平衡施肥对缺磷红壤性水稻土的生态效应

为了研究平衡施肥对缺磷水稻土的生态效应,对长期缺施磷肥水稻土进行了3.5年平衡施肥试验。试验采取盆栽水稻的方式,在长期缺施磷肥的红壤性水稻土上比较不施磷肥（NK）、平衡施用氮磷钾无机肥（NPK）、无机氮磷钾肥配施硅肥（NPKSi）、无机氮磷钾肥配施有机肥（无机肥占3/5）、NPK基础上增施磷肥（NKhP）、NPKM基础上增施磷肥（NKhPM）处理的土壤肥力、土壤微生物特性、土壤磷的渗漏量以及地上部水稻产量、养分利用率、磷肥利用率的变化。试验表明,平衡施肥处理NPK、NPKSi、NPKM、NKhPM显著提高水稻产量,比不施磷肥（NK）平均增产147%,其中NPKM提高152%;能提高土壤肥力,比不施磷肥土壤有机质含量平均提高18.5%,其中NPKM提高30.1%;显著提高土壤微生物生物量,比不施磷肥土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）平均提高57.2%,其中NPKM提高87.1%;提高氮素、钾素养分利用率,比不施磷肥平均分别提高120.3%、33.6%,其中NPKM分别提高152%、43%。而长期重施无机磷肥处理（NKhP）虽然水稻产量比不施磷肥处理提高125.1%,但因土壤中磷酸根离子含量过高影响土壤微生物正常生长,土壤微生物活度比不施磷处理降低9.4%,土壤微生物量碳（MBC）降低2.4%,稻田土壤微生物生态系统质量劣化。此外,重施磷肥处理（包括NKhP、NKhPM）易导致稻田水体的磷污染。各处理比较,NPKM综合生态效应最佳,以下依次是NKhPM、NPKSi、NPK,NKhP,NKhP对稻田土壤微生物生态系统产生负效应。根据试验结果,平衡施肥是恢复缺磷水稻土的有效措施,其中在平衡施用氮磷钾化肥的基础上增施有机肥或硅肥效果较好。     

Increased microbial functional diversity under long-term organic and integrated fertilization in a paddy soil

Microbes play key roles in diverse biogeochemical processes including nutrient cycling. However, responses of soil microbial community and functional genes to long-term integrated fertilization (chemical combined with organic fertilization) remain unclear. Here, we used pyrosequencing and a microarray-based GeoChip to explore the shifts of microbial community and functional genes in a paddy soil which received over 21-year fertilization with various regimes, including control (no fertilizer), rice straw (R), rice straw plus chemical fertilizer nitrogen (NR), N and phosphorus (NPR), NP and potassium (NPKR), and reduced rice straw plus reduced NPK (L-NPKR). Significant shifts of the overall soil bacterial composition only occurred in the NPKR and L-NPKR treatments, with enrichment of certain groups including Bradyrhizobiaceae and Rhodospirillaceae families that benefit higher productivity. All fertilization treatments significantly altered the soil microbial functional structure with increased diversity and abundances of genes for carbon and nitrogen cycling, in which NPKR and L-NPKR exhibited the strongest effect, while R exhibited the least. Functional gene structure and abundance were significantly correlated with corresponding soil enzymatic activities and rice yield, respectively, suggesting that the structural shift of the microbial functional community under fertilization might promote soil nutrient turnover and thereby affect yield. Overall, this study indicates that the combined application of rice straw and balanced chemical fertilizers was more pronounced in shifting the bacterial composition and improving the functional diversity toward higher productivity, providing a microbial point of view on applying a cost-effective integrated fertilization regime with rice straw plus reduced chemical fertilizers for sustainable nutrient management.

