evolved hydrogen gas undernitrogen-starved conditions in light when algal cells were grownin a nitrate-free medium. Cells grown in a nitrate-medium evolvedno detectable hydrogen gas in light. The optimal temperatureand pH for hydrogen evolution were 44–49?C and 7.0–7.5.High activity of hydrogen evolution. 1.6 ml H₂/mg chl.hr, wasinduced when algal cells grown in the nitrate medium were activelyforming heterocysts in the nitrate-free medium in air. Hydrogenevolution in light was depressed by nitrogen gas and inhibitedby salicylaldoxime or DNP. This hydrogen evolution by M. laminosusis attributed to the action of nitrogenase. (Received June 20, 1979; )     

Morphology and ultrastructure of the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus growing under nitrogen-fixing conditions

The morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus growing under N₂-fixing conditions were examined with light and electron microscopy. Vegetative cells in narrow filaments contained randomly arranged segments of thylakoid membrane, centrally located carboxysomes (polyhedral bodies), peripherally located lipid bodies, and large numbers of polysaccharide granules in addition to nuclear material and ribosomes. The ultrastructural characteristics of cells in wide filaments were similar, except for increased numbers of carboxysomes and lipid bodies. Heterocytes and proheterocysts developed at a variety of locations in narrow filaments, wide filaments, and the lateral branches off of wide filaments. Akinetes were not observed in any of the filaments. The morphological characteristics of heterocysts and proheterocysts were variable and depended on those of the vegative cells from which the heterocysts and proheterocysts developed. Mature M. laminosus heterocysts were somewhat similar to those formed in other cyanobacterial genera, but they possessed a number of distinct and unique ultrastructural characteristics, including (i) the absence of a fibrous and, possibly, a laminated wall layer, (ii) the presence many closely packed membranes throughout most of the cytoplasm, and (iii) the presence of unidentified, spherical inclusion bodies of variable electron density.     

Structural basis for the thermostability of ferredoxin from the cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus

Plant-type ferredoxins (Fds) carry a single [2Fe-2S] cluster and serve as electron acceptors of photosystem I (PSI). The ferredoxin from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus displays optimal activity at 65 degrees C. In order to reveal the molecular factors that confer thermostability, the crystal structure of M.laminosus Fd (mFd) was determined to 1.25 A resolution and subsequently analyzed in comparison with four similar plant-type mesophilic ferredoxins. The topologies of the plant-type ferredoxins are similar, yet two structural determinants were identified that may account for differences in thermostability, a salt bridge network in the C-terminal region, and the flexible L1,2 loop that increases hydrophobic accessible surface area. These conclusions were verified by three mutations, i.e. substitution of L1,2 into a rigid beta-turn ((Delta)L1,2) and two point mutations (E90S and E96S) that disrupt the salt bridge network at the C-terminal region. All three mutants have shown reduced electron transfer (ET) capabilities and [2Fe-2S] stability at high temperatures in comparison to the wild-type mFd. The results have also provided new insights into the involvement of the L1,2 loop in the Fd interactions with its electron donor, the PSI complex.     

X-ray crystallographic structure of the light-harvesting biliprotein C-phycocyanin from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus and its resemblance to globin structures

The structure of the biliprotein C-phycocyanin from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus has been determined at 3 A resolution by X-ray diffraction methods. Phases have been obtained by the multiple isomorphous replacement method. The electron density map could be improved by solvent flattening and has been interpreted in terms of the amino acid sequence. The protein consists of three identical (alpha-beta)-units which are arranged around a threefold symmetry axis to form a disc of approximate dimensions 110 A X 30 A with a central channel of 35 A in diameter. This aggregation form is supposed to be the same as that found in the rods of native phycobilisomes. Both subunits, alpha and beta, exhibit a similar structure and are related by a local twofold rotational axis. Each subunit is folded into eight helices and irregular loops. Six helices are arranged to form a globular part, whereas two helices stick out and mediate extensive contact between the subunits. The arrangement of the helices of the globular part resembles the globin fold: 59 equivalent C alpha-atoms have a root-mean-square deviation of 2 X 9 A. The chromophores attached to cystein 84 of the alpha- and beta-subunits are topologically equivalent to the haem. All three chromophores of C-phycocyanin, open-chain tetrapyrroles, are in an extended conformation. alpha 84 and beta 84 are attached to helix E (globin nomenclature), beta 155 is linked to the G--H loop. The shortest centre-to-centre distance between chromophores in trimer is 22 A.     

Capsular polysaccharide produced by the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus. Structural study of an undecasaccharide obtained by lithium degradation.

The capsular polysaccharide produced by the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus has been subjected to a specific degradation with lithium in ethylenediamine. The released undecasaccharide attached to one unit of tetrahydroxycyclopentanecarboxylic acid has been characterized by a combination of 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, monosaccharidic composition and linkage analyses. From the overlap of the structure of this oligosaccharide with previously identified di-, tri- and pentasaccharides released by mild acid hydrolysis, the capsular polysaccharide was deduced to have a pentadecasaccharide repeating unit with the following structure:     

Respiration in energy-transducing membranes of the thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus: I. Relation of the respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport

The thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus was grown at different CO₂ concentrations and temperatures. Respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport in isolated membranes were measured and their activities were compared. Cells grown at low CO₂ concentration showed respiratory electron transport, whereas Photosystem-II-dependent transport was optimal in cells grown at high CO₂ concentrations. The respiratory electron transport from NADH and succinate were KCN-sensitive, whereas NADPH-dependent O₂ uptake was not. It could be shown that NADH and succinate donate electrons in the photosynthetic electron pathway via Photosystem I. In cytochrome-c-553-depleted membranes added cytochrome c-553 could stimulate photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport. A common electron transport pathway between the quinone and cytochrome c is postulated.     

Morphological and genetic diversity of the thermophilic cyanobacterium,Mastigocladus laminosus (Stigonematales,Cyanobacteria) from Japan and Myanmar

The morphology and phylogeny of 13 strains of a thermophilic cyanobacterium, Mastigocladus laminosus Cohn, isolated from hot springs in Japan and Myanmar were analyzed to determine taxonomy and biogeography. From the morphological observations of cell size, there were significant differences among strains. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed two lineages: Lineages I and II. Lineage I consisted of strains collected in Japan and reference strains from a previous study (CCMEE 5329 and 5331, Hakone, Japan); Lineage II included all of the Myanmar strains and one Japanese strain, and was a novel lineage in phylogeographic studies on M. laminosus. Since strains in the Lineage II tended to have larger cells than those in the Lineage I, the morphological and phylogenetic lineages corresponded well with each other.