Length‐weight relationships of four Triplophysa species from northern,Pakistan

In the present study four Triplophysa species Triplophysa hazaraensis (Omer and Mirza, 1975) and Triplophysa kashmirensis (Hora, 1922) collected from River Kunhar and Triplophysa naziri (Ahmad & Mirza, 1963) and Triplophysa brahui (Zugmayer, 1912) from River Barandu were analyzed for length and weight relationship.     

Morphology and anatomy of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Echinacea purpurea,E. angustifolia,E. pallida</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Parthenium integrifolium</Emphasis>

The Echinacea species are native to the Atlantic drainage area of the United States of America and Canada. They have been introduced as cultivated medicinal plants in Europe. Echinacea purpurea, E. angustifolia and E. pallida are the species most often used medicinally due to their immune-stimulating properties. This review is focused on morphological and anatomical characteristics of E. purpurea, E. angustifolia, E. pallida, because various species are often misidentified and specimens are often confused in the medicinal plant market.     

Habitat segregation and genetic relationship of two heptageniid mayflies, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Epeorus latifolium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Epeorus l-nigrus</Emphasis>, in the Shinano-gawa River basin

The heptageniid mayflies Epeorus latifolium and Epeorus l-nigrus are often the dominant species in the upper and midstream areas of Japanese rivers; as such, they play a significant role in river ecosystems. However, although these two species have been identified using the morphological characteristics of the male in its adult stage, it is impossible to differentiate them in their nymphal stage. We conducted a study to elucidate their distribution pattern, i.e., the current distribution of these two species in the Shinano-gawa River basin, based on quantitative field sampling and genetic analysis of nymphs and also some male adults; for these, it was possible to differentiate between the two species reliably. The data collected from the 30 study sites of the 1-year-long study revealed that the E. latifolium and/or E. l-nigrus mayflies are clearly distributed over a very broad area, and they appeared to be the dominant species at about a third of the study sites. Based on our genetic analysis, including several male adult specimens of E. latifolium and E. l-nigrus, it was clearly revealed that E. latifolium and E. l-nigrus respectively form two separate monophyletic clades. That is, E. latifolium and E. l-nigrus are clearly genetically differentiated, and they are considered to each represent a discrete species. Then, we plotted the collection sites of reliably identified specimens of E. latifolium and E. l-nigrus on the Shinano-gawa River basin map. This resultant map clearly displays that E. latifolium is distributed in the upper stream area rather than E. l-nigrus. To conclude, a pronounced ‘habitat segregation’ or ‘current distribution’ is clearly observable.     

New species,new geographical records of Neoibidionini and description of the females of Compsibidion paradoxum Martins, 1971 and Glomibidion trinidadense (Gilmour, 1963) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Two new species of Neoibidionini from Colombia are described: Psiloibidion boteroi n. sp. and Tropidion neisi n. sp. The previous key to species of Tropidion is modified to include the new species. The females of Compsibidion paradoxum Martins, 1971 and Glomibidion trinidadense (Gilmour, 1963) are described and illustrated for the first time. Moreover, the geographical distribution is expanded for nine species of Neoibidionini.     

A review of the species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Elasmus</Emphasis> Westwood (Hymenoptera,Eulophidae) from Russia and neighboring countries

Five species of Elasmus are described from Russia as new to science (E. altaicus sp. n., E. ekaterinae sp. n. and E. maritimus sp. n.), Turkmenistan (E. turkmenicus sp. n.), and Mongolia (E. emeljanovi sp. n.). E. nikolskayae Myartseva et Dzhanokmen, 1989 is redescribed. Elasmus obesoceratus Trjapitzin, 1979 is downgraded to a synonym to Elasmus rufiventris Ferrière, 1947. Sixteen species are recorded for the first time for the fauna of Russia, six for Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, five for Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, four for Ukraine and Mongolia, two for Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Uzbekistan, China, and South Korea, and also new single records are given for Poland, Slovakia, Abkhazia, Afghanistan, and Iran. New hosts are recorded for seven species: E. flabellatus Fonsocolombe, E. longiclava Graham, E. nudus (Nees), E. platyedrae Ferrière, E. schmitti Ruschka, E. steffani Viggiani, and E. westwoodi Giraud. A key to twenty-six species of Elasmus is compiled.     