     

Long‐term nitrogen fertilization decreases bacterial diversity and favors the growth of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria in agro‐ecosystems across the globe

Long‐term elevated nitrogen (N) input from anthropogenic sources may cause soil acidification and decrease crop yield, yet the response of the belowground microbial community to long‐term N input alone or in combination with phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) is poorly understood. We explored the effect of long‐term N and NPK fertilization on soil bacterial diversity and community composition using meta‐analysis of a global dataset. Nitrogen fertilization decreased soil pH, and increased soil organic carbon (C) and available N contents. Bacterial taxonomic diversity was decreased by N fertilization alone, but was increased by NPK fertilization. The effect of N fertilization on bacterial diversity varied with soil texture and water management, but was independent of crop type or N application rate. Changes in bacterial diversity were positively related to both soil pH and organic C content under N fertilization alone, but only to soil organic C under NPK fertilization. Microbial biomass C decreased with decreasing bacterial diversity under long‐term N fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, but reduced the abundance of Acidobacteria, consistent with the general life history strategy theory for bacteria. The positive correlation between N application rate and the relative abundance of Actinobacteria indicates that increased N availability favored the growth of Actinobacteria. This first global analysis of long‐term N and NPK fertilization that differentially affects bacterial diversity and community composition provides a reference for nutrient management strategies for maintaining belowground microbial diversity in agro‐ecosystems worldwide.     

The effects of mineral fertilizer and organic manure on soil microbial community and diversity

The effects of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and organic manure on phospholipid fatty acid profiles and microbial functional diversity were investigated in a long-term (21-year) fertilizer experiment. The experiment included nine treatments: organic manure (OM), organic manure plus fertilizer NPK (OM + NPK), fertilizer NPK (NPK), fertilizer NP (NP), fertilizer NK (NK), fertilizer N (N), fertilizer P (P), fertilizer K (K), and the control (CK, without fertilization). The original soil was extremely eroded, characterized by low pH and deficiencies of nutrients, particularly N and P. The application of OM and OM + NPK greatly increased crop yields, soil pH, organic C, total N, P and K, available N, P and K content. Crop yields, soil pH, organic C, total N and available N were also clearly increased by the application of mineral NPK fertilizer. The amounts of total PLFAs, bacterial, Gram-negative and actinobacterial PLFAs were highest in the OM + NPK treatment, followed by the OM treatment, whilst least in the N treatment. The amounts of Gram-positive and anaerobic PLFAs were highest in the OM treatment whilst least in the P treatment and the control, respectively. The amounts of aerobic and fungal PLFAs were highest in the NPK treatment whilst least in the N and P treatment, respectively. The average well color development (AWCD) was significantly increased by the application of OM and OM + NPK, and the functional diversity indices including Shannon index (H ^′ ), Simpson index (D) and McIntosh index (U) were also significantly increased by the application of OM and OM + NPK. Principal component analysis (PCA) of PLFA profiles and C source utilization patterns were used to describe changes in microbial biomass and metabolic fingerprints from nine fertilizer treatments. The PLFA profiles from OM, OM + NPK, NP and NPK were significantly different from that of CK, N, P, K and NK, and C source utilization patterns from OM and OM + NPK were clearly different from organic manure deficient treatments (CK, N, P, K, NP, NK 6 and NPK). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that total N, available P and soil pH significantly affected PLFA profiles and microbial functional diversity. Our results could provide a better understanding of the importance of organic manure plus balanced fertilization with N, P and K in promoting the soil microbial biomass, activity and diversity and thus enhancing crop growth and production.     

黄壤稻田土壤微生物生物量碳磷对长期不同施肥的响应

本研究以进行了22年的黄壤稻田长期定位试验为依托,分析了不同施肥模式下土壤碳(C)、磷(P)与微生物生物量C(MBC)、P(MBP)的变化及其耦合特征,旨在探讨黄壤地区合理培肥模式以提高土壤磷素有效性.试验包括10个处理,分别为不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、磷钾配合(PK)、氮钾配合(NK)、氮磷配合(NP)、氮磷钾配合(NPK)、单施有机肥(M)、3种有机无机肥配施(1/4M+3/4NP、0.5MNP、MNPK).结果表明:与不施肥相比,N和NK处理土壤有机碳(TOC)、全磷(TP)、MBC、MBP均有不同程度的降低,施磷处理(PK、NP、NPK)则有不同程度的提升;与不施肥和施用无机肥相比,施用有机肥各处理TOC、MBC、MBP及MBP/TP均显著增加,其中M和MNPK处理增幅最大.MBC/MBP、TOC/MBP、MBC/TP以施用有机肥处理最低,N处理最高.土壤MBC、MBP及其耦合关系与土壤TOC和有效磷均呈极显著相关,TOC是影响MBC、MBP、MBP/TP的直接因素,而有效磷则是影响MBC/MBP、TOC/MBP、MBC/TP的直接因素.土壤MBP及碳、磷耦合关系各指标可以有效区分单施化肥和施用有机肥的不同施肥方式,可作为评价黄壤稻田磷素肥力的生物学指标.配施有机肥是增加黄壤稻田磷有效性、提高土壤供磷潜力和保持土壤生物健康的有效途径.     

