生物育种新技术作物的安全管理

生物育种新技术（new breeding techniques,NBTs）是指基于分子生物学工具进行作物分子育种的一类新技术,可以短期内使作物产生新的有利性状,促进作物新品种的开发,如基因编辑技术、RNA干扰（RNA interference,RNAi）技术、同源转基因技术等。这些新技术目前正在全球农业育种中广泛应用,并且已有部分作物新品种获准商业化生产。然而,针对生物育种新技术产生的作物新品种的安全性和安全管理政策,全球尚未达成统一共识,对其安全监管的思考也不尽相同,限制了这些作物新品种的研发和商业化应用进程。综述了现阶段全球主要发达国家对于生物育种新技术作物的安全性和监管方面实施的管理政策和法规,以期对我国生物育种新技术作物的安全性管理政策的制定提供一定的借鉴。     

作物早熟性基因定位与遗传效应的研究进展

对于作物育种而言,早熟性是一种优良的综合性状。因此,探讨如何将常规育种方法和分子生物学技术相结合,用以缩短主要作物品种生育期,对作物生产的发展具有十分重要的意义。本文概括了作物早熟性相关性状,重点阐述了作物早熟性相关性状定位与遗传分析的研究现状,提出了目前作物早熟性育种研究中存在的问题与未来的研究展望。     

作物基因聚合分子育种

基因聚合分子育种与常规育种技术相结合已成为今后作物育种的主流方向。基因聚合分子育种主要包括遗传转化基因聚合分子育种和分子标记筛选基因聚合分子育种。本文简要综述了近年来作物基因聚合分子育种的研究进展,分析了遗传转化基因聚合分子育种以及分子标记基因聚合分子育种技术的研究方法及基因聚合分子育种存在的问题。     

2011年第2期《遗传》封面说明

空间诱变育种是指利用返回式卫星或高空气球将作物种子带到太空,利用太空特殊的环境使生物体产生变化,引起生物体DNA序列结构变化和染色体畸变,进而导致生物体性状发生改变,培育作物新品种的诱变育种新技术。它具有诱变效率高、变异幅度大、育种周期短、无环境污染等特点,在当今作物育种中发挥着重要的作用。空间诱变育种开辟了玉米育种的新途径,丰富了玉米育种学的内容。     

抗大麦黄矮病的小偃麦易位系的创制与鉴定

抗大麦黄矮病的小偃麦易位系的创制与鉴定@辛志勇$中国农业科学院作物育种载培研究所!北京100081@张增燕$中国农业科学院作物育种载培研究所!北京100081@陈孝$中国农业科学院作物育种载培研究所!北京100081@林志珊$中国农业科学院作物育种载培研究所!北京100081大麦;;小偃麦;;易位系     

法国用诱变育种技术替代转基因农作物

为改良传统农作物的品种和性能,法国采用植物诱发突变技术育种已有近80年的历史。据世界粮农组织估计,2007年全球共种植2550种诱变育种农作物,其中近一半为粮食作物,生态农田也采用诱变育种的农作物品种。诱变育种农作物与转基因农作物不同,主要利用物理或化学的因素处理作物,使其发生基因突变。基因突变是作物变异进化的根本来源,为作物进化提供了最初的原材料。     

基因编辑领域专家访谈：陈其军教授——记首个基因编辑安全证书获批

《生物工程学报》:我国首个基因编辑生物安全证书落地,您认为有什么意义?对其他作物育种、食品动物(畜禽)育种、微生物育种和疾病生物治疗是否也有促进作用?陈其军:首个基因编辑生物安全证书落地是个好消息,为从事作物基因编辑育种的研究人员提供了基本的参考,有助于推动国内基因编辑农作物新品种的市场化进程。对其他作物的基因编辑育种的推动作用不言而喻,但对于畜禽育种和疾病生物治疗是否有促进作用尚需观察相关领域的政策走向。     

小偃麦附加系Z1和Z2中外源染色体2Ai-2的结构组成

小偃麦附加系Z1和Z2中外源染色体2Ai-2的结构组成@张增燕$中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所!北京100081@辛志勇$中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所!北京100081@陈孝$中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所!北京100081小偃麦;;附加系;;染色体     

作物育种知识讲座（二）──作物的选择育种

作物育种知识讲座（二）──作物的选择育种张金栋（首都师范大学生物学系１０００３７）（续１９９５年第３０卷第９期第２９页）选择育种又称系统育种，它是在现有作物品种群体中，根据育种目标，选择优良的自然变异个体，通过培育、比较和鉴定，从而获得新品种或改良现...     

植物单倍体诱导技术发展与创新

单倍体育种是培育作物新品种的主要育种技术之一,提高单倍体诱导频率和简化诱导程序是单倍体育种技术的关键。随着单倍体诱导技术的发展与改进,单倍体育种技术已被广泛应用于许多重要植物的育种研究中,展现出基因纯合快速、育种年限缩短、育种效率提高等优势。单倍体诱导技术与杂交育种、诱变育种、反向育种和分子标记辅助选择育种等技术相结合,在作物品种改良上的作用更加显著。单倍体和双单倍体在遗传群体构建、基因功能鉴定、转基因研究、细胞学研究等方面具有重要应用价值。本文从单倍体诱导技术、单倍体和双单倍体应用等方面综述了植物单倍体诱导技术的发展,尤其是近年来利用基因组编辑技术创制主要作物单倍体诱导系的进展,并分析了目前研究中存在的问题和今后的发展方向,以期促进单倍体诱导技术尤其是利用基因编辑创造诱导系技术在作物育种中的应用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.