Trend of changes in species diversity of Permian radiolarians of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Entactinia</Emphasis> Foreman

The trend of species diversity and spatiotemporal distribution of spherical radiolarians of the genus Entactinia Foreman, 1963 in the Permian Period is analyzed. The center of origin of Permian entactinians in the Cis-Ural Paleobasin is established in the area of the modern interfluve of the Ural River and latitudinal current of the Belaya River on the Southern Urals. It is shown that the species composition of this genus almost completely changed in certain Permian epochs. Two forefather species of each new pleiad of Early, Middle, and Late Permian are revealed: Entactinia parapycnoclada and E. tyrrelli. Two new species of the Lower Permian radiolarians from the Southern Urals and Northern Mugodzhary, E. chernykhi sp. nov. and E. subquadrata sp. nov., are described.     

PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS OF EUGLENA (EUGLENACEAE) SPECIES WITH AXIAL,STELLATE CHLOROPLASTS BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DATA—NEW TAXA,EMENDED DIAGNOSES,AND EPITYPIFICATIONS1

Morphological and molecular studies, as well as original literature reexamination, necessitate establishment of five Euglena species with a single axial, stellate chloroplast [Euglena viridis (O. F. Müller) Ehrenberg 1830 , Euglena pseudoviridis  Chadefaud 1937 , Euglena stellata  Mainx 1926 , Euglena pseudostellata sp. nov., and Euglena cantabrica  Pringsheim 1956 ], three species with two chloroplasts (Euglena geniculata Dujardin ex Schmitz 1884 , Euglena chadefaudii  Bourrelly 1951 , and Euglena pseudochadefaudii sp. nov.), and one species with three chloroplasts (Euglena tristella  Chu 1946 ). The primary morphological features, allowing distinction of the considered species are the presence and the shape of mucocysts, as well as the number of chloroplasts. Spherical mucocysts occur in E. cantabrica and E. geniculata, while spindle‐shaped mucocysts are present in E. stellata, E. pseudostellata, E. chadefaudii, E. pseudochadefaudii, and E. tristella. No mucocysts are observed in E. viridis and E. pseudoviridis. Two new species (E. pseudochadefaudii sp. nov. and E. pseudostellata sp. nov.) differ from the respective species, E. chadefaudii and E. stellata, only at the molecular level. Molecular signatures and characteristic sequences are designated for nine distinguished species. Emended diagnoses for all and delimitation of epitypes for seven species (except E. viridis and E. tristella) are proposed.     

Out of Alaska: morphological diversity within the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eurytemora</Emphasis> from its ancestral Alaskan range (Crustacea,Copepoda)

The copepod genus Eurytemora occupies a wide range of habitat types throughout the Northern Hemisphere, with among the broadest salinity ranges of any known copepod. The epicenter of diversity for this genus lies along coastal Alaska, where several species are endemic. Systematic analysis has been difficult, however, because of a tendency toward morphological stasis in this genus, despite large genetic divergences among populations and species. The goals of this study were to (1) analyze patterns of morphological variation and divergence within this genus, focusing on Eurytemora species that occur in North America, and (2) determine patterns of geographic and salinity distribution of Eurytemora species within the ancestral range in Alaska. We applied a comparative multivariate morphological analysis using 16–26 characters from 125 specimens from 20 newly collected sites in Alaska and 15 existing samples predominantly from North America. Results from principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses identified seven distinct morphological species of Eurytemora in North America (E. affinis, E. americana, E. canadensis, E. composita, E. herdmani, E. pacifica, and E. raboti), and identified diagnostic characters that distinguish the species (forming the basis for a new identification key). Several previously named species were regarded as synonyms. The sites we sampled in Alaska were remarkable in the high levels of sympatry of Eurytemora species, to a degree not seen outside of Alaska. Future studies of Eurytemora should shed light on patterns of habitat invasions and physiological evolution within the genus, and yield insights into mechanisms leading to its remarkably broad geographic and habitat range.     