长期施肥对新疆灰漠土土壤微生物群落结构与功能多样性的影响

以20a新疆国家灰漠土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期定位试验为平台,采用常规培养法,结合Biolog技术对可培养微生物、生理菌群数量和碳源利用进行测定分析,研究撂荒(CK0)、耕作不施肥(CK)、不同化肥(N、NK、NP、PK、NPK)、化肥配施低量高量有机肥(NPKM1和NPKM2)和秸秆还田(NPKS)等10种处理土壤微生物特征,揭示长期施肥对土壤微生物群落结构与功能多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)可培养微生物:与CK处理相比,CK0处理显著提高了细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量(P0.05),NPKS处理微生物数量则显著降低(P0.05);不同化肥处理的细菌(除PK处理外)、放线菌(除PK和N处理外)数量也有所增加,增幅在8.14%—135.70%和15.30%—44.78%之间;真菌数量(除NK处理外)则有一定幅度的降低;NPKM1和NPKM2处理,微生物数量最高,细菌分别增加了162.20%和173.75%,放线菌增加了34.39%和39.37%,真菌增加了63.33%和488.33%;(2)生理菌群:与CK0相比,CK处理显著提高了自生固氮菌和亚硝化细菌数量(P0.05),显著降低了氨化细菌和纤维素分解菌数量(P0.05);与CK相比,NPKM1和NPKM2处理显著提高土壤中与氮素转化有关的生理菌群数量(P0.05),不同化肥处理和NPKS处理的影响不相同,NPK处理显著高于其余处理(P0.05);(3)微生物碳源利用:微生物活性表现为NK、NPKM1、NPKM2N、NPK、CKPK、NPKSCK0、NP;CK0处理3个多样性指数以及NPKM1、NPKM2和NK处理Shannon(H)指数最高,其余施肥处理差异不显著;糖类、氨基酸类、羧酸类和胺类是微生物利用的主要碳源。(4)聚类分析表明,除NP处理外,施氮处理土壤有较为相似的碳源利用,细菌和真菌与养分之间有较好的相关性,可培养微生物和生理菌群与微生物碳源利用的相关性较差。因此,长期不同施肥对新疆灰漠土土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性产生了显著的影响,长期耕作不施肥降低了土壤微生物群落结构和功能多样性,不同化肥配合施用对微生物群落的影响不同,NPK及NPK配施有机肥可提高土壤微生物多样性。     

黄壤性稻田稗草发生特征及其对长期不同施肥的响应

研究长期不同施肥下黄壤性稻田稗草发生特征,明确稗草发生与长期不同施肥水稻产量和土壤性质变异的响应关系.基于农业部贵州耕地保育与农业环境科学观测试验站的一项连续23年不同施肥管理水稻试验,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、磷钾肥(PK)、氮磷肥(NP)、氮钾肥(NK)、常量化肥(NPK)、1/4有机肥替代化肥(1/4MNP)、1/2有机肥替代化肥(1/2MNP)、单施有机肥(M)和常量有机肥化肥配施(MNPK)10个处理,采用田间调查法调查各处理稗草发生密度、单株穗数、总穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和穗粒重等植物学参数;采用方差分析明确不同处理稗草发生差异,采用直线拟合、相关分析和通径分析明确杂草发生特征对水稻产量和土壤性质的响应.结果表明: 长期不同施肥处理导致黄壤性稻田稗草发生特征显著变异,稗草的密度、单株穗数和总穗数均以MNPK处理最高,其次是1/4MNP处理.相较常量化肥处理,长期不施肥(CK)和不平衡施肥(N、PK、NK、NP)各处理稗草发生的密度显著降低,施用有机肥各处理(1/4MNP、1/2MNP、M、MNPK)稗草的单株穗数显著增加.稗草的发生密度和总穗数与水稻产量呈极显著的正相关性,拟合直线的决定系数分别为0.622和0.624.土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾与稗草发生参数之间存在显著至极显著的相关性;通径分析表明,土壤全氮含量对稗草单株穗数发生有直接正效应,全磷含量是影响稗草密度和总穗数的主要因素,速效钾含量对穗粒数和穗粒重影响最大.长期不同施肥导致黄壤性稻田稗草发生特征变异,施用有机肥提高了稗草的发生密度、单株穗数和总穗数.土壤全磷含量是黄壤性稻田稗草密度和总穗数发生变异的直接影响因素.     

