PFIESTERIA PISCICIDA GEN. ET SP. NOV. (PFIESTERIACEAE FAM. NOV.), A NEW TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE WITH A COMPLEX LIFE CYCLE AND BEHAVIOR1

The newly described toxic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida is a polymorphic and multiphasic species with flagellated, amoeboid, and cyst stages. The species is structurally a heterotroph; however, the flagellated stages can have cleptochloroplasts in large food vacuoles and can temporarily function as mixotrophs. The flagellated stage has a typical mesokaryotic nucleus, and the theca is composed of four membranes, two of which are vesicular and contain thin plates arranged in a Kofoidian series of Po, cp, X, 4′, 1a, 5″, 6c, 4s, 5″′, and 2″″. The plate tabulation is unlike that of any other armored dinoflagellate. Nodules often demark the suture lines underneath the outer membrane, but fixation protocols can influence the detection of plates. Amoeboid benthic stages can be filose to lobose, are thecate, and have a reticulate or spiculate appearance. Amoeboid stages have a eukaryotic nuclear profile and are phagocytic. Cyst stages include a small spherical stage with a honeycomb, reticulate surface and possibly another stage that is elongate and oval to spherical with chrysophyte-like scales that can have long bracts. The species is placed in a new family, Pfiesteriaceae, and the order Dinamoebales is emended.     

TETREUTREPTIA POMQUETENSIS GEN. ET SP. NOV. (EUGLENOPHYCEAE): A QUADRIFLAGELLATE,PHOTOTROPHIC MARINE EUGLENOID1

A new euglenoid genus and species, Tetreutreptia pomquetensis, is described from winter waters of Maritime Canada. This phototrophic species is characterized by four emergent heterodynamic flagella, two about the length of the cell and two less than one-half this length. Tetreutreptia pomquetensis has features in common with species of Eutreptiella while it differs in several respects from any of the described species of that genus. It could be assigned to the order Eutreptiales or Euglenamorphales sensu Leedale or the order Euglenales sensu Farmer. This new alga has a narrow range of temperature tolerance; it grows best from 0° to 7° C and dies at temperatures above 10° C. The optimum salinity for growth was near full-strength seawater. Growth conditions for the alga define the conditions whence this species was isolated.     

MORPHOLOGY OF THE SUBANTARCTIC RED ALGA CENACRUM SUBSUTUM GEN. ET SP. NOV. (RHODYMENIALES) FROM MACQUARIE ISLAND1

The red alga Cenacrum subsutum gen. et sp. nov. is described from material collected at Macquarie Island in the subantarctic between November 1977 and February 1978. The habit and carposporophyte development are similar to members of the family Rhodymeniaceae (Rhodymeniales), but certain vegetative features are unique. The frond is a variously incised or lobed foliose blade with hollow apices above and a medulla which becomes progressively filled basipetally with ingrowing rhizoidal filaments. Details of carpogonial branch, auxiliary cell, connecting cell and gonimoblast anatomy are given, as well as observations on the habitats and distribution of the species.     

NEW ENDOLITHIC CYANOPHYTES FROM THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN: I. CYANOSACCUS PIRIFORMIS GEN. ET SP. NOV.1

This paper describes a new genus and species of endolithic microorganism, Cyanosaccus piriformis Lukas and Golubic (Cyanophyta, Pleurocapsales). It is characterized by 1) having one to four spherical to pear-shaped cells within a stalked, gelatinous sheath, 2) its mode of reproduction by release of a large number of baeocytes produced by the proximal daughter cell following transverse binary fission of the parent cell, and 3) its ability to bore into and dwell within carbonate substrates in the marine environment. Its habit of asymmetrical sheath production allies it with the common microboring genera Hyella and Solentia within the family Hyellaceae. Cyanosaccus is a common inhabitant of mollusk shells found in water depths ranging from +0.5 to –75 m MLW on the eastern Florida continental margin and in carbonate sands or rocks in the intertidal and subtidal zones of the Bermuda and Bahama Islands. Its distribution within and among inhabited substrates is patchy due to its mode of reproduction and growth.     