Genetics,taxonomy and the conservation of British <Emphasis Type="Italic">Euphrasia</Emphasis>

In Britain the genus Euphrasia comprises ca 20 diploid and tetraploid plant species, including several endemics. However, their conservation is impeded by taxonomic uncertainty. Analysis of cpDNA and AFLP variation was used to assess their taxonomic status and establish the extent of barriers to gene exchange among them. Differences in ploidy level constitute a very strong barrier to genetic exchange, although this is not absolute. The diploid endemics E. vigursii and E. rivularis form morphologically and genetically definable units which show some level of reproductive isolation. Within tetraploid Euphrasia, the species showed varying degrees of distinctness. Analysis of geographically paired samples from two widespread outcrossing taxa E. arctica and E. nemorosa provides evidence for extensive genetic exchange between them. However AFLP data indicate that this outbreeding species complex possesses a gene pool distinct from that of the widespread inbreeding tetraploids. The widespread and endemic inbreeding tetraploids contain examples of morphologically and genetically definable taxa, but also species whose distinctness is more equivocal. The conservation implications of this study are that species-based action plans are potentially suitable for conservation of the diploid endemics E. vigursii and E. rivularis. In contrast we contend that a species-based conservation framework, developed with reproductively isolated and genetically distinct groups in mind, requires modification for conservation of the complex and dynamic diversity found within the tetraploids. The adoption of ‘taxonomic’ action plans, designed to protect the evolutionary processes generating Euphrasia diversity, may provide a supplementary solution for conserving this type of variation.     

Food utilisation and digestive ability of aquatic and semi-terrestrial crayfishes, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cherax destructor</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Engaeus sericatus</Emphasis> (Astacidae,Parastacidae)

Both Engaeus sericatus and Cherax destructor are omnivorous crayfishes consuming a variety of food items. Materials identified in the faeces of both E. sericatus and C. destructor consisted of mainly plant material with minor amounts of arthropod animals, algae and fungi. The morphology of the gastric mill of C. destructor suggests that it is mainly involved in crushing of food material while the gastric mill of E. sericatus appears to be better suited to cutting of food material. Given this, the gastric mill of E. sericatus may be better able to cut the cellulose and hemicellulose fibres associated with fibrous plant material. In contrast, the gastric mill of C. destructor appears to be more efficient in grinding soft materials such as animal protein and algae. Both species accumulated high amounts of lipids in their midgut glands (about 60% of the dry mass) which were dominated by triacylglycerols (81–82% of total lipids). The dominating fatty acids were 16:0, 16:1(n-7), 18:1(n-9), 18:2(n-6), and 18:3(n-3). The two latter fatty acids can only be synthesised by plants, and are thus indicative of the consumption of terrestrial plants by the crayfishes. The similarity analysis of the fatty acid patterns showed three distinct clusters of plants and each of the crayfish species. The complement of digestive enzymes, proteinases, total cellulase, endo-β-1,4-glucanase, β-glucosidase, laminarinase and xylanase within midgut gland suggests that both C. destructor and E. sericatus are capable of hydrolysing a variety of substrates associated with an omnivorous diet. Higher activities of total cellulase, endo-β-1,4-glucanase and β-glucosidase indicate that E. sericatus is better able to hydrolyse cellulose within plant material than C. destructor. In contrast to E. sericatus, higher total protease and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity in the midgut gland of C. destructor suggests that this species is better able to digest animal materials in the form of arthropods. Differences in total cellulase and gastric mill morphology suggest that E. sericatus is more efficient at digesting plant material than C. destructor. However, the contents of faecal pellets and the fatty acid compositions seem to indicate that both species opportunistically feed on the most abundant and easily accessible food items.     