不同施肥对退化稻田土壤肥力恢复的影响

为了探明不同施肥修复措施对退化水稻土壤肥力的修复作用,自2005年起采用盆栽试验连续3年对长期缺肥退化水稻土进行了土壤肥力培肥试验研究。结果表明:6种施肥修复措施均可以显著地改善退化水稻土的肥力特征,土壤有机质含量最多提高了14.0%,土壤有效磷显著增加,最高增加量达到39.0mg.kg-1,土壤速效钾均恢复到中等水平(80mg.kg-1)以上,但土壤碱解氮除水稻专用复合肥(ZY)处理基本维持试验前水平外,其他施肥措施均有所下降;不同施肥修复措施均可明显地提高土壤微生物数量、微生物活性以及微生物生物量C、N、P含量,但以有机无机肥配合效果最佳;有机无机肥配合还可以促进稻谷产量和显著提高肥料农学效率;对于长期不施肥导致的退化稻田土壤肥力的修复以在施用水稻专用复合肥的基础上配施有机肥的效果最佳。     

稻草还田对水稻土固氮基因(nifH)组成结构和多样性的影响

以中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站长期定位施肥试验为平台,选取稻草还田(C)、氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷钾加稻草还田(NPK+C)和不施肥对照(CK)4个处理,在晚稻的分蘖期、孕穗期和成熟期分别采集土样,利用实时定量PCR(Q-PCR)和末端限制性片段多态性(T-RFLP)等分子生物学方法研究长期稻草还田对水稻土含nifH基因固氮微生物群落丰度、组成和多样性的影响.结果表明：与对照相比,稻草还田和单施化肥处理均显著增加nifH基因的丰度(分蘖期除外),NPK+C处理中含nifH基因的微生物数量最高;nifH基因组成也受到长期施肥的影响,其中CK处理nifH基因组成与各施肥处理明显不同,C与NPK处理间nifH基因组成存在一定差异,而NPK与NPK+C处理间无显著差异.长期施肥不会引起含nifH基因微生物群落多样性的显著改变.可见,稻草还田不仅引起nifH基因群落的组成发生变化,而且导致其数量显著增加,因而可增加土壤的固氮能力.     

长期施肥对双季稻田土壤微生物学特性的影响

为探明不同施肥处理对早稻和晚稻各个生育时期稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的影响,以湖南宁乡长期定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K_2SO_4提取法和化学分析法系统分析了定位长达29年5种施肥处理之间(化肥、秸秆还田+化肥、30%有机肥+70%化肥、60%有机肥+40%化肥和无肥)双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的差异。结果表明,早稻和晚稻各主要生育时期,长期施肥均能提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵,各施肥处理土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵均随水稻生育期推进呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,均于齐穗期达到最大值,成熟期达到最低值;其中,以60%有机肥和30%有机肥处理双季稻田土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量和微生物熵均为最高,均显著高于其他处理,其大小顺序表现为60%有机肥30%有机肥秸秆还田化肥无肥。长期有机无机配施可以提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵,有机肥与化肥配施对提高土壤肥力效果最好。土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及微生物熵可以反映土壤质量的变化,可作为评价土壤肥力的生物学指标。     