THE FINE STRUCTURE AND SCALE FORMATION OF CHRYSOLEPIDOMONAS DENDROLEPIDOTA GEN. ET. SP. NOV.(CHRYSOLEPIDOMONADACEAE FAM. NOV., CHRYSOPHYCEAE)1

Chrysolepidomonas gen. nov. is described for single-celled monads with two flagella, a single chloroplast, and distinctive canistrate and dendritic scales. The type species, Chrysolepidomonas dendrolepidota sp. nov., is described for the first time. The canistrate scales bear eight “bumps” on the top surface, and the dendriticscales have a tapered base with a quatrifid tip. These organic scales are formed in the Golgi apparatus and storred in a scale reservoir. The scale reservoir is bounded on two sides by the R₁ and R₂ in microtubular roots of the basal apparatus. The cyst (=stomatocyst, statospore) forms endogenously by means of a silica deposition vesicle. The outer cyst surface is smooth, and the pore region is unornamented. Two other organisms bearing canistrate and dendritic scales, previously assigned to the genus Sphaleromants, are transferred to the genus Chrysolepidomonas. They are C.angalica sp. nov. and C. marine(Pienaar) comb. nov. The distinguishing features of Chrysolepidomonas and Sphaleromantis are discussed. A new family, Chrysolepidomonadceae fam. noc., is described for flagellates covered with organic scales.     

ATRACTOMORPHA ECHINATA GEN. ET SP. NOV., A NEW ANISOGAMOUS MEMBER OF THE SPHAEROPLEACEAE (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1,2

Atractomorpha echinata gen. et sp. nov. is described from isolates derived from zygotes present in a dry soil sample obtained from Texas. The new genus is distinguished from Sphaeroplea primarily by its pattern of vegetative growth. While Sphaeroplea is distinctly filamentous with numerous coenocytic cells uniseriately arranged, Atractomorpha grows as individual, multinucleate, spindle-shaped cells with sharply pointed extremities. Such cells may vary considerably in length (25–6000 μm, or more) and normally lack septa. In young, rapidly growing cultures the cells often attain lengths of 300–500 μm, but rarely exceed 1800 μm. The new species is further characterized by: (1) the regular formation of biflagellate zoospores in asexual reproduction, (2)anisogamy (occasionally oogamy) and (3) the size and ornamentation of its zygotes. Variations in vegetative morphology are discussed as are conditions for obtaining gametogenesis.     

OCTOSPORIELLA COLORADOENSIS GEN. ET SP. NOV., A NEW TETRASPORALEAN GREEN ALGA FROM TWO COLORADO MOUNTAIN LAKES1

A new green alga, Octosporiella coloradoensis, belonging to the order Tetrasporales, family Tetrasporaceae, is described from Colorado mountain lakes. Colonies are planktonic or attached, the latter often forming loosely aggregated colonial complexes, thus creating an irregularly shaped complex. Individual colonies are spherical and consist of eight subcolonies, with each subcolony having spherically arranged octads of cells. Each vegetative cell bears two pseudoflagella that extend well beyond the colonial sheaths. Cell division is by eleutheroschisis and may be synchronous or asynchronous. Daughter colony formation is apparently coenobic, with each cell in the octad forming new subcolonies of eight cells each. Zoospore formation may precede daughter colony formation but the flagella remain rigid and non-motile. Large akinetes form in response to nutrient depletion. These germinate to produce eight aplanospores which divide to reconstitute a typical colony of Octosporiella. Sexual reproduction was not observed.     

NORTH CAROLINA MARINE ALGAE. IX. ONSLOWIA ENDOPHYTICA GEN. ET SP. NOV. (PHAEOPHYTA,SPHACELARIALES) AND NOTES ON OTHER NEW RECORDS FOR NORTH CAROLINA1

Four benthic algae are reported here for the first time in the North Carolina flora. The new brown algal genus and species, Onslowia endophytica Searles, is described as an endophyte of Halymenia floridana from the North Carolina continental shelf. New records of Boodleopsis pusilla and Naccaria corymbosa from North Carolina constitute range extensions of these tropical species on the American coast north from Florida. Blastophysa rhizopus, an endophyte and epiphyte known from the North Atlantic coast of Europe and America as well as the Caribbean is reported from North Carolina for the first time and in a new host, Predaea feldmannii.     