Length–weight relationships of two fish species from Sanniang Bay of Guangxi,China

The length–weight relationships were determined for two fish species (Callionymus curvicornis Valenciennes, 1837 and Johnius fasciatus Chu, Lo & Wu, 1963) belonging to two families. Fish samples were collected using commercial trawls (mesh sizes: 70 mm) and the frequency of use three times during each sampling period from Sanniang Bay, China. Samples were collected quarterly from October 2016 to July 2017. The allometric coefficient (b) of length–weight relationship varied from 2.75 for Callionymus curvicornis to 2.92 for Johnius fasciatus. Length–weight relationships for these two fish species were determined for the first time.     

A revision of the Haploporinae Nicoll, 1914 (Digenea: Haploporidae) from mullets (Mugilidae): <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haploporus</Emphasis> Looss, 1902 and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lecithobotrys</Emphasis> Looss, 1902

The status of the nominal species of Haploporus Looss, 1902 and Lecithobotrys Looss, 1902 is re-assessed by means of a comparative morphological study based on newly collected specimens from the western Mediterranean, the re-examination of museum material and a critical evaluation of published data. H. benedeni (Stossich, 1887) (type-species) is described and H. lateralis Looss, 1902 is considered to be its junior synonym. Additional data are given for H. pseudoindicus Rekharani & Madhavi, 1985, H. spinosus Machida, 1996 and H. magnisaccus Machida, 1996. Species parasitising Valamugil spp. from the Indo-West Pacific region, H. indicus Rekharani & Madhavi, 1985, H. spinosus, H. magnisaccus, H. mugilis Liu & Yang, 2002 and H. muscolosaccus Machida, 2003, are considered incertae sedis with respect to their generic affiliation. H. pacificus (Manter, 1963) (syn. Neohaploporus pacificus Manter, 1963), H. pseudoindicus and H. musculosaccus are designated as species inquirendae and H. lossii Al-Bassel, 1990 is considered to be a nomen nudum. Lecithobotrys putrescens Looss, 1902 is described based on newly collected material from Liza spp. Pseudolecithobotrys n. g. is erected to accommodate Lecithobotrys stomachicola Machida, 1996, as P. stomachicola (Machida, 1996) n. comb., from the North Pacific. L. aegyptiacus Hassan, El-Aziz, Khidr & Abu Samak, 1990 is considered to be a synonym of Saccocoelium tensum Looss, 1902, and L. brisbanensis (Martin, 1974) (syn. Paralecithobotrys brisbanensis Martin, 1974), L. vitellosus Sharma & Gupta, 1970 and L. suezcanali Nisreen Ezz El-Dien, Abdel-Rahman, El-Gawady, Imam & Fahmy, 1990 are regarded as species inquirendae. New generic diagnoses are presented for both Haploporus and Lecithobotrys.

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The <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eumyarion</Emphasis> (Mammalia,Rodentia, Muridae) assemblage from Sandelzhausen (Miocene,Southern Germany): a test on homogeneity

A large sample of Eumyarion cheek teeth (N = 569) from the Early/Middle Miocene boundary locality Sandelzhausen (MN5, Southern Germany), type locality E. bifidus Fahlbusch, 1964, is studied. It is concluded that this collection contains two species: E. bifidus and E. weinfurteri Schaub and Zapfe, 1953. The similarity in size and morphology of the cheek teeth of these two species is so great that only the M1 and M2 can be recognised with certainty. Eumyarion bifidus seems to be a descendant of E. orhani de Bruijn et al., 2006 from the Early Miocene (MN3) of Southwestern Anatolia and is therefore considered to be an immigrant into Central Europe.      