不同施肥处理下水稻根际和非根际土壤中氨基糖积累特征

以水稻长期定位施肥试验土壤为研究对象,选取不施肥(CK)、化肥(NPK)、秸秆还田+化肥(NPKS)、30%有机肥+70%化肥(LOM)和60%有机肥+40%化肥(HOM)5种处理,分析水稻分蘖旺期根际土和非根际土中氨基糖积累特征.结果表明: 与CK和NPK处理相比,长期施用有机物料(NPKS、LOM、HOM)显著增加了水稻根际土和非根际土中有机碳、总氨基糖及其氨基单糖(胞壁酸、氨基葡萄糖和氨基半乳糖)含量.不同施肥处理下3种氨基单糖的积累规律不同,说明不同微生物对施肥处理的响应趋势和强度有所不同.受稻田翻耕等均匀化土壤的农事操作影响,各处理总氨基糖含量在根际土与非根际土间无显著差异.氨基糖碳对土壤有机碳积累的贡献范围为24.0～28.3 mg·g^-1,且以NPKS处理最高,HOM和CK处理最低.真菌氨基葡萄糖/胞壁酸比值范围为24.4～36.6,说明该试验点所有处理的根际土与非根际土中有机质的降解与转化过程以真菌为主导,且与NPK和CK相比,NPKS处理的真菌参与度提高,而施用HOM处理的细菌参与度提高.     

Fertilization regimes affect the soil biological characteristics of a sudangrass and ryegrass rotation system

The sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) rotation is an intensive and new cropping system in Central China. Nutrient management practices in this rotation system may influence soil fertility, the important aspects of which are soil biological properties and quality. As sensitive soil biological properties and quality indicators, soil microbial community activity, microbial biomass, enzyme activities, soil organic matter (SOM) and total N resulting from different fertilization regimes in this rotation system were studied through a four-year field experiment from April 2005 to May 2009. Treatments included control (CK), fertilizer phosphorus and potassium (PK), fertilizer nitrogen and potassium (NK), fertilizer nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) and a fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium combination (NPK). Soil microbial community activities in the NK, NP and NPK treatments were significantly lower than those in the CK and PK treatments after the sudangrass and ryegrass trial. The highest microbial biomass C, microbial biomass N, SOM, total N, sucrase and urease activities were found in the NPK treatment, and these soil quality indicators were significantly higher in the NK, NP and NPK treatments than in the PK and CK treatments. Soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities were positively associated with SOM in the sudangrass and ryegrass rotation system, indicating that fertilization regimes, especially N application, reduced microbial community activity in the soil. Proper fertilization regimes will increase microbial biomass, enzyme activity and SOM and improve soil fertility.     

长期施肥对黄淮海平原农田中小型土壤节肢动物的影响

在2008年9月和2009年2月,采用改良干漏斗方法(Modified Tullgren)对黄淮海地区长期定位施肥试验下中小型土壤节肢动物进行调查。试验包括氮磷钾(NPK)、氮磷(NP)、氮钾(NK)、磷钾(PK)、有机肥(OM)、1∶1化学氮肥与有机氮肥(OMNPK)和不施肥(CK)7个处理。结果表明:OM和OMNPK处理有利于提高土壤动物丰富度和多样性;NK处理不利于土壤动物的生存和发展,缺磷影响了土壤动物数量的增长;从优势类群弹尾目和蜱螨目来看,OM和OMNPK处理对弹尾目等节跳科、棘跳科和球角跳科的生长有利,而圆跳科在NPK处理下具有更高的数量;OMNPK处理对蜱螨目中气门亚目有显著的正效应,对前气门亚目和甲螨亚目也有一定的正向作用;氮肥对弹尾目没有表现出正相关关系,但在一定程度上增加了蜱螨目的数量。     