新菌——吉林链梭菌的分类学研究

从７例阴道炎患者阴道分泌物分离出７株细菌,均具有相同的生物学特性,Ｇ－梭状菌,单、成对或链状。无荚膜,无芽抱,无鞭毛。兼性厌氧菌,在大气中培养不生长,在５％～１０％ＣＯ２中或烛缸培养１８～２４ｈ才能形成菌落,ＭａｃＣｏｎｋｅｙ培养基不生长,最适生长温度３５℃－３７℃。氧化酶阴性,接触酶阴性,不还原硝酸盐,发酵糖类（指示剂用溴甲酚紫）,克氏双糖铁高层和斜面均发生产酸反应,七叶苷水解试验阳性,马尿酸盐水解试验阴性。经ＢｉｏｌｏｇＭｉｃｒｏｓｔａｔｉｏｎＳｙｓｔｅｍ自动化细菌鉴定系统检测无确定结果,ＤＮＡＧ＋Ｃ含量为４２．３ｍｏｌ％、１６ｓｒＲＮＡ序列测定结果经计算机检索国际基因菌库ＥＭＢＬ和ＧｅｎＢａｎｋ所有序列进行比较,表明该白与已知科、属亲缘关系较远,结合其表型特征,建议建立新属,命名为吉林链梭菌（Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｆｕｓｉａｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．Ｊｉｌｉｎａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）该菌已收藏在中国微生物菌种保藏中心ＣＧＭＣＣＮＯ．０２１５Ｔ（Ｔ＝ｔｙｐｅｓｔｒａｉｎ）．该菌１６ＳｒＲＮＡ片断已被国际基因库收录,接收号为Ｕ３４３６５。     

DEUCALION GEN. NOV. AND ANISOSCHIZUS GEN. NOV. (CERAMIACEAE,CERAMIALES), TWO NEW PROPAGULE-FORMING RED ALGAE FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA1

Two new propagule-farming red algae from southern Australia, Deucalion levringii (Lindauer) gen. et comb. nov. and Anisoschizus propaguli gen. et sp. nov., are described and defined largely on their development in laboratory culture. Deucalion is included in the tribe Compsothamnieae on the basis of its subapical procarp and alternate distichous branching. It differs from the other genera included in that tribe in that it produces 3-celled propagules, polysporangia, a subapical cell of the fertile axis which bears 3 pericentral cells, and an apparently post-fertilization involucre which develops from the hypogenous and sub-hypogenous cells of the fertile axis. Its gametophyte morphology has been elucidated in culture, as only sporophytes are known from the field. Gametophytes do not appear to produce propagules. Anisoschizus is provisionally included in the tribe Spermothamnieae on the basis of its subdichotomous branching, possession of a prostrate system and the production of polysporangia. It differs from the other genera of the tribe in the production of 2-celled propagules. Observations on the germination of the “monosporangia” of Mazoyerella arachnoidea and Monosporus spp. indicate that they are analagous to the propagules of Deucalion and Anisoschizus. The nature of these propagules and their role in recycling the parent plant are discussed and contrasted with true monosporangia. It is recommended that Monosporus be maintained as a form genus containing representatives from more than one tribe, as exemplified by plants from Lord Howe I. provisionally identified as M. indicus Boergesen which have both prostrate and erect, as opposed to only erect, axes.     

COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RED ALGAL PARASITES BOSTRYCHIOCOLAX AUSTRALIS GEN. ET SP. NOV. AND DAWSONIOCOLAX BOSTRYCHIAE (CHOREOCOLACACEAE,RHODOPHYTA)1

The development of two red algal parasites was examined in laboratory culture. The red algal parasite Bostrychiocolax australis gen. et sp. nov., from Australia, originally misidentified as Dawsoniocolax bostrychiae (Joly et Yamaguishi-Tomita) Joly et Yamaguishi-Tomita, completes its life history in 6 weeks on its host Bostrychia radicans (Montagne) Montagne. Initially the spores divide to form a small lenticular cell, and then a germ tube grows from the opposite pole. Upon contact with the host cuticle, the germ tube penetrates the host cell wall. The tip of the germ tube expands, and the spore cytoplasm moves into this expanded tip. The expanded germ tube tip becomes the first endophytic cell from which a parasite cell is cut off that fuses with a host tier cell. The nuclei of this infected host cell enlarge. As parasite development continues, other host-parasite cell fusions are formed, transferring more parasite nuclei into host cells. The erumpent colorless multicellular parasite develops externally on the host, and reproductive structures are visible within 2 weeks. Tetrasporangia are superficial and cruciately or tetra-hedrally divided. Spermatia are formed in clusters. The carpogonial branches are four-celled, and the carpogonium fuses directly with the auxiliary (support) cell. The mature carposporophyte has a large central fusion cell and sympodially branched gonimoblast filaments. Early stages of development differ markedly in Dawsoniocolax bostrychiae from Brazil. Upon contact with the host, the spore undergoes a nearly equal division, and a germ tube elongates from the more basal of the two spore cells, penetrates the host cell wall, and fuses with a host tier cell. Subsequent development involves enlargement of the original spore body and division to form a multicellular cushion, from which descending rhizoidal filaments form that fuse with underlying host cells. This radically different development is in marked contrast to the final reproductive morphology, which is similar to B. australis and has lead to taxonomic confusion between these two entities. The different spore germination patterns and early germ-ling development of B. australis and D. bostrychiae warrant the formation of a new genus for the Australian parasite.     

MORPHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF AUREOPHYCUS ALEUTICUS GEN. ET SP. NOV. (LAMINARIALES,PHAEOPHYCEAE) FROM THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS1

A previously unknown species of kelp was collected on Kagamil Island, Aleutian Islands. The species can be easily distinguished from any known laminarialean alga: the erect sporophytic thallus is composed of a thin lanceolate blade attaining ～2 m in height and ～0.50 m in width, without midrib, and the edge of the blade at the transition zone is thickened to form a V‐shape; the stipe is solid and flattened, slightly translucent, attaining ～1 m in length; the holdfast is semidiscoidal and up to 0.15 m in diameter. Anatomically, the blade has the typical trumpet‐shaped hyphae characteristic of the Chordaceae and derived foliose laminarialean species (i.e., Alariaceae/Laminariaceae/Lessoniaceae). No hair pits or mucilaginous structures were observed on the blade or stipe. No fertile sporophytes were collected, but abundant juvenile sporophytes were observed in the field. In the molecular phylogenetic analyses using chloroplast rbcL gene, nuclear ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 rDNA, and mitochondria nad6 DNA sequences, the new species (Aureophycus aleuticus gen. et sp. nov.) showed a closer relationship with Alariaceae of conventional taxonomy, or the “Group 1” clade of Lane et al. (2006) including Alaria and related taxa than with other groups, although the species was not clearly included in the group. Aureophycus may be a key species in elucidating the evolution of the Alariaceae within the Laminariales. Because of the lack of information on reproductive organs and insufficient resolution of the molecular analyses, we refrain from assigning the new species to a family, but we place the new species in a new genus in the Laminariales.     

DICROGLOSSUM CRISPATULUM GEN. ET COMB. NOV. FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA,REPRESENTING A NEW TRIBE WITHIN THE DELESSERIACEAE (RHODOPHYTA)1

Dicroglossum gen. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Ceramiales) is a monotypic genus based on Delesseria crispatula, a species originally described by Harvey for plants collected from southwestern Western Australia. Distinctive features of the new genus include exogenous indeterminate branches; growth by means of a single transversely dividing, apical cell; absence of intercalary divisions in the primary, secondary, and tertiary cell rows; lateral pericentral cells not transversely divided; not all cells of the secondary cell rows producing tertiary cells rows; all tertiary initials reaching the thallus margin; midrib present but lateral nerves absent; determinate lateral bladelets arising endogenously; blades monostromatic, except, at the midrib; carpogonial branches restricted to primary cell rows, on both surfaces of unmodified blades; procarps produced on both blade surfaces, each procarp consisting of a supporting cell that bears two four-celled carpogonial branches and one sterile-cell group of three to four cells; and tetrasporangia borne in two layers, separated by a central row of sterile cells. The combination of exogenous indeterminate branching and bicarpogonial procarps is considered to warrant the recognition of a new tribe, the Dicroglosseae, within the subfamily Delesserioideae.     

ULTRASTRUCTURE AND 18S RRNA GENE SEQUENCE FOR PELAGOMONAS CALCEOLATA GEN. ET SP. NOV. AND THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW ALGAL CLASS,THE PELAGOPHYCEAE CLASSIS NOV.1

Pelagomonas calceolata gen. et sp. nov., an ultra-planktonic marine alga, is described using electron microscopy and the cytoplasmic small subunit (18S) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence. Cells are uniflagellate, about 1.5 × 3 μm in size. The flagellium has two rows of bipartite hairs, the paraxonemal rod has a dentate appearance, and a two-gyred transitional helix is present between two transitional plates. Microtubular roots, striated roots, and a second basal body are absent. A thin organic theca surrounds most of the cell. There is a single chloroplast with a girdle lamella and a single, dense mitochondrion with tubular cristae. A single Golgi body with swelled cisternae lies beneath the flagellum, and each cell has an ejectile organelle that putatwely releases a cylindrical structure. A vacuole, or cluster of vacuoles, contains the putative carbohydrate storage product. The 18S rRNA gene was sequenced completely in both directions, excluding three primer regions. When compared to the same gene sequence from other organisms, Pelagomonas calceolata gen. et sp. nov. occupies an unresolved position among other chromophyte algae and is distinct from members of any of these classes. Based on morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular data, we describe this alga as a new species, and we place this highly unusual new species in a new genus, family, order, and class.     