Instream distributions and feeding habits of two species of sleeper, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eleotris acanthopoma</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eleotris fusca</Emphasis>, in the Teima River,Okinawa Island

The instream distributions and feeding habits of two species of sleeper, Eleotris acanthopoma and E. fusca, were studied in the Teima River on Okinawa Island, southern Japan. Both adult fishes inhabited the river, but their distribution patterns were found to be different. The distribution of E. acanthopoma was from the tidally influenced area to the lower part of the freshwater area, whereas E. fusca was distributed almost entirely in the freshwater area. They were found to coexist at the upper limit of the tidally influenced area and the lower part of the freshwater area. Their feeding habits were clearly different, although both species were carnivorous. Eleotris acanthopoma fed mainly on crabs in the tidally influenced area and on aquatic snails in the freshwater area, where they coexist with E. fusca. In contrast, E. fusca fed mainly on shrimps in the freshwater area. Their coexistence may result from the difference in their feeding habits.     

The strepsipteran parasite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Elenchus japonicus</Emphasis> (Strepsiptera,Elenchidae) of planthoppers consists of three genotypes

The twisted-wing parasite Elenchus japonicus is a major parasitoid of rice planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), including the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, the white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera, and the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus. Another Elenchus species, E. yasumatsui, which is considered to be synonymous with E. japonicus, has also been described in southern Asia. However, limited biological and molecular data on this important parasitoid of rice planthoppers are available. In this study, E. japonicas-stylopized planthoppers were obtained from various regions in Asia and Japan. Sequences of the nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene of the strepsipterans were analyzed from 40 samples of E. japonicus: 14 from N. lugens, 6 from S. furcifera and 20 from L. striatellus. Sequence analysis of these samples revealed three genotypes of E. japonicus. Of the three types of E. japonicus, one was isolated only from L. striatellus from northern Japan. The other two types were found in all three rice planthopper species collected from a wide area in Asia. These results suggest that the three different genotypes of Elenchus can be associated with a particular geographical region and/or planthopper species. The relationship between two previously described Elenchus species and the present three genotypes needs to be elucidated.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Erysiphe patagoniaca</Emphasis>: a new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Erysiphe </Emphasis>sect. <Emphasis Type="Italic">Uncinula </Emphasis>from Patagonia,Argentina

 A new species of Erysiphe sect. Uncinula is described and illustrated from Patagonia, Argentina. Erysiphe patagoniaca sp. nov., found on leaves of Nothofagus × antarctica, is similar to E. nothofagi and E. kenjiana, but differs in its appendages being twisted throughout their length and the number of appendages, asci, and ascospores. The two endemic species of Erysiphe sect. Uncinula, E. magellanica and E. nothofagi, coexisted on the same leaves together with Erysiphe patagoniaca. Received: September 19, 2002 / Accepted: November 28, 2002 Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Ms. Seiko Niinomi for providing the micrographs of ascomata of Erysiphe spp. on Nothofagus. Correspondence to:S. Takamatsu     

Notes on plecoptera (17) Isoperla pusilla (Klapálek, 1923), comb.n., the valid name of Isoperla minima lilies, 1963

A lectotype is designated for Chloroperla pusilla Klapálek, 1923, which is transferred to genus Isoperla. Isoperla minima lilies, 1963, is its junior synonym and becomes invalid. The species is known from the Romanian Carpathians and Slovenia.     

Two new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anthurium</Emphasis> (Araceae) from Serra do Teimoso,Bahia, Brazil

Two new species of Anthurium from Bahia, eastern Brazil, are described and illustrated. Both species belong to sect. Urospadix Engl. and are so far only known from the type locality, Serra do Teimoso, although they are common locally. Anthurium teimosoanum E. G. Gon?. & J. G. Jardim is known from the lowermost altitudinal zone of this upland area, whereas A. molle E. G. Gon?. & J. G. Jardim was only collected near the summit.