长期施肥对华北典型潮土N分配和N2O排放的影响

利用长期定位肥料试验研究化学肥料N、有机肥料N以及化学肥料N和有机肥料N混合施用对N分配和N2O排放影响。处理包括化学肥料N、P、K的不同组合NPK、NP、NK、PK、全部施用有机肥料N（OM）、一半化学肥料N＋一半有机肥料N（1／2OM）及不施肥（CK）7个处理。结果表明,等N条件下,处理间N2O排放的差异不显著,N2O排放主要发生在玉米生长期。均衡提供N、P和K显著提高土壤N储量,有机肥料N的效果显著高于化学N肥。施肥也影响N的利用效率和N在作物中的分配。均衡的养分供应有利于N在子粒中积累,而养分缺乏的处理,秸秆中N含量相对较高。进入环境的N量以NK最多,1／20M最少。总体而言,施P肥和有机肥可减少N2O的间接排放,提高土壤N素肥力并能获得较高的产量。     

长期施肥对玉米生育期土壤微生物量碳氮及酶活性的影响

以小麦-玉米轮作长期肥料定位试验为平台,探讨不同养分管理对玉米生育期塿土微生物量碳、氮和酶活性动态变化的影响。试验包括6个处理,分别为不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷配合(NP)、氮磷钾配合(NPK)、NPK+秸秆(SNPK)以及有机肥+NPK(MNPK)。结果表明玉米生育期土壤微生物量碳、氮变化显著。不同施肥管理下土壤微生物量碳、氮的高低显著性分别为MNPK>SNPK、NP、NPK>N、CK。玉米生育期内土壤酶活性也变化显著,蔗糖酶、脲酶和纤维素酶在玉米抽雄期达到活性高峰,而磷酸酶在玉米拔节期出现活性高峰。不同施肥管理对土壤酶活性的影响总体表现为MNPK处理最高,其次为SNPK处理,再次为NPK和NP处理,N和CK处理最低。不同施肥处理间土壤微生物量碳、氮以及酶活性与土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷水平密切相关。塿土长期施用氮磷或氮磷钾化肥可以提高土壤微生物量碳、氮以及酶活性。一季作物秸秆还田配合氮磷钾化肥与氮磷钾相比有提高土壤微生物量碳、氮以及酶活性的趋势。在等氮量下,有机肥配合化肥与其他施肥模式相比,均显著提升土壤化学肥力因素、微生物量碳氮和酶活性。因此,塿土上建议进行有机无机肥配合以提高土壤肥力,保持土壤生物健康。     

长期氮磷钾肥配施对贵州黄壤玉米产量和土壤养分可持续性的影响

为明确长期氮磷钾肥配施下贵州典型黄壤玉米产量、氮磷钾肥增产效应及土壤养分的演变特征,利用国家贵阳黄壤肥力与肥效长期定位试验,研究氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)与缺素施肥(N、NK、NP、PK)对玉米相对产量、氮磷钾肥增产贡献率及土壤氮磷钾素养分可持续性指数等的影响.结果表明: 氮磷钾平衡施肥有显著增产效果,玉米相对产量均值为:NPK>NP>NK>PK>CK;氮、磷、钾肥增产贡献率和农学利用率均为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥,施肥依存度为氮、磷、钾肥配施>氮肥>磷肥>钾肥,但缺磷处理(NK)玉米相对产量以每年1.4%的速度极显著下降,磷肥贡献率和依存度则以每年2.3%和1.4%的速度极显著上升,最终磷肥对玉米生产的影响逐渐与氮肥持平;缺磷处理土壤pH值和有机质含量均最低,而缺氮处理则较高;施用化学磷肥可提高黄壤磷素可持续性指数,但氮肥和钾肥对黄壤氮素和钾素可持续性指数无显著影响.综上,平衡施肥是贵州典型黄壤地区玉米高产的重要保障,其中磷肥与氮肥同等重要,但长期单施化肥尤其是缺磷处理不利于黄壤养分的可持续利用.     