CORRECTION OF THE NAME PSEUDOTETRAÉDRON POLYMORPHUM (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

A unicellular chlorococcalean alga, Pseudotetraëdron polymorphum MacEntee, Bold & Archibald is renamed Chlorotetratëdron polymorphum (MacEntee, Bold & Archibald) MacEntee, Bold & Archibald became the former generic designation has been preempted by a xanthophycean alga.     

A FURTHER SEM STUDY OF MARINE BENTHIC DINOFLAGELLATES FROM A MANGROVE ISLAND,TWIN CAYS,BELIZE, INCLUDING PLAGIODINIUM BELIZEANUM GEN. ET SP. NOV.1

This study indicates that bilaterally flattened, armored, benthic dinoflagellates are more diverse in morphology than previously known. A new species, Plagiodinium belizeanum Faust et Balech gen. et. sp. nov., is described in floating detritus from Twin Cays, Belize, mangrove habitats. Plagiodinium belizeanum cells are small, with dimensions of 26.5–30.5 μm in length, 20–24.5 μm in width, and 6.5–8.5 μm in depth. Cells are oblong and bilaterally compressed with a posteriorly located, spherical nucleus, many chloroplasts, and spherical starch granules. The epitheca descends ventrally, is cap-shaped, and is composed of five plates and a very small platelet provisionally named P₀ situated in the center. The epitheca is narrowly oval in apical view with a pointed truncated ventral side and a rounded dorsal side. The cingulum is composed of five plates. The hypotheca is constructed of five posteriorly elongated postcingular plates and one antapical plate. The sulcus is very short and narrow, comprised of five very small plates. The thecal plate arrangement of P. belizeanum is P₀, 5′, O″, 5C, 5″′, 1″″, 5S. No lists are present. Thecal plates have a smooth surface with small and irregularly scattered pores. The intercalary band is smooth on outer cell surface and broadly striated on its inner surface. We conclude that P. belizeanum represents a new, benthic, peridinioid, armored genus, Plagiodinium gen. nov. The taxonomic position of P. belizeanum sp. nov. is compared to related sand-dwelling and bilaterally flattened benthic dinoflagellates.     

中国中三叠世龙蝎蛉新科的发现(昆虫纲,长翅目)

记述龙蝎蛉新科Drakonochoristidae fam. nov.和1新亚科及其2新属、种和1个老亚科。2新属种的化石标本采自中国陕西铜川中三叠统铜川组下段上部的灰绿色泥岩和页岩。新科性质及其分类位置在文中进行讨论。新科的建立填补这个类群在中国的空白,同时对于小蝎蛉科Nannochoristidae和二叠蝎蛉科Permochoristidae的演化关系的研究有一定的意义。这些新属、种系陕西昆虫群(陕西生物群的一个类别)铜川昆虫组合的新成员。铜川组的时代相当于欧洲拉丁尼期(Ladinian Stage)。     

MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF MERISTIELLA GEN. NOV. (SOLIERIACEAE,RHODOPHYTA) 1

Eucheuma acanthocladum (Harvey) J. Agardh, E. gelidium (J Agardh) J. Agardh, E. echinocarpum Areschoug and E. schrammii(P. et H. Crouan) J. Agardh from the tropical and warm temperate waters of the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea are transferred to a new genus, Meristiella. Meristiella exhibits the following Unique combination of characters among genera in the Solieriaceae: (1) rotated periaxial cells, (2) a loosely filamentous medulla. (3) an auxiliary cell complex, (4) Single and twin connecting filaments and (5) spinose cystocarps composed of a central, small-celled placentum, based on its reproductive features, Meristiella. is assigned to the tribe Agardhielleae. Culture experiments and herbarium studies provide evidence that E, gelidium and E. acantghocladum are conspecific. Lectotypes are designated for the included species.