人类基因组学的新战略：全基因组随机测序

人类基因组学的新战略：全基因组随机测序吴家睿（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所,上海２０００３１）关键词人类基因组ＤＮＡ测序遗传图谱物理图谱人类基因组计划（ＨＧＰ）的战略构想是,以“作图”（Ｍａｐｐｉｎｇ）为测序的基础。也就是说,首先将人类的整个基因组一...     

鹅源腺病毒基因组DNA物理图谱的构建

将鹅源腺病毒Ｙ８１Ｇ４株全基因组ＤＮＡ的ＨｉｎｄⅢ酶切片段分别插入质粒ｐＵＣ１８,成功构建了全基因组ＤＮＡ文库。在此基础上,将重组质粒携带的插入片段切出、回收并分别用地高辛标记后作为探针,与经限制酶ＢａｍＨⅠ、ＥｃｏＲⅠ、ＰｓｔⅠ、ＥｃｏＲⅤ消化的病毒基因组ＤＮＡ进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ Ｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ,杂交结果经比较综合后获得了该病毒基因组ＤＮＡ的ＨｉｎｄⅢ、ＢａｍＨⅠ、ＥｃｏＲⅠ、ＰｓｔⅠ、Ｅｃ     

水稻基因组测序的研究进展

水稻是最重要的粮食作物之一,世界上大约有一半的人口以水稻为主要粮食。作为基因组研究的模式植物,水稻基因组的测序工作已在世界范围内展开。此项研究工作不仅能破译水稻全基因组序列,还将有助于了解其他禾本科植物的基因组信息。本对水稻基因组测序工作进展作一综述。     

鹅源腺病毒基因组DNA物理图谱的构建

将鹅源腺病毒Y81G4株全基因组DNA的HindⅢ酶切片段分别插入质粒pUC18, 成功构建了全基因组DNA文库.在此基础上,将重组质粒携带的插入片段切出、回收并分别用地高辛标记后作为探针,与经限制酶BamHI、EcoRI、PstI、Eco RV消化的病毒基因组DNA进行Southern Blotting,杂交结果经比较综合后获得了该病毒基因组DNA的HindⅢ、Ba mH I、EcoR I、PstI、EcoR V限制性内切酶的物理图谱.利用已发表的含有鸡EDS76病毒AA-2 株基因组DNA右末端的重组质粒pBE42作为探针,与本病毒两末端重组质粒进行Southern Blo tting,根据同源性杂交结果确定了本病毒基因组DNA物理图谱与EDSVAA-2株相应的方向. 本病毒基础因组DNA物理图谱的精确构建,为进行基因组结构分析,筛选复制非必需区,构建禽腺病毒载体打下了基础.     

基于cDNA测序与杂交的大规模基因组分析方法

随着人类及其他多种模式生物基因组计划所取得的重大进展 ,目前 ,基因组研究正处于一个从“序列基因组”研究向“功能基因组”研究的重大转折时期。诚然 ,通过“序列基因组”研究可以了解到大量的有关组成基因组所有核苷酸排列顺序的信息 ,但是 ,我们对由这些核苷酸所组成的基因的功能及这些基因的时空表达顺序却知之甚少。比如 ,通过人类基因组计划可以知道组成人类基因组的大约 3 0亿个核苷酸在染色体上是如何排列的 ,而由这些核苷酸可构成哪些基因 ?这些基因具有何种功能 ?这些基因在不同的组织、不同的发育阶段又是如何表达的 ?这正是“…     

美国家人类基因组研究所将18种生物列为测序对象

Science News2004年166卷7期109页报道：美国马里兰州贝塞斯达市美国国家人类基因组研究所（NHGRI）的生物学家Adam Felsenfeld最近宣称NHGRI已从整个“生命树”的各个支干的种系中精选出了18种有代表性的生物,作为今后基因组测序的重点对象。     

从“人类”基因组计划到“千人”基因组计划

国际人类基因组计划被誉为生物学的曼哈顿原子弹计划和阿波罗登月计划,在2000年,其绘制的人类基因组草图也正式发表。国际顶尖的两大科学杂志《自然》和《科学》同日发表了多国基因组学家联合发表     