长期有机无机肥配施对稻田杂草生长动态的影响

利用中国农业科学院红壤实验站红壤稻田长期定位试验,于2011年研究了在以无机肥(化肥NPK)与有机肥(M)氮磷钾养分等量条件下,长期有机无机肥配施水稻生育期间杂草种类和生物量变化。结果表明:30a后,早稻和晚稻施肥处理中:PK+M处理下杂草种类最多,NPK+M处理下杂草种类和优势杂草种类较少,且种类数量稳定,早稻和晚稻杂草种类数量前者比后者分别高出19.7%和9.8%;施肥处理中:两季杂草总生物量NPK+M处理最高,NP+M处理最低,且NPK+M、NK+M、PK+M和CK处理比NP+M处理分别高出31.3%、26.5%、8.3%和5.6%,早稻NPK+M处理杂草总生物量和浮生杂草总生物量最多,NK+M处理湿生杂草总生物量最多,晚稻NK+M处理杂草总生物量和湿生杂草总生物量最多,NPK+M处理浮生杂草总生物量最多;土壤碱解氮和有效磷与杂草总生物量、湿生杂草总生物量、浮生杂草总生物量显著正相关(相关系数依次分别为0.508*和0.578**、0.552*和0.453*、0.410*和0.802**),p H值与三者显著负相关(相关系数依次分别为-0.516*、-0.531*和-0.698*)。土壤p H受土壤有效磷和碱解氮及其他因子的共同作用对杂草总生物量产生影响。通过施肥措施调节土壤适宜p H及碱解氮和有效磷含量,能有效调控农田中湿生和浮生杂草生长,使杂草种类和生物量在农业生产中达到有益平衡。     

Response of soil nematode communities to long-term application of inorganic fertilizers in the black soil of Northeast China

The effects of inorganic fertilizers on soil nematode communities were studied in a long-term fertilization experimental field in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China,where no fertilizer (CK),N fertilizer (N),combined application of N and P (NP),combined application of N and K (NK),and combined application of N,P and K (NPK) were compared.The results showed that the total nematode abundance was not affected significantly by inorganic fertilizers in the long-term field experiment.The numbers of bacterivores increased significantly in the NP treatment compared to the CK treatment,and those of fungivores and plant-parasites were inhibited in the NPK treatment.The similarity between CK and NPK treatment and the nematode diversity were higher than in other treatments.The stability of the soil ecosystem was disturbed by the inorganic fertilizers,as indicated by the change in MI values under different treatments.The response of soil nematodes mainly depended on the types of inorganic fertilizers applied.     

长期施肥对双季稻区红壤性水稻土质量的影响及其评价

为量化27年连续施用化肥及其与猪粪、稻草配施处理对双季稻区土壤质量的影响,选择土壤容重、最大持水量、孔隙度、标准化平均质量直径、pH、阳离子交换量、有效养分、土壤有机质、微生物生物量碳、土壤酶和作物生产力等项目作为评价指标,并根据不同指标所具有的功能归纳为：抗物理退化的能力、养分供应和贮藏的能力、抗生物化学退化的能力、保持作物生产力的能力4项功能,以这4项功能为基础划分土壤质量指数(SQI).结果表明：SQI等级范围为0.544（CK）～0.729（施氮磷钾肥＋稻草处理）.与施氮磷钾肥（NPK）处理土壤相比,长期非均衡施肥的PK、NP、NK处理土壤质量发生了退化.土壤缺磷和缺钾是限制水稻生产力的主要因素,即使每年施用30 t·hm^-2猪粪或4.2 t·hm^-2稻草也不能达到满足高产水稻所需要的土壤磷、钾含量水平.长期施用石灰对红壤水稻土质量的提升效果不明显.在南方红壤水稻种植区,氮、磷、钾与有机肥配施是提升土壤质量的最佳措施.     

Response of soil nematode communities to long-term application of inorganic fertilizers in the black soil of Northeast China

The effects of inorganic fertilizers on soil nematode communities were studied in a long-term fertilization experimental field in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China, where no fertilizer (CK), N fertilizer (N), combined application of N and P (NP), combined application of N and K (NK), and combined application of N, P and K (NPK) were compared. The results showed that the total nematode abundance was not affected significantly by inorganic fertilizers in the long-term field experiment. The numbers of bacterivores increased significantly in the NP treatment compared to the CK treatment, and those of fungivores and plant-parasites were inhibited in the NPK treatment. The similarity between CK and NPK treatment and the nematode diversity were higher than in other treatments. The stability of the soil ecosystem was disturbed by the inorganic fertilizers, as indicated by the change in MI values under different treatments. The response of soil nematodes mainly depended on the types of inorganic fertilizers applied.