基因组分析与人类X染色体物理图谱

基因组分析与人类Ｘ染色体物理图谱柴建华（复旦大学遗传学研究所上海２００４３３）人类基因组分析自１９８７年首先在美国开始以来,已经过了６年多时间。美国已经有了１４个人类基因组研究中心,英、法、德、日等国及我国也投入了这项研究,已经取得了长足进展。人类基因组研究的总任务有两个：１）“读出”人类基因组全部ＡＴＣＧ语言,即全基因组核苷酸顺序测定;２）“读懂”人类基因组全部ＡＴＣＧ语,即人类全部基因的编码及功能的研究。     

Alternative Approaches to Genome Mapping and Sequencing

The main methods used for large-scale mapping of the human and other genomes are reviewed. These methods comprise two procedures of random mapping/sequencing and an approach using linking and jumping libraries. Importantly, no method used up to now has proved efficient in comparative genome analysis. A new method is presented basing on slalom libraries. These libraries provide 10–100 times higher efficiency and may be used for mapping and sequencing whole genomes by small research groups.     

Dna Sequencing After the Human Genome Project

Abstract

In future DNA sequencing, gel electrophoresis, which is particularly effective for de novo sequencing, is likely to be replaced by sequencing by hybridization, mass spectrometry, or combinations of these two methods, which are particularly effective for comparative or diagnostic sequencing.     

中丹科学家完成古人类全基因组测序

由中国深圳华大基因研究院和丹麦哥本哈根大学联合创建的中丹基因组联合中心以Saqqaq古人为样本,完成了世界首例古人类全基因组的深度序列测定和解读.这一历史性成果以封面故事发表在2010年2月11日出版的科学期刊上.     

Complete Genome Sequencing of Mosquito and Human Isolates of Ngari Virus

Ngari virus (NRIV) is a recently described, naturally occurring reassortant between two other orthobunyaviruses, Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) and Batai virus (BATV). Intriguingly, this reassortment was associated with the acquisition of heightened virulence, although the molecular basis for this is not understood. Here we report the first complete genome sequences of Ngari virus. We include five isolates from various geographical locations, as well as samples isolated from both mosquitos and human cases. Based on an analysis of these sequence data, NRIVs are clearly genetically distinct from all known BUNV and BATV strains but are very closely related to one another regardless of their source.     

Ancestral Alleles in the Human Genome Based on Population Sequencing Data

Ancestral allele information is useful for genetics studies. Previously, the identification of ancestral alleles was primarily based on sequence alignments between species. Alternative ways to identify ancestral alleles were proposed in this study based on population sequencing data. The methods described here utilized the diversity between haplotypes harboring ancestral and newly emerged alleles. Simulations showed that these methods were reliable for identifying ancestral alleles when the variants had not aged too greatly. Application to the human genome sequencing data suggested the role of indels in maintaining the GC content in the human genome. The deletion-to-insertion ratios and GC proportions were correlated depending on the sizes of insertions and deletions in the direction of increasing GC content. There were GC-biased fixations in single base-pair insertions and AT-biased fixations in single base-pair deletions in the results based on the proposed methods. In the current study, GC-biased gene conversions in nucleotide substitutions were very slight or insignificant. In the variants of several quantitative trait loci (QTLs), slight GC-biased gene conversion was observed in nucleotide substitutions. For the QTL indels, insertions were observed more often than deletions, and deletion-biased fixation was observed, providing new insights into the evolution of functional genes.     

Cloning and Physical Mapping of an Early Region of the Bacteriophage T4 Genome

We have cloned DNA restriction fragments from the largely nonessential region of bacteriophage T4 located between genes 39 and 56. The cloned DNA fragments were used to construct a precise map of the sites in this region recognized by eight restriction endonucleases. This restriction map allowed us to compare the cytosine-containing T4 DNA used for cloning with the hydroxymethylcytosine-containing DNA of wild-type T4; there were no detectable rearrangements in the region tested. We were also able to determine the physical locations of several deletion end points and of several